Mushroom Wars
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- Опубликовано: 6 сен 2024
- To learn more about the research behind this video, visit Peter Kennedy's lab at cbs.umn.edu/ke...
Two mushroom guilds with vastly different strategies are locked in competition for forest dominance.
LEARN MORE
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Fungi: Members of a eukaryotic kingdom that have chitin in their cell walls and do not photosynthesize.
- Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of certain trees.
- Symbiosis: A close and long-term relationship between two unlike organisms.
- Saprotrophic Fungi: Fungi that decompose the remains of other biological entities.
- Gadgil Effect: The phenomenon that occurs when saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi compete in forest soils.
- Volatile Organic Compounds: Organic compounds that easily evaporate at room temperature.
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CREDITS
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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
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REFERENCES
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Streiblová, E., Gryndlerová, H. and Gryndler, M. (2012), Truffle brûlé: an efficient fungal life strategy. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 80: 1-8. doi.org/10.111...
Fernandez, C.W. and Kennedy, P.G. (2016), Revisiting the ‘Gadgil effect’: do interguild fungal interactions control carbon cycling in forest soils?. New Phytol, 209: 1382-1394. doi.org/10.111...
Ogura-Tsujita, Y., Yukawa, T. & Kinoshita, A. Evolutionary histories and mycorrhizal associations of mycoheterotrophic plants dependent on saprotrophic fungi. J Plant Res 134, 19-41 (2021). doi.org/10.100...
Miyauchi, S., Kiss, E., Kuo, A. et al. Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits. Nat Commun 11, 5125 (2020). doi.org/10.103...
Varga, T., Krizsán, K., Földi, C. et al. Megaphylogeny resolves global patterns of mushroom evolución. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 668-678 (2019). doi.org/10.103...
Kennedy, Peter. (2022) Personal Communication. University of Minnesota, College of Biological Sciences. cbs.umn.edu/ke...
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I was so focused on finding amungus in the video but i guess you showed Eggecutor instead
second replyer
@@sarad2487 3rd fuGUS among us📕📗📘📙📓📔📮📮📮
lol, deatheaters, i just think of the worldeaters
@@matthewbrooks8512 lol
It's perhaps worth mentioning that there is a third family of fungi which have another feeding strategy: they dissolve minerals and metals from rock using acids and physical force. The "rockeaters" are the oldest fungi family and they're responsible for creating most of the top soil.
im sorry whaaaaaaaaaat!?!?! Are they tiny???
@@Anaesify Yes, they're very small mostly. Most lichens contain rock dissolving fungi, and some of the "sapsuckers" from the video that have a symbiotic relationship with higher plants haven't lost the ability to get minerals straight from rock either (and exchange those minerals with plants).
Yes they have relationship with algae to produce food
@@JerehmiaBoaz coooooool
These are also ectomycorrhizal fungi. The third group are the parasites.
One of my favorite fungi facts is that trees evolved before fungi evolved to break down lignin. So if a tree died/fell, it would just sit there and not rot away. Piling up over the years to eventually get buried. Eventually getting buried and turning into big coal deposits.
Lignin balls lmaooo goteem
@@kraio-sfu like you have any
I've heard people say that bacteria where the first to evolved the ability to break down lignin. either way its still very interesting.
How is that a fungi fact
Scishow has a video about world where fungi dominated the landscape. It was the time where trees hadn't been arrived on the scene.
Wouldn’t there be a problem though if we lose a majority of mushrooms that break down dead things into useable nutrients for new life? You know, the earths recyclers??
Definitely! Lots of other stuff breaks down dead things, but without the deatheaters I imagine there would be a ton of cascading trophic effects.
@@MinuteEarth So what guys are saying is, like many other things we need to have both, not just one.
@@MinuteEarth As how the video was presented I was not left with this clear cut message, rather than one specie is superior to the other based on our current needs; though I do get the point you try to push which is "our" impact on the ecosystem. Considering the massive reach and follower base I'd wish you'd be more careful or presente the narrative in a way the audience can reach its own conclusions! BTW, I hope you do keep up with the great content creation as per usual.
To simplify: _Balance baby_
@@MinuteEarth Before the deatheaters, plant stuff just didn't decompose and got buried (or got burnt before burial). And what ended buried transformed under pressure and temperature into coal, oil and gas. In a way, deatheather fungi were the evolutive innovation that ended the Carboniferous.
I feel this is a kind of war that should never end. Both probably have good effects on the environment and both probably have unseen bad effects on the environment. It's making sure there's enough of both that brings a healthy planet
If one side wins, everyone loses.
Pfff damn warhawks
Yep. It's the first lesson of environmental ecologies. For everything to thrive, you NEED high biodiversity. Forests could certainly use a helping hand right now, but without the deatheaters to break down nitrogenous compounds, that too would lead to cascading trophic effects with unknown (but probably bad) consequences. It reminds me of how back in the Carboniferous, plants had just evolved wood, but there wasn't anything around that could break down lignin (the compounds that forms wood), so forests and other biospheres were just piling up with tons and tons of dead wood that nothing could break down, crowding out living space for hundreds of thousands of years (imagine living in a world that's buried under dozens of feet of dead trees before you can finally reach the ground, like living in Kashyyk), until finally one enterprising species of fungi evolved the ability to break down wood.
See also the presence of scavengers and how healthy the ecosystem is vs when they're missing.
@@Zaxares In a great twist of irony that very thing is what's causing so much havoc now.
With almost no way for those carbon rich plant materials to decompose, they eventually found their way under eons of sediment. Eventually chemically breaking down into the fossil fuel coals and oils we use.
A tip among fungus gatherers is to look for certain trees given that they're more common around them than in the middle of a field. The explanation of the generally edible sapsuckers explains why they're so common around these trees (and around certain species, for that matter, due to their evolved dependence, of course).
Ahh that’s why you often find them by trees in BOTW
among fungus
amogus sussus
@@qwertycomp9618 well, that and also fungi are more likely to fruit near trees as they provide shelter from hostile conditions like wind, frosts, and direct sunlight, while also continuing to drip water for a prolonged period after rain.
There's also usually less obstructions to fruiting under trees, as larger plants will struggle to grow with the diminished sunlight below the canopy, meaning that the spores will have an easier time spreading.
Amongus fungus
To add a level of mycological terminology to this video, the death eaters are called saprophytic mushrooms and the mushrooms that rely on root systems are called mycorrhizal mushrooms! Never thought of it as a war before, just as ones I can grow in my house and ones I can’t
@Schlugel theyre also called saprotrophic fungi :)
Yeah I don't think @MinuteEarth accurately represented the science on this subject in the video. The sources cited are legit but don't support the idea that there's some "war" going on between ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi
So where does the Medusoid Mycelium lie? 🤔
@@saumitrakelkar4730 it's basically just a metaphor used to help people understand the topic better
Thank you, their video was wonderful but they could have mentioned it at least once. When i sent the link for this video to my friends, i included the same information you just gave for intellectual context.
Thanks for including the names of the researchers on the team doing the research, not just the lead investigator. Science is truly a team effort.
The "Death Eaters" are still completely essential and need to be preserved regardless of if they are "the bad guys".
I think the video should mention this, since it can paint the immage that we need to get rid of the other mushrooms, wich is a false and activly harmfull thing to do.
This is an informative video, it should have given both types of mushroom equal importance since neithe r are less or more important than the other.
that's dishonest though. we have no idea if it would be bad or good.
also worrying about people walking into a forest to de-fungi the forest is a little bit insane.
This video has made aware of the “bad guys”. Now I will hunt Death Eaters.
@@ToppeThrane High biodiversity is great for the the environment, because that is what balances things out. But I guess it's not like you can actually even tell death eaters apart or anything so do whatever you want🤷
@@ToppeThranefrom harry potter
.....HOW MUCH YOU CAN HARVEST FROM SAPSUCKERS, THO?NOT *MUCH* , I SAY!!!WHILE TEAM DEATHEATERS ARE HAVING SO POTENT PARTICIPANTS AS *CHAMPINGONS AND OYSTER MUSHROOMS* , DUDE!
......SO, OBVIOUSLY, I'M FOR TEAM DEATH EATERS
1:25 I WASN'T READY FOR THAT ANIMATION 🤣
PERSONA!
You never see it coming
Both are pretty important for farming and gardening... though IMO the Sap Suckers are less important since Death Eaters are great for composting (particularly for making leaf mold), but Sap Suckers "infecting" vegetable roots are extra welcome for the expanded water and nutrient intake, and protecting them from root rot and fungi associated with root rot.
Or you know, use them both by leaving the DE in the compost bin (or deomposing mulch) and use the SS for currently growing plants
The way you clearly introduced the conflict and also made the topic interesting with color and names was very fun to watch!
The "conflict" isn't real, it's something MinuteEarth made up in order to tell a story. I'm not aware of any scientific evidence (including all of the citations listed in this video, which are all legit) that supports the idea that ectomycorrhizal fungi and decay fungi are in mortal competition over nitrogen. Normally MinuteEarth is a pretty good channel, but they really missed the mark on this one.
I don’t know about anyone else but I would love to see a game about this, with different mushrooms that have different abilities.
This is exactly what I was thinking of, it would probably be somewhat similar to the pvz garden warfare games though.
Mushroom Wars is a game that has existed for a long time.
That's called Mariokart
The toxin that the black truffels produce would be a very good ability
*Glances at Plants vs Zombies*
Have you been living under a rock?
Death eaters are also important though. They both serve a vital purpose.
Pretty much every organism is important. You start to see it the minute you start really looking at nature.
Yeah, but it’s unfortunate they keep hunting down muggles.
@Keshuel You're an idiot if you think every organism doesn't have a role. Even if it's replaced, it still affects the balance of the ecosystem. And sometimes, the niche goes unfilled for a long time. Not to mention this comment disagrees with your other comment in this reply section.
@Keshuel Good god you're stawmanning hard. I never said "all life will collapse, whoa is me, the ecosystem has fallen". I said it can impact the ecosyetem negatively, and *that's it*. Stop looking for an argument where there simply isn't one.
“The Fungal Rumble in the Jungle”
*I do not know what I’ll use this for but I will be saving it for later.*
aaah, so this is why you only find certain mushrooms around certain trees.
Keeps showing how dependant they are on each other.
@amir plays In fact, trees are not quite trees. There’s no real scientific classification of what a tree is.
@@aenetanthony really? 🤔
@@rejvaik00 Sort of. It would have been more correct for me to say that trees don’t make up their own clade, meaning they evolved independently multiple times, and are often more related to other plants than other trees, although one can come up with a fairly rigorous botanical definition for a tree.
1:40 ah yes.toad,my favourite mushroom
yes my favourite too!
Your videos are so good!! 3 minutes packed with fun and info
At 0:09: The Mushroom Kingdom, a place from the Mario franchise, is referenced.
At 1:33: Bob-omb, an enemy from the Mario franchise, is featured.
At 1:41: Toad and Amoonguss the Mushroom Pokémon from the Mario and Pokémon franchise respectively, are featured.
At 1:50: Exeggutor the Coconut Pokémon from the Pokémon franchise is featured.
At 2:20: A transition to a Pokémon Trainer battle, a gameplay feature from the Pokémon franchise, is featured.
To add
1:23 or 1:24 has what is most likely a JoJo reference. Or maybe it's a reference to another work which was a JoJo reference. Kinda hard to tell nowadays tbh.
Also Uno reverso
It's Persona 5
At 0:25 : Whispy Wood, a recurring boss from the Kirby franchise, is depicted
Don't forget "deatheaters" can also be a harry potter referance.
I love the bite sized info, however, I can't wait for the day "HourEarth" gets announced :p
Congratulation to whoever came up with that mushroom war art. It's Awesome :)
Dic animations did
In a nutshell, there is mush room for humanity to improve its relationship with Nature. 🙂
nice one
the door is that way sir
I approve
This isnt the Harry Potter fanfic I was expecting, damn you for making me learn! (great video)
Just watched this video. I am by no means a mushroom guy. However, found this video to be both educational and entertaining, and just wanted to pass along my appreciation for all the time and effort put into this. Great job.
No way! I was trying to identify a mushroom that I found and was searching the internet about the mushroom and the mushroom was growing next to a tree. And you made a video about it! What a coincidence!
there are plenty of fungi that decompose organic matter like leaves or specific components in the soil. The best known kind is agaricus campestris. Just because a fungi is growing near trees on the ground it doesnt have to mean that they form a simbiosis with a tree. Lepista nuda for example is decomposing leaves, so you will only find it below trees.
Is there a benefit for the presence of "Deatheaters" though? I feel like some nuance is lost in their role and made to feel a little villanous, but there's ought to be a balance to be stricken here right?
definitely!
Parasitism into symbiosis seems to be the way of a lot of things in the long run. Teamwork makes the dream work
Love the Foreman vs Ali reference!
Ali boma ye!
Deatheaters vs Sapsuckers seems like a cool concept for a video game and/or an animated series/movie or even a book
The uno reverse meme part was just epic NO U! *Steals Nitrogen
It's fascinating how humans become part of nature's grand balancing act
you could say nature dropped the ball making humans
@@TheRealMooHamHead69420 it's just we usually distinguish humans from nature, as if everything we do is unnatural. Here we see however that humans will always do nature's bidding.
@@jessh4016 that's what I'm saying :D
After all, life always finds a way, even if that way is through the deadly chemicals
I'd love to see one on parasitic Fungi too!!
Science is so much better this way. Thanks Minute Earth!
Minute Misinformation
I was expecting a video discussing a game but instead got a nice informative video instead...nice!
The nitrogen interaction seems extremely complex. Excess anthropogenic nitrogen goes to the saprophytes first, but wouldn't some also go into the trees at the deeper levels in the soil and benefit them too? Is letting the saprophytes absorb this runoff nitrogen better or worse than letting it flow all the way to a river delta and contribute to hypoxic-zone-causing algal blooms? How unfair is the competition in a nitrogen abundant woodland (i.e. with N rich agricultural runoff) vs a nitrogen neutral woodland (i.e. undisturbed by man)? Neat stuff
Awesome video, absolutely love the art in this one, the is presentation concise and well thought out. It keeps you engaged and following the subject matter. Love all the references too, perhaps the color scheme is one too lol.
agreed! i loved the winding tendrils on the sapsuckers I had imaged their mycorrhizomes to be branching like the "death eaters" and now am inspired to learn more!!
Fungal rumble in the jungle 🤣 is my new favorite frase, perfect for a band name too
This color coding...holy this is why the Shroobs are purple. They also feed on the toads and their behavior is totally based on the death mushrooms here. Always love finding the possible sources of inspiration unexpectedly. Mario and Luigi Partners in Time
This makes it sound like deatheaters and sapsuckers are two united sides in a single front war while deatheaters should be competing amongst each other much more than they do with the sapsuckers over nitrogen, no?
I loved this video this was so interesting, Can't wait to find out which teams makes it millions of years from now
Just unbelievable how you manage to make something as boring as mushrooms into a super exiting video. Well done!
the visuals were superb in this episode :D
the animation is to GOOD, thats why i love ''MinuteEarth"
On this one I think I'm Team Green...
DeathEaters forever, dude...🤘🤟
@@octavianjoseph8633 no way
@@nope1904 Yes way...
@@nope1904but if they didnt exist.. eehhh.. dead bodies all under the ground
Yeah there’s definitely a balance there
Both are important
I wouldn't be too surprised if the Deatheaters at some point released spores into the air that controls humans into sabotaging the Sapsuckers by doing things with trees
This video kind-of makes "Deatheaters" look like unequivocal badguys just a tiny bit, especially since Sapsuckers help trees while Deatheaters do not. Maybe a follow-up video to expand a bit more on Deatheaters and the necessary roles they fill in the ecosystem?
The "sapsuckers" described in this video are ectomycorrhizae. Also of note are arbuscular mycorrhizae, which form similar relationships with many non-woody species of plants, including most commercially significant crops.
Love the video ! Packed with informations and cool references !
FUNGAL RUMBLE IN THE JUNGLE got me. Nice video.
I liked this video, its very fun, yet informational. It sparked me to looked into these 'sapsuckers" more for my garden.
Mycorrhiza is truly a wonderful process!!
Adding nitrogen should help the sap suckers more than the Death Eaters since the sap suckers and their trees are functioning at a nitrogen deficit according to the ecological niche description that you gave. I agree with the assessment on the air pollution though
True
Love the Pokemon and Mario cameos in your videos
We also enjoy some death eaters such as the diverse oyster mushrooms and the lion's mane. In fact, they're much easier to cultivate and can even be cultivated at home.
So it's in fact a self stabilizing symbiosis between both types of fungi and trees? It's not so much a competition as it is a feedback system in the balance between both fungal kinds.
What about parasitic ones.
Also can you talk about trees inside citys and how that effects them.
You guys missed an amazing opportunity to turn this into a Harry Potter episode with the death eater thing
I first imagined a fantasy world where sentient moving mushrooms go to war against each other (not what I thought the video would be about)
Mushroom war
AHH MARIO HELP! HELP! IM BEING KILLEDDD!AHHHHH
Now I want a board game about that
Okay the art in this one is so perfect
Didn't know the Mushroom War games have this deep of a lore.
What an intriguing documentary.
When you think about it, deatheaters, sapsuckers and trees can all team up, the deatheaters can provide the sapsuckers win nitrogen, who then help trees grow, the leaves and fruits of which animals eat, which means more animals survive, which means more animals are born, which means more animals die, which means more dead stuff for deatheaters.
Jojo Shroom: I activate my trap card 1:26
One od the best shit i ever seen and been able listen to. Whole documentary was so enjoyable to watch and understand... Good work!
Meanwhile the Third Faction of Muskrooms, the BloodDrinker (Parasitic Muskrooms) just enjoying their life:
They would be on sapsuckers' side, because :
More sapsuckers = more and bigger trees = more Blooddrinkers
Parasitic Muskrooms? pah, wait until Elon Muskrooms!
Also, predatory mushrooms! IIRC, some lay sticky traps on their mycelia to grab small nematodes
@@AloisMahdal Elon Muskrooms are on the Mission to Colonize the Marian Ecosystem😂
Don't be afraid to use the real terms for these mushrooms! The deatheaters are saprotrophic and the sap suckers are mycorrhizal
It’s weird to just call any mushroom that doesn’t form a relationship with trees a death eater. What about ink caps or psilocybe mushrooms that feast on the dung of ruminators? I guess you would say the grass is dead but deatheater seems like a strange term. Maybe recyclers or something because they recycle material no longer being used into something with greater bioavailability
True
I wish there were games about science. It's such a cool concept.
Thing is it would be bad if either 'won' and the other went extinct. Decomposition is important after ll.
So while it's great to encourage symbiotic fungi, it's not as simple as 'one side gud other side bayud.'
I can't wait for you to cover the Great Mushroom War!!!
"You could say they are deatheaters"
Scientist: *strokes chin* hmmm yes...
Harry Potter Fans: *F E A R*
Mushroom Wars = Adventure Time
0:08 "Mushroom Kingdom"
1:26 Jojo's reference & Uno reverse card
1:32 Bob-omb
1:39 Toad & Amoonguss (pokemon)
1:49 Exeggutor
Thought u meant Nuclear ☢️ War😂🤣
he summoned an entire fandom with "Deatheaters"
No one talking about adventure time?
I WAS GONNA SAY ITTT!!!!
I suggest we actively encourage the formation of a third mushroom guild whose entire purpose is to keep the balance in the necromancer/druid conflict in order for the ongoing hostilities to eventually produce enough fungal mana to.... aaah... do, like, anything requiring massive amounts of fungal mana, or something, I guess?
Worked in 1852, will work now.
I binge watch this channel for no reason
I just stumbled upon this video, and I love it.
I LOVE the different video game mushroom references.
Fungi are funny little dudes. Thank you for the information.
Thanks Minute Earth. This gives me an idea.
You just gave me some new inspiration and information for my fictional mushroom universe!
I did a science project on Endomycorrhizal fungi i think its cool that fungi can undergo this symbiosis
On kids epic I used to watch your videos all the time and I'm really glad I found your RUclips channel
I really appreciate you letting us borrow your videos and I promise we’ll subscribe right guys.😊
Always fun to see U of M sponsor videos
These fungi looked so sad... Truly war is hell
cutest educational video i have seen since maybe ever 👶🐥
This is such a cool video 😊
Who knew such drama was going on? Nature truly never fails to surprise and amaze me!
Gotta love the Deatheaters and
Sapsuckers lore
Fungal rumble in the jungle! Great video. Thanks MinuteEarth :)
The death eaters are good too because they keep things from going to waste.
RUclips randomly recommended me this. I’m glad it did. This was quite fascinating.
Damn, didn't expect the toads from the mushroom kingdom to have their own separate species and have a war for some reason
The animation was so hilarious please tell me I'm not the only person that rewinded to see the mushroom reactions XD
Telling that you frame fungal competition for resources as a war, but the rhizosphere as an alliance.
Feel it says more about you and your socialization than the fungal interactions. Nitrogen fixing by epiphytes and saprophytes benefits the forest ecosystem, both are integral to decomposition.
- Saprophyte apologist
The deatheaters are a necessity as they are one of the primary enzyme breakers of dead matter..
If any one type wins, it may start all over again but will take a really long time.
Glad I learn something new today. Thanks MinuteEarth
short, cute, interesting, educational, etc. Amazing video!