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The BRUTAL Murder Of King Edward II
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- Опубликовано: 22 мар 2021
- The Medieval period is known for being a brutal time in which executions occurred across Europe and England, and where many wars and battles took place. There was much treachery and plotting during this time to, and there was one King of England who met a bloody end in mysterious and brutal fashion.
Edward II was born in Caernarfon Castle in Wales to unite the English and Welsh following his father Edward I's conquests across the country. However when Edward II became King he chose to reward his favourites too heavily, and one of these in particular Piers Gaveston attracted much criticism. The King's relationship with Gaveston was even described as one of love, and Edward II showered him in gifts and titles. Gaveston eventually was executed by angry nobles.
Edward II's kingship went even worse following the Battle of Bannockburn in which Robert the Bruce's Scottish army routed the English Army, and later Edward even faced a civil war sparked by his wife and Queen's invasion. It was following this that Edward was forced to abdicate and pass the throne to his son, and during this he was imprisoned at Berkeley Castle. Whilst here he was brutally murdered, and today the circumstances of the event still remain a bit of a mystery. The common story is that he was executed by being stabbed in the backside by a red hot poker, however it still remains unclear.
So join us today as we look at 'The BRUTAL Murder of King Edward II'
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Disclaimer: All opinions and comment stated below in the Comments section do not represent the opinion of TheUntoldPast. All opinions and comments and dialogue should discuss the video above in a historical manner.
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Music - I Am A Man Who Will Fight For Your Honour - Chris Zabriskie.
You have the ability to paint a picture, make it interesting and back it up with known facts but also point out the grey areas.
Fantastic.
0:20 "Here sire, take this crown"
"Thank you, but I already have one"
Love this haha!
Edward II:
"The poker is cold!!"
Murderers:
"Sorry. We'll heat it up."
At least they did him the justice of warming it up!
@@TheUntoldPast
It's the least they could've done.😎
Probably brought the tears to his eyes a tad
@@Upemm
He probably liked it.
Edit: Before they left it in the fire too long that is.
😆👍
His life and death were so graphically depicted in Maurice Druon's book series, the Accursed kings. Of all historical novels I've read so far, none have managed to disturb me more than this series, it's just a once-in-a-lifetime literary experience.
Would you recommend reading the book or is your comment more-so a warning not to read it?
@@Sanakudou I 100% recommend reading the series, it's simply amazing. It does have brutality, but it also has bitter-sweet beauty. Druon balances the two elements perfectly. It's also George Martin's favorite book series, if you read The Accursed Kings, you'll notice that Martin and his Ice-and-Fire saga are somewhat of a rip-off of Druon's books.
I read The Ardent Infidels. Super cool.🌺.
The key words in your comment are "historical novels." That means the author is free to treat facts and fiction as equal.
@@williamcummings948 So what? I didn't say the novels are historical resources.
The red hot poker treatment could have been a reference to the king being gay, maybe the queen thought it was what he deserved after his betrayal and humiliation of going with other men. 'Just my opinion.
Carole: Could be. Perhaps the king thought that, being the king, he could do whatever he wanted without fear, but maybe he went tooooo far.
He forgot that of: "Nothing is more fearful than a rejected and humiliated female."
I believe a phrase used was "let the punishment fit the crime". His relationship with Piers was well known and an embarrassment to the nobility. Furthermore it was a method of execution showing no outward signs, so he died of natural causes.
@@hesiod5768 That is, more or less, what I have read
And red hot shoes for the queen Edward the 2nd Edward the 4th Henry the 6th murdered Richard the 3 rd slain in warfare mary of scots and her grandson charles the 1st England her own monarchs sovereigns died historically
Isabella did NOT hate Edward II.
Edward II was certainly NOT murdered with a red-hot poker, and it's not "a matter of opinion".
Edward II was NOT murdered in Berkeley Castle at all.
The chroniclers who recorded these events were no more informed about what really happened than the average man on the street.
Isabella actually got along fairly well with Piers Gaveston, and there is no evidence that she hated him. There is plenty of evidence though that she was very close with Edward II, even as he was simultaneously enamored with Gaveston. They understood eachother and certainly there was true affection between them. Until Despenser came in between them and for the most part denied Isabella access to her husband. Isabella would hate Despenser with a passion for the rest of her life, but this hate did not extend to her husband. Even as Edward II was imprisoned at Berkeley Castle, she would write him affectionate letters, sending him gifts and asking about his health. There was no political reason for doing this, only love could explain this behaviour. She wanted to see him, but was denied these requests by Roger Mortimer, who had everything to lose if they would be reconciled.
Isabella, more than anyone else, cared about Edward II. She knew his vices and virtues and accepted him for who he was, with all his flaws. It's very sad that their relationship is so deeply misrepresented still today.
He wasn't just chased by the Scottish after Bannockburn, he was chased by The Black Douglas 🤪 That's cause enough to abandon Scotland!! Great video mate, really enjoyed it!
Quality!!!!!!! It's excellent how each of the videos seamlessly blend together to create a bigger tapestry. Really good way of passing on knowledge.
Thanks for your comment mate, genuinely made my evening this did!
Thank you for giving us differing viewpoints instead of being dogmatic about what exactly happened.
Legend has it TheUntoldPast will like this
Legend is correct!
Dorello Papel - that was good! 👏👏
Great video. Glad we don’t live in those times anymore, absolutely brutal! Life was simply there to be taken without any thought of how death affects people. Crazy.
I for one am extremely grateful, the west has come so far. Treating every person with dignity. Even the ones who don't deserve it.
There are a scary number of people who would pick up where the 1300's left off. All they need is the right circumstances where they feel impervious to prosecution.
oh, we live in much worse times.
Another great video, you're helping me during lockdown.❤️
Thanks for your support again Elizabeth!
Another interesting and informative video, thank you.
Thanks for your support as always Lee! It means a lot!
It seems like “locked in castle and guarded by enemies” is a cause of death onto itself. I think Edward died, either by malice or neglect. It was too dangerous to let him live.
The way to a man's heart is through his stomach. If you use a red hot poker.
The idea was to leave no marks, pretty good thinking for the time.
Actually that's true whether or not you use the poker.
More like through his bottom.
Maybe we will never know how he died.I hope for his sake the poker was not true.Nobody deserves that horror.May he R.I.P. whatever or however he died.Thanks for your wonderful channel, very well done.👍👍
Your channel is amazing. Keep it going.
Thanks mate! :)
Edward ii...A man with the soul of a commoner, but was born a King. He just didn't want any of it.
Very thorough. I like how you discuss that some things could’ve been propaganda of the times and the truth is uncertain. This went on a lot with the Roman emperors as well. Such as did they really have incestuous relationships. This was a common way to slander in that period. Once they were dead of course. 😂😂
One similar trait or commonality between Caligula's and his uncle Claudius deaths were that both were killed due to plots, except in Caligula's case, it was far more brutal, vicious, nasty, and extreme being stabbed to death by a mob of your own Roman Pretorians in a subterranean crypto portocis (Roman Pretorians were the politicized Secret Service imperial guards of their day). Whereas Claudius was poisoned and made sick by his third wife, Aggrophina, Caligula's older sister, by mushrooms, and then a royal doctor(who was in on the scheme came in and poisoned Claudius even further to death by sticking an arsenic-laced feather down his throat to finish him off.
Both Roman emperors died very sudden, violent deaths, and both, unsurprisingly although I've always been puzzled that Caligula never suspected or wasnt wary that he could've been wiped off easily because he was such a hated, despised, despotic emperor considering how much he'd debased, humilated and abused wives, daughters and members of Rome's senatorial elite(Patrician classes), even some 50-60 years after the forming of the Empire, the Roman Senate was still a powerful, legitimately respectful institution that many Roman emperors up until maybe the end of 2nd century C.E. had to contend with.
Good channel, your efforts are appreciated
Thanks for your kind words!
I’ve been watching your channel all day! Great stuff!
Thank you! It means a lot, hopefully you've enjoyed! :)
Author Ken Follett wrote an interesting story "World Without End" about 14th century England concerning the fate of Edward II where he escaped Carnarvon Castle to become a vagabond in the world ending up as an obscure monk where destiny would have it met his young son Edward III in a one on one combat. Fanciful story, good read, I highly recommend it.
some historians have suggested that his death was staged
@@avigold3622 Very fanciful that any monk, obscure or otherwise, would end up in on-on-one combat.
Superb as always.
Thanks for your support mate!
I will stand up to him and more!!!!!
Always love your gruesome stories
A good overview of the life of Edward. However, according to ‘the greatest traitor’, a book written by the historian Ian Mortimer, which documents the life of Sir Roger Mortimer, and explores the circumstances surrounding Edward’s death, the red hot poker theory is a myth that circulated around the time and gathered pace throughout the following centuries, appealing to most people due to its horrific nature. The theory that Edward escaped from Berkeley castle is more plausible, as thoroughly investigated by Ian Mortimer. Furthermore, the book credits Roger Mortimer as the orchestrator behind the English invasion whereas most historical books fail to recognise his involvement. Nevertheless, ‘the greatest traitor’ is a worthwhile book to read.
Love this Channel.
Thanks for your kind words!
Excellent video; what a brutal end
Thanks for your support Brett!
Some historians think he loved women too. He had 3 children with his wife, and 1 with his mistress. What a cruel death.
He certainly is a very interesting character!
Well somebody did. I am sure that his wife liked a handsome courtier or two
Keep it up! Great work!
Thanks for your kind words!
Thanks a Brilliant Video From Blue
I was fortunate enough to play Edward in the play, "Edward III by Marlow. To this day I don't think there is another role that was as challenging and incredible to play.
The appeal of the red hot poker was that it would cause severe internal burning, leaving the exterior of the body looking unharmed. This was especially true for noblemen so that questions would not be asked. If this had been administered it is unlikely Edward would have been beaten or strangulated.
We will never Know for sure how Edward was killed but I would have to agree with you,no one would think of looking for a injury to the Anus, If this was a injury administered , heart attack,shock, or septicemia would quite probably have been the cause of his death. This form of punishment could quite possibly have been conceived by his Wife (The She-Wolf of France) and a woman scorned and often publicly humiliated by Edward. We of course will never know for sure.
@jared price OK so tell us?
Oooh very interesting thanks again untoldpast.😃👍
Thanks for your support as always Simon, it means a lot!
Considering what we know of Norman era England, I would say that the red hot poker up the arse is likely accurate!
Especially because of the rumours he was homosexual. It's highly likely they planned to punish him for that in the way they allegedly did.
Probably apocryphal.
And 'once again' thank you for
another video 👍💖👏
Wow! I’ve watched many of the “brutal execution of...” series, but this one was amazing.
Ouch!!!
Thanks for your fascinating documentary !
Thanks for your support as always Alex!
I found it helpful to listen to The Lost Tapes of History podcast - ep 10 is Edward II and the Audition!
Wow, that was just the best I think I’ve seen of Edward 11. Thank you. Some of those portraits are truly amazing! Far, far better than some they did in Tudor times, Somehow most of them all manage to look the same. Catherine Howard seems to look like a middle aged woman! My history must be lacking , I always thought he had just the 1 - Edward 111. He was a good king, No matter what he did, it’s a horrific way to die, if it’s true. What do you think - is the poker story correct ? 🙏🙏🙏🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺
The king's enemies realised that Edward didn't have the stomach to rule so they gave him a hot tip!
Another informative video 👍
Thanks for your kind words mate!
We have not the slightest clue as to how he died. But we know it was brutal.
The red hot poker up the jacksie was a reference to his alleged homosexuality.
How times have changed.
agnostic: especially considering he was the king
In America and Europe maybe. It's not that different in the majority of the world
Fascinating, thank you. 👍🏻👍🏻
Thanks as always for your support Steve!
He wasn't murdered. He was spirited to France and spent the rest of his life in a monastery. Edward III Visited him on at least one occasion.
🤔
The fact that Edward III had a letter talking of his father in Italy leads one to believe that he sure did not know for a fact if his father was dead or not? The mayor of London and a few nobles even claimed he was alive. There are a lot of myths that are treated like facts by even historians in this story. A) That Edward II was gay which was not one of the charges thrown by the nobles when attempting to get rid of his favorites. All this came after his death. B) That Isabella and Mortimer were lovers. There is no proof and again its gossip that comes years later. She certainly didn't have any children by him and as regent could not keep her pregnancy much less the relationship secret considering there was no privacy back then.
Amazing history.Thank you
Very enjoyable story. The red, hot poker, a cruel way to die. But he was a dreadful person, and hopeless king. The colourful choice of words you use are spot on🎯🧚♂️☘🇮🇪
Thanks for your kind words! He wasn't good at all!
His death was a real pain in the ass. ☺️
Engrossing as usual!!! 👏👏👏👏👏👏
I like these videos because we don't feel sorry for the psychopathic royalty.We cheer for the common people instead that were the most likely to die, in even worse conditions.
I couldn't have said it better.
Thanks for your kind words. I'm glad to bring the stories to people, sometimes if you unpick things you can really see the tyranny of some of these Kings and Queens!
All royalty should be despatched like this, they are over rated, and useless.
Agreed! In fact my several Great-grandshires (Watt Tyler) helped lead a rebellion or at least he got the blame anyway 😆
Good video..
Thank you so much for what you do buddy!
No worries, thanks for your comment Joseph!
I have been to Berkeley Castle and saw where he was imprisoned
It's on my list of places to go!
I’m an American, but I just find English histories so interesting. I’m sure that in another life I lived there, it’s far more interesting to me than my own country’s history lol.
That's because USA don't have a history, I have cups and mugs older than your country.
The U.S. is too young at 245 years old. Most of the actual history of the continent is Native American up until colonization in the 17th century. I'm Native American from North Dakota and our stories go back 2,000 years or more based on astronomical maps but we've been here for 20,000 years at the minimum and still most tribes have stories of times before the emigrated from Asia during the Paleolithic.
The United States history is extremely interesting. A solid book to check out is Empire of the Summer Moon which gives good insight into the Comanche/Texas/American/Mexican fight over the Southwest. Daniel Boone had a crazy life in the Kentucky area especially with his encounters with different tribes and other frontiersman. The Barbary wars are super interesting as well, and the pirates of the early 1800’s were a huge deal to early American history also in the southern waters and West Indies region. If you want to go further back into the histories of the Americas as a whole a good introductory book is 1491: New Revelations of America’s Before Columbus...it hits on an insane amount of civilizations and cultures that were widespread throughout North and South America and then from there whichever interest you, you can delve deeper into those. The Spanish Conquest of southern North America, Central America and into northern South America is extremely brutal and interesting as well. I’m talking crap like clash of empires type of stuff involving cannabilism, sacrifice, trickery, war, betrayal and so on. There are many good RUclips channels that have episodes on some of these events like Fall of Civilizations and Invicta. The Americas as a whole is just as insane or even more so considering it was a conglomeration of empires at different stages of development all vying for power and survival as opposed to European history which had similar technologies throughout their conflicts. I think I repeated ‘interesting’ too many times lol but you get the point. The America’s history is not as prevalent or well documented as European history but is pretty awesome.
@@gnostic268 colonization started in end of the 15th century btw with the arrival of Columbus and soon after the conquistadors who ventured into much of the USA. Well before the 17th century.
@@gnostic268 love the first generation Americans so true people it's a shame we invented boats and ruined your countrylove from 🏴
I wonder if this rumored method of murder was done as it was in part due to irony.
There is some evidence that he wasn't murdered, that he went to become a simple monk in France. His son Edward III, who was a much more exciting king, is supposed to have actually met him.
I hurt my finger hitting the “ Like “ button!
Ouch! Get a plaster! haha! :) Thanks for your support!
Even Churchill's "aAhistory of English speaking people" supports this story.
I've watched dozens of documentaries on the medieval period and i couldn't tell you hardly anything about it, i just can't retain anything when it comes to this time period and these people, Probably because the whole time i'm thinking i can't believe we still have kings & queens all these years later where people aren't dumb and have the internet to communicate.
Kings aren't necessarily bad for government. Remember the quote from fictional Benjamin Martin in "The Patriot"... why should I trade one tyrant 2000 miles away for 2000 tyrants one mile away?"
He's buried about a 2 minutes from me. I can see Gloucester cathedral from my bedroom window.
Dare you to steal the skeleton and stick it under your bed
How lucky you are. We visited in 2003. Remarkable 🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺🇦🇺
@@Kelly14UK I'm not sure I could get away with that. They did used to have his actual sword on top of his sarcophagus, but they removed it a few years ago because tourists kept picking it up and swinging it around, and I will admit teenage me was tempted to nab it
When his killers confronted him with the poker, he said: "I'll be buggered if you think you will kill me with that".
Oops Mrs Miggins your sitting on my artichokes 🖕😂😋
These videos are fascinating. I am wondering if you could do one about the killing of Thomas a Becket?
Editing this as we speak... Coming VERY soon ;)
@@TheUntoldPast thanks. I am looking forward to watching it.
@@TheUntoldPast
The Jews are enemies of God and enemies of Jesus Christ
I’m here! Just found you. Love this shit dude! Xxx 🇨🇦
Thanks for your support mate! :)
Even being a king in medieval times was a dangerous role to be in. Henry VIII murdered anyone who was in any way a danger to him, and anyone who had money and/or land that he wanted including many bishops, priests and monks, not to mention two of his own wives. It seems that to survive in such times, you had to be one step ahead of your opponents, by being even more brutal than your brutal enemies..
He also killed a bunch of relatives beacsue the Tudor claim to the throne wasn't the best, no evidence they were disloyal or an actual threat.
The Jews are enemies of God and enemies of Jesus Christ
This was difficult to watch as most of it is completely untrue.
Isabella did NOT hate Edward II.
Edward II was certainly NOT murdered with a red-hot poker, and it's not "a matter of opinion".
Edward II was NOT murdered in Berkeley Castle at all.
The chroniclers who recorded these events were no more informed about what really happened than the average man on the street.
Isabella actually got along fairly well with Piers Gaveston, and there is no evidence that she hated him. There is plenty of evidence though that she was very close with Edward II, even as he was simultaneously enamored with Gaveston. They understood eachother and certainly there was true affection between them. Until Despenser came in between them and for the most part denied Isabella access to her husband. Isabella would hate Despenser with a passion for the rest of her life, but this hate did not extend to her husband. Even as Edward II was imprisoned at Berkeley Castle, she would write him affectionate letters, sending him gifts and asking about his health. There was no political reason for doing this, only love could explain this. She wanted to see him, but was denied these requests by Roger Mortimer, who had everything to lose if they would be reconciled.
Isabella, more than anyone else, cared about Edward II. She knew his vices and virtues and accepted him for who he was, with all his flaws. It's very sad that their relationship is so deeply misrepresented still today.
Sources: books on the subject written by K. Warner and I. Mortimer.
Strongly recommended reading to anyone interested in the topic beyond a very superficial and poorly researched youtube clip.
Are they even sure, given Edward II's proclivities and animosity/negligence towards his wife, that the 4 children were even his? Once thing is for sure, Isabella was probably a far stronger personality than her husband, and I wonder if she was involved in his death.
Was Isabella involved in his death? Are we questioning the popes catholic faith here?
@@davidwright7193 The accounts vary. Personally, I think she was involved if not the chief instigator.
According to an information plaque at Castle Rising in Norfolk she was labelled the She-Wolf Queen after having a hand in Edwards death and Edward III had his mothers lover executed
Courtney Cox had ancestry done and found she's not only desended from William the Conquerer, but one ancester was tried, while gagged for killing Edward II. The trial, while appears rigged, would have record of how Eduard supposedly died. As the ancestor was drawn and quartered for it.
What is the name of the background music..i love it and have asked many but no answer..what is it? Please help
Mitchell and Webb did a hilarious skit about edward 2nd, called Lucentio XD
I remember this well!
Considering what he'd done to his country, and the personal motivations for why he'd done it, his execution could hardly be called brutal. They took it easy on him. When you commit treason in order to get laid, repeatedly, nothing done to you could be called brutal.
It was brutal nonetheless they didn't go "easy on him" you can't change the meaning of a word.
"treason" is subjective. Af
@@finnericson4392 I'm sure that like all boy predators, you think all morality is subjective. You're just sticking up for one of your own. 🤣🤣
@@archenema6792 hang on, just reading through original post.. what exactly do you think "treason" is? Like what is the definition of that word, to you?
@@archenema6792 one man's treason is another man's REASON. BOOM. 😂😎
Beautiful
Thanks for your kind words :)
They had lovely hair and beards I must say.
I'm quite jealous if i'm honest of the beards.
Except for the lice...
Is it correct to conclude that British monarchs were simply brutal people?
Why didn’t Edward get Carrie Symonds involved to decorate the place. Walls as white as her teeth would look nice.
"Hanged", NOT "hung." Pictures are hung, people are hanged. FFS!
Your work ties together this European society and history in a way that I can articulate in time the North American history I want to know. Our historical royal lineages still exist, but they’re not recognized.. passed over to implement assimilation principles on reservations. It worked. But relearning our own history’s is important.. and that people know that European history is not the story of The Human Species. Kings and Queens and *court* is a game that grandiose people play. The brainwashed follow these folk as reality.
Can see Caernarfon Castle from my flat window :D
Très intéressant
Ran him through
The red hot poker idea is just the sort of propaganda that was common in this period. It was intended to humiliate his memory (and supporters). The damp cell most likely contributed to his ill health and possibly he died of pneumonia. Remarkably his final resting place is not know.
I wonder what is gonna kill me.....
☘️ Waah..., "a red hot poker"..?
Jeez..
I find the "hot poker story" hard to believe, one man executed another in that way? But the other variations are a possibility. Greatful we evolved out of that as a country eventually.
Which Edward was it that was stabbed in the back when he was on horseback, as he was about to ride into a castle?...
That's Edward the Martyr. Few centuries before! Have made a video on him too :)
@@TheUntoldPast ahh... ty! I couldn't remember... will have to go find those... knew I wasn't crazy...
That was Edward, a Saxon king, killed by his mother so his step brother would inherit, at Corfe castle in the 10th century. His son became Ethelred the Unready.
I think he escaped and they came up with the poker, to stop people from searching for him. Or they did the poker then said he escaped to stop people looking for revenge. 🤔
Definitely interesting to consider if i'm honest! The story of a rumoured pretender emerging in Europe is an interesting one!
Some interesting vids, maybe you could find some synonyms for 'brutal' or 'horrific' though, they're wearing thin eg savage, cruel, bloodthirsty etc, etc..
I started watching this channel because of it History of British Castles now it's about executions and murder. What a shame.
Do you think you could maybe arrange these into playlists? I love listening to these in the evening, they help me fall asleep 😊 i love your channel, keep up the great work!
Not much of a compliment, have you tried whale song?
Not a compliment
It’s too bad we don’t get to choose our ancestors. I just found out, Edward l, ll, and lll are my ancestors, including Royals from Prussia, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, etc. It seems like I had the craziest royals for ancestors in my family and I’m glad their offspring ended up in the US.
Same here… except in England (some traveling to Jamaica) The plantaginates had a lot of descendants.
Hugh Despenser also had a brutal execution lol.
Edward extricated himself from the field of Bannockburn by means of his good horsemanship and his axe
The weird inflection at the end of every sentence is so annoying. Where's that from?
👍👍👍
Thanks for your support as always!
There is debate as the actual nature of Ed's demise. Most probably the more graphic tale is the least likely. Mostly likely he starved to death, or died of illness. There is even some evidence that Ed might not have been murdered at all. Ian Mortimer lays out a moderately convincing set of evidence that conclude that Edward II did not die until around 1340 and was not in England when he did die. Also that he may have met his son Edward III in Europe after Edward was made heir to the Holy Roman Emperor.
Me, Welsh, listening to these: Heh heh heh very good.
If Edward II was murdered as the legend says, why was his brother Edmund executed 2 years later for attemptng to free him from his prison? Edmund was at Edward's funeral and would have known he was. Or was Edward dead? None of his family saw the body between the death being announced and the embalming of the body. If his father was dead then Edward III would have been free to pardon his uncle. He didn't, which points to the fact that Edward II was still alive and Edward III knew this.
There is certainly evidence to suggest he became a monk and later Edward III met him.
readed! he was strangled, for the person of a king was too sacred for sush a savage execution as legend says
Is this the first account in history of someone being hanged, drawn and quartered?
No, the first man to die like that was a pirate named William Maurice in 1241
What do you mean "fled to Europe?". The UK and England are all parts of Europe or am I missing something?
I expect they employed a shirt lifter as a prelude to the poker insertion.
"You decide what version is true and which isn't". Well, that just means to not believe ANY OF IT. Until some evidence surfaces that can be verified by credible, and qualified historians, every story is just "a story". To accept something is being "true", there has to be some concise evidence for it.
For now, every version is equally true.
Type in the battle of Robert the Bruce.
Edward 2 poured gold molten down the throat Scottish noble enemies. Battle of Bannockburn