All Types of Vaccines, How They Work, Animation.
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- Опубликовано: 26 янв 2021
- How vaccines work, with examples of COVID vaccines: mRNA vaccine (Pfizer, Moderna), DNA & Viral vector vaccines (Johnson & Johnson (J&J, JNJ), Oxford-AstraZeneca, Inovio, Sputnik V); protein/peptide vaccine (Novavax, EpiVacCorona), conventional inactivated (CoronaVac of Sinovac, Covaxin, Sinopharm). Mechanism of each type of coronavirus vaccines explained. Vaccine-induced immune response as compared to natural immunity.
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During a natural viral infection, infected cells alert the immune system by displaying pieces of viral proteins on their surface. They are said to present the viral antigen to immune cells - cytotoxic T-cells, and activate them.
Debris of dead cells and viral particles are picked up by professional antigen-presenting cells, (dendritic cells...). Dendritic cells patrol body tissues, sampling their environment for intruders. After capturing the antigen, dendritic cells leave the tissue for the nearest lymph node, where they present the antigen to another group of immune cells - helper T-cells. Viral particles also activate B-cells.
These cells mount 2 types of immunity specific to the viral antigen: cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.
Vaccines deliver viral antigens to trigger immune responses without causing the disease. The events of a vaccine-induced immune response are similar to that induced by a natural infection, although some types of vaccines may induce only antibody-mediated immunity (B cell immunity, not T cell (cellular) immunity).
Many existing vaccines contain a weakened or an inactivated virus. Because the whole virus is used, these vaccines require extensive safety testing. Live attenuated vaccines may still cause disease in people with compromised immune systems. Inactivated vaccines (Sinovac/China, Covaxin/India) only induce humoral (B cell) immunity.
Subunit vaccines contain only part of the virus, usually a spike protein (peptide - EpiVacCorona/Russia). These vaccines may not be seen as a threat to the immune system, and therefore may not elicit the desired immune response. For this reason, certain substances, called adjuvants, are usually added to stimulate the antigen-presenting cells to pick up the vaccine.
Nucleic acid vaccines contain genetic information for making the viral antigen, instead of the antigen itself. Naked DNA vaccines (Inovio, phase 2/3 clinical trials) require a special delivery method to reach the cell’s nucleus (electroporation). Alternatively, a harmless, unrelated virus may be used as a vehicle to deliver the DNA. In this case, the vaccine is also known as viral-vector vaccine (Sputnik V/Russia, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson's). For example, the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine uses a chimpanzee adenovirus as a vector. The adenoviral genome is modified to remove viral genes, and the coronavirus spike gene is added. This way, the viral vector cannot replicate or cause disease, but it acts as a vehicle to deliver the DNA. Why a non-human adenovirus is used?
Do DNA vaccines change human DNA?
mRNA vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna) are delivered within a lipid covering that will fuse with the cell membrane. The mRNA is translated into viral antigen, which is then displayed on the cell surface. mRNA vaccines are extremely unlikely to integrate into human genome.
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Here is the list of currently available Covid-19 vaccines. Feel free to let us know if we missed any, we'll update accordingly:
Conventional inactivated vaccines: CoronaVac of Sinovac, Covaxin, Sinopharm
Protein/peptide/subunit vaccines: Novavax, EpiVacCorona
DNA/Viral vector vaccines: Johnson & Johnson, Oxford-AstraZeneca (Covishield), Sputnik V
(Naked) DNA vaccines: Inovio (phase 3 trial)
mRNA vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna
Covax19 vaccine....Australian made...currently in Iran
Is there really a live-attenuated Covid-19 vaccine available?
Spikevac
Comirnaty
I wish all videos are like this Clear and stright to the point! GEART JOB!
This should have tens of millions of views. Thank you for making this!
I agree wholeheartedly ! We must all educate ourselves. I worry about most humans. They are followers and do not educate themselves or do their homework anymore. Most people live such busy lives they just rely on the bits of information they receive on social media or the nightly news. We must all go back to being an educated group of humans instead of a dumbed down group of followers. Then we can at least "try" to make educated decisions for ourselves and our children. Our futures depend on it.
Sadly, but people are more interested with non science stuff.
This is the best video explaining all types of vaccines! It should have billions of views!!! Thank you!!
these lectures are amazing. way better than showing up to my university classes in immunology...
This helps me with my studies A LOT. Thank you so much!
Thank you loads for this video. Simple and short and yet quite informative.
Excellent video. You galloped through a lot of information quickly, but very clearly.
This is the best review of immunology that I have seen so far. Thank you. The differentiation among the vaccines is explained and can be understood easily. Thank you.
very useful summarization, many thanks!
The best explanation so far!
While there are lots of videos that explain a bit about mRNA vaccines, they also raise a lot of questions and miss the mark in contrasting to other types of vaccines. This is one of the best explanation I have come across so far, there is also a good one from Yale medical.
Can you share the link?
Best explanation I’ve seen so far
Great explanation. Very clear in depth overview. Well done. Thank you.
@@freedomnow9254 This clip contains all needed terminology to be able to find the info you want.
Thank you for this explanation. Really helps.
Explained well - short, crisp and clear. Thank you sir.
An excellent summary. Thank you very much.
Nicely done!!
Thank you for this great video.It's clear and the graphics are simple yet efficient.
Would you please make a video explaining about the risk factors and the success rate of each method of delivery please?
Very good summary!
Fantastic explanation. Commenting to help the RUclips algorithm boost this video. What few questions are left are answered in the comments. Great work and thank you!
SubhaanAllah, very sofisticated biological system for us to reflect
Could you make an updated version of this video adding all new vaccines to the respective vaccine technology? This would be extremely helpful!
Very nicely explained and the narration is superb. Tks for sharing.
Clear and concise. Best overview clip to date. Feel like I have a real shot of changing some opinions with this. Wish me luck :)
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Thankyou for this presentation. It has cleared my understanding of.the vaccines. Cheers 🇵🇬
@@MrYorickJenkins I don't know anyone who would change their mind based off this video
Thank you for this! I have a chance in my classes now. :)
This is beyond excellent..thank you n May God continue to bless you
The day you find out your body's 1000 times smarter than you are.
and then you start to think,- what am i not my body, how come i live in my body all my life and i dont know nothing about my body, isn that strange!!
@@matejprajnc3297 We don't no anything except our little thought of who we are. We have given so much significance to our puny thought that we forgot other life aspects.
Only a 1,000 times? It's more complex than we can even imagine.
Great job👏
What can you tell us about Sinopharm's Inactivated virus vaccine? Is it less vulnerable to spike protein mutations?
Also, is an Inactivated virus vaccine available in UK?
there will soon be an inactivated whole virus vaccine available in uk its from france and called valneva www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/french-vaccine-may-protect-against-coronavirus-mutations/ar-BB1gMUxl?ocid=msedgntp for us in America hopefully soon covaxin will be available
Thanks for sharing, it’s quite informative.
Great video super easy to understand thank you!
Very nicely explained
nice and clear, thank you
Best to explain the vaccine. Thanks...
How many types of covid vaccines are there and their efficacy and how it functions in body ?
Excellent video! Got the J&J vaccine and excited for the freedom it will give me going forward
That would be enough to write in my prof exams
Thank you very much.
The J&J and AstraZeneca are both viral vector vaccines? Is there an association with the rare cerebral clotting/low platelet side effect? If so, why would this be????
yes they are and why do you even have to ask that question here? -.- makes people not even want to help you, you can easily google it because it is advertised as such, and it literally says it in this video -.-
But i will answer your clotting question. there are 2 hypothesis with evidences supporting them,
1) some say it is because there is a vein in the deltoid muscle and the injector might have hit the vein and injected the vaccine into the vein.
2) it is an antibody related response.
I believe a common theory is that something in the formulation is "sticking to" platelets, possibly a component used to prepare the viral vector. When platelets have something stuck to them, aggregation occurs- and clotting. That was the last I heard- and they had not identified the component. However the rarity with which this happens must mean it only "sticks" in certain very rare conditions. These rare clots will probably be understood more if/when we see more of them. It is hard to find a cause without very many cases.
Hi Alila Medical Media, what happens to the DNA that is put into the cell? Does it break down at all? Or does it stay in the cell? mRNA breaks down, but what about the DNA vaccines?
See the other thread, started by Ella T
@@Alilamedicalmedia thanks for the reply! Answered my question.
Great Information. There is a lot to learn more in this video.
please make explanation how works Novavax vaccine (in comparison to other vaccines, for example Pfizer, Moderna or Sputnik V)
It is a subunit vaccine and thus only presents the spike. This type of vaccine is discussed in this clip.
It is creating hype now just.They are saying if you think you are exposed to virus then administer it as nasal spray.
But questions is how people will know whether they are exposed or not ?What if people don't have symptoms first few days??
I think this type nasal spray are use less.
damn, both your English are so poor. Anyways I will explain, Novavax works like the traditional flu vaccine.
and you can tell if you have been exposed by PCR test if you have an active infection, or an antibody test if you think you had it and recovered.
Like seriously, we have been in the pandemic for over a year and you two are still asking such stupid question. NO WONDER the government just want to vaccinated us all, because you two can't be trusted to take care of yourselfs.
@@andyc3012 Her English is better than your Russian. BTW, "damn, both your English are so poor" is NOT proper English.
How van you work your way back to an mRNA from a protein if most amino acids are coded by several distinct codons?
You need to rephrase. I could answer but I don't understand the question. BTW, why do you want to work your way back to mRNA from the protein?
Are you, by any chance, referring to the fact that the genetic code is "degenerate"?
I am amazed.
Thanks! I was so confused with all kinds of vaccines and this helped a lot. Before I only focus on the efficacy rate of the vaccine and it was not accurate since different clinical trials have been conducted to each brands so I decided to research on the type of vaccine that they implore and I never really fully understand until I saw this video.
Now I think the safest bet that’s available in my country’s the one with the inactivated virus. Although I would really love to get the Pfizer/Moderna, we’re only limited to choose between Astra or Sinovac.
Did you notice that pfizer had very little information
@@MrYorickJenkins yup....sad times
As an A/A Male with a transplanted kidney that’s working very well (minimum anti-rejection meds required), and working FT, as an engineer, what DATA will provide me the COMFORT-LEVEL of receiving the vaccine and ensure me that the vaccine has no life threatening impact to me?
There is no COMFORT-LEVEL data, I hope you didn't take it....
Can you do and updated video of this,and the side effects of the vaccine.!
Amazing animation! However, one question - why does usage of inactivated virus only triggers the humoral response and not the cell mediated one? Anyone can explain?
For the cell-mediated immunity to be activated, non-immune cells must take in the vaccine and present the antigen to cytotoxic T-cells, see the diagram at 2:08 (top panel). Inactivated vaccines and protein vaccines are taken only by immune cells, they don't interact with non-immune cells. Attenuated vaccines are weak viruses, so they can still "infect" some non-immune cells for this purpose. Viral vector vaccines and nucleic vaccines are delivered to any cells.
@@Alilamedicalmedia Thanks so so much for your clear explanation!!! Been finding this info on the internet but to no avail! Thank you so much!
You saved my exams
Get the traditional vaccines in the US!!! We need them more than ever now!
Informative!
How will we know when or if the messenger of the spike protein will keep replicating the spike protein or not? Would it be dangerous if it didn't stop or does it mean continuous immunity?
The cells that take up the vaccine and produce the spike protein are seen by the immune system as "infected", so they will be killed once the immune response is activated, within a few days max. No messenger or spike protein will remain after that.
@@Alilamedicalmedia How much cell damage is done by this process? I saw claims the spike protein gets into all of your soft tissue and can get inflamed by you immune system attacking it. Hence the myocarditis claims in young people.
Much much less than if you get the real virus, because the vaccine is delivered in small amount and does not multiply. The cells that take in the vaccine are muscle and immune cells around the injection site.
This video certainly explained how different vaccines work, But i clicked on the video because I thought they were going to break down the kind of vaccine each one was. Yes I understand there were lists of examples on screen here and there, but it's a video. I was listening while cleaning. Off of audio alone, really couldn't even tell that the covid vaccine was the subject of the video.
Awesome video
informative one sir!!!!!
Is CanSino Vaccine similar to Johnson & Johnson, Oxford-AstraZeneca (Covishield), Sputnik V?
Superb!!!
Once the DNA is in the cell nucleus and transcribed into MRNA does that mean that DNA is no longer apart of our own? Or does the Virus DNA stick around until the cell is destroyed?
The viral DNA was never part of our own DNA, it is transcribed independently, outside the genome, with its own promoter, but it MAY hang around until the cell is seen by the immune system and killed - a few days max.
Interesting, I'm aware Covid 19 is a RNA virus but am struggling to understand if the wild virus using the same technique for controlling cells just as the vaccine does (minus the whole genetic information) as in incorporating DNA to make Mrna, proteins, etc. (I am a average human and do not completely even understand what RNA is, maybe that is why I'm so confused) I have been trying to understand how the J&J vaccine works in a more in depth form, but am struggling to find much information that isn't repetitive or incredibly vague.
For the basics of DNA, RNA you may want to see this video (it's about RNA vaccine (Pfizer) but it explains the DNA/RNA/protein basic): ruclips.net/video/XTLYXmgG8DU/видео.html
May be you will get a better understanding after that. This video is meant for people who already have the basics so it is difficult to understand. We will have a short and simpler video about the J&J vaccine up next, but you still need the basics.
Besides, it doesn't matter what the original virus is, all types of vaccines would work, in theory: A DNA vaccine can work for an RNA virus, an RNA vaccine can work for a DNA virus. The goal is to get the viral protein into the cell, or to induce the cell to produce the viral protein.
@Gabriel Arantes Tiraboschi The video didn't say "there is no evidence of harm". It said, at 5:02 "the frequency of viral DNA integration is well below the frequency of natural spontaneous mutations". So yes, they did measure that, in animal models, and it is well below the rate of mutation you already have without taking anything, meaning the risk is minimal. There is nothing with zero risk in medicine by the way. That said, if you can choose, RNA vaccines are much safer, at least in this regard, and are more effective too.
Well done
Tysm
Thank u all
tq
3:44 DNA vaccins like AstraZenica and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen)
A very good video
in the video it is said that the dna vaccine is delivered in the nucleus of the cell. My question is : when you are administrating the vaccin how do you know that the end of the needle goes into the nucleus and not in the cytoplasme ?
I don't think that the end of the needle goes neither into the nucleus of the cell nor the cytoplasm. The cell is way too small for a regular needle to go in, the tip of the needle is much bigger then the cell itself. I am not sure what the mechanism for vaccine delivery is. But there is process, and it is not as straight forward as a needle going into one celll and delivering the vaccine. The contents of the vaccine when injected in the body go into the blood current or muscle tissue or booth and from there, there is some kind of distribution and delivery method into the cells.
Any needle would be way too big for cells. When injected, the vaccine is just deposited into the tissue around the injection site. To "deliver" into the nucleus, the goal is to make the nuclear membrane of the cells around the site permeable to the DNA, so it can get (diffuse) in. A special device must be used, so it's not the ordinary injection. There are different methods, the names are listed in the video.
@@Alilamedicalmedia So you say that all the vaccines deliver the genome into the nucleus? In the video, it shows the mRNA goes into the cell cytoplasm to translate into viral antigen. The drawing does not show it entering the nucleus. Does the mRNA enter the nucleus?
@Maria Soler No, only DNA-based vaccines go to the nucleus.
@@mariasoler7826 non the mRNA does NOT enter the nucleus. It does its job in the cytoplasm.
Nice 👍
What does extremely UNLIKELY to integrate to the human genome mean!!?? Isn’t this a sure thing!!??
DNA vaccines do not integrate in the genome. He is wrong!
its ok if the first dose pfizer and second dose is aztra zeneca.is there a s?ide effect
Why do you want to do that?
Shame the picture is too fuzzy to read the captions/text properly
Check your internet speed. All text is supposed to be sharp on a full computer screen.
@@Alilamedicalmedia yes my RUclips is running horribly slow these days. I'll try again later, thanks for responding
So what happens to the virus itself once the spikes have been removed by the m.r.n.a protein spikes, asking for a friend 🤔
I got sinovac vaccine, it's my 3rd day and still have fever and common cold.
I've received Covaxin about 3weeks ago. After 2weeks, two nodules developed on my shin. after that, I was exhausted and had a severe headache. Those nodules are called "erythema nodusom" which is one of the manifestations of covid-19. Yesterday I took the PCR test.
Do you already know more?
Whats ur review of covaxin
How are you doing
How dare you get vaccinated with a vaccine made in India, my God
inactivated vaccines are good options ! plz dont etc side effects..
Why inactivated vaccines can't cause cellular immunity when subunit vaccines can ?
An "inactivated" vaccine means that the pathogen in question is present = but dead. Consequently the virus or bacteria is incapable of infecting cells and replicating itself. So despite being introduced along with an adjuvant = once in the tissues/circulatory system the organism is simply "there". The adjuvant elicits a localized inflammatory reaction which caused immunoglobulins to encounter the dead organism.
A subunit vaccine on the other hand is one where the specific antigens used by a pathogen are introduced along with an adjuvant. These antigens morphologically duplicate those used by a virus to attach to your cells so as to infect the cell and replicate.
Consequently like keys to a lock these antigens upon entering the circulatory system will when encountering the correct corresponding receptor on cell membranes = attach to them - thus eliciting a cellular immune response the same as if a virus infected the cell and left its' "calling card" on the cell membrane.
A virus which infects a cell leaves its' antigens on the membrane surface for the infected cell to "present" those to circulatory immunoglobulins per the Major Histocompatibility Complex of immune response. So the former does not involve the cells whereas the latter does = ergo "cellular immunity".
Hellow sir,i have a doubt to ckear,is it safe to take a killed vaccine after first dose of covishield (ocford AstraZeneca),because i faced problems after taking the vaccine so i didn't took the second dose...and its 5 months after taking the first dose
I don't know about inactivated vaccines, but lots of people have taken AstraZeneca as their first dose and then Pfizer as the second dose safely.
How does adenovirus reaches cell without getting eliminated by the body immunity?
The same as any other virus. Antibodies are formed about 11 days weeks after a virus enters the body. Until then the virus is safe.
@@skinnygumbo2700 Not all virus can reach a cell but only the new viruses, which are unrecognised by the human body before can enter
@@007meetak I think I understand your question now. The adenoviruses used as vectors have the membrane proteins modified. To the immune system they appear as new viruses.
Thank you for the fantastic explanation. If one has the chance to choose between astrazenca and sinopharm, which one to choose?
Neither. Both are quite terrible as the AZ vaccine is only 65% affective + many side affects. And I would never get a vaccine made by a Chinese pharmaceutical company... Pfizer or Moderna if possible but if its a life or death situation, AZ over sinopharm.
@@gamingtime2329 you answer like you know, but truth is all these stats are still studied. And with so many mutations to the original virus, neither of the current vaccines are so effective anyways. AZ with 12 weeks between doses is over 82% effective. With half first dose and full second dose, it's over 90% effective, but nobody gives it that way. But as I said, they are still studying the efficacy of all the vaccines, please don't sound like being so sure.
@@oiko2k4 Well, I hope I made it clear that it was my personal opinion as “I would never get a vaccine made by a Chinese pharmaceutical company.” Sinopharm + Spunik V lacks factual info since not all info is revealed from communist countries (which is not so surprising).
@@oiko2k4 AZ is proven to have more side affects, but based on some of the news that I saw, I’m sticking to pfizer or moderna. But again, if its a life or death situation, AZ>sinopharm.
@@oiko2k4 thank you for asking the right question. So many of us here are so sure about what vaccine they'll choose over others. But how many of us truly understand what really is "efficacy" of a vaccine or what it means when one hears so-and-so vaccine is 80% effective? Let us be honest that most of us don't really understand the statistics or biology behind the vaccine efficacy. Let us just admit that our personal biases/prejudices are guiding us to select one vaccine over other.
My mind is blown. How do cells know what they’re doing?!
It's billions years of evolution!
SOMEONE teaches them or tells them how to work on our body.
Excel llent
Some vaccines have only antibody mediated immunity and some have both does it has any affect on the efficacy of vaccines ? Anyone plz reply I'm curious to know ?
Yes , the ones like sinovac bharat biotech which have inactivated virus only produce antibodies
Their efficacy is quite low
Cell mediated immunity can be gained with viral vector vaccine but a nobody knows its long effects. So inactivated is best, after all its just to train ur immunity
@@mohammedaamir2855 Means Covaxin is better than AstraZeneca/Covishield Vaccines?
@@Jayantkr_99 i would say safe, better only time will tell
Where can I get my own vials of "vaccines" to conduct my own experiments and research?
One Johnson&Johnson, 5 Pfizer's, and 5 Moderna's. Huge fan of spinal tap; the movie.
Difficult to understand...
Localização de pessoas desaparecidas
Which molecular technique is used to make covid19 vaccine?
Which covid19 vaccine?
There are many techniques involved and it also depends on the type of vaccine you are talking about.
Moderna helps my back injury that happen 4 days before, my paint disappeared 24 hrs after the shot, but I have reaction of covid arm and sore throat. for 49 hours 3 days after the shot
I'm glad your paint disappeared after 24 h.
Thank you so much for this simple explanation. I'm getting my J&J vaccine in 2 days time and have been very confused. This made me understand it much better. Thanks again for putting this together 🙏🙏🙏
Human body is wow❤️
Follow your instincts
Content delivered... nice explanation!❤️
People should watch these without following “theories”, which won’t happen.. sadly.!
What happens if you get two doses of each vaccine?
You'll be twice as healthy...... 😋
p.s. - are you asking about concurrent administration by accident - getting the same shot in a double amount - or simply getting the same vaccine twice over a period of time?
SARS-CoV-2 has ss RNA. So why are you telling DNA is introduced into the nucleus?
Is the DNA from the DNA vaccines such as Astra-Zeneca, Johnson and the Russian one that goes into nucleus. It has to! How else can you get the mRNA for the ribosomes to translate it into the spike protein?
Nucleic acid vaccines seem extremely unsafe. I mean, isn't this gong to just cause a wife spread autoimmune response? Also, if injecting DNA or RNA inside the cell, what happens once this cell divides?
Why? What makes you think the nucleic acid vaccines will cause widespread autoimmune response? as opposed to other vaccines? Billions of people have already got the vaccines and that did not happen. For your second question: cells that take in the vaccine (any type of vaccine, not just nucleic acid) will be targeted by the immune system and die as part of the immune response within a couple of days.
@@Alilamedicalmedia Ah yes I was wondering if that was the case as not much information was out there about that precise subject. I was concerned since your own cell produce spike proteins that a majority of your cells would then become targeted by your immune system.
And you answered my second concern, I had feared that having that genetic material inside the cells, would cause to it being permanently incorporated in your body after generations of cells.
I do worry about the addition of adjuvants to those types of vaccines. Seems like your throwing a lot of variables in there that are hard to predict the outcome of.
1. There are lots of information if you care to look. This video itself should answer your questions if you watch.
2. The number of cells that take in the vaccine is similar in all types of vaccines - a limited number of cells around the injection site, on your arm. This is because the amount of vaccine is small, controlled, and it does not multiply, so it does not spread.
3. There are NO adjuvants in nucleic acids vaccines.
4. There is only one additional step in nucleic acid vaccines compared to other vaccines: vaccinated cells produce the spike protein themselves. With other vaccines the vaccinated cells take in the pre-made spike protein. All other steps are the same. This video explains all that.
@@Alilamedicalmedia I did but I am not a medical professional. I have a degree of cognitive deficiency due to a severe side effect of another drug ironically enough... But I appreciate your answer.
I suppose even if white blood cells attack those cells, since as you say it is a limited amount of them, then it won't matter. Might actually feel secure enough to get the jab now. Thanks mate!
@@shadowman7408 As noted the amount of mRNA in a dose of vaccine is finite - while mRNA itself is inherently unstable and thus degrades after a time. This means that whatever makes it into the cells will upon "translation" occurring be broken down by the ribosomes who respond by assembling corresponding "protein spikes".
This ceases however upon the mRNA being consumed - along with its' Lipid Nanoparticle "envelope" which allows it to pass through the cellular membrane. LNPs are basically emulsified cholesterol and cell membranes are similarly made of lipids making the molecule permeable to them so that once in the cell the lipid shells metabolize and the mRNA is acted upon.
So the resulting protein spikes are carried via active transport to the outside of the cell where upon release into the bloodstream they attach to corresponding cell receptors - having a high affinity for ACE2 receptors. As alluded to they attach to the cell membrane of cells which uptake the mRNA so as to be "presented" to circulatory immunoglobulins per the MHC complex during immunological activation.
Killer T-Cells being primed to identify them will seek out any cells manifesting them on the cell membrane to trigger destruction of the cell per apoptosis = to be replaced by a healthy cell. This coincidentally happens anyways when a virus infects your cells to leave "it's calling card" on the cell membrane = aka the antigenic structures it used to infect the cell - your protein spikes in the case of Covid.
I will take the COVID-19 vaccination today I will film it and publish it tomorrow on my RUclips channel
So the question is, which vaccine is better and safe?
None of them😂
If your a dude I recommend J&J they don’t have a bigger impact on males in my family that took that one.
What does determine for an antibody to last for 3 monts or 3 years ? For exemple we know that the vaccines we had when we were baby may last for many years even may be effectif when we are adult. What does determine the duration of the antibodies ? Thank you.
We don't know for sure, but immunity also varies depending on the virus itself, not just the vaccines. While you can design vaccines that are more or less effective for the same disease, there is a limit to what you can achieve. For diseases with lifelong natural immunity, such as chickenpox, the vaccine also offers longer protection, but for diseases that you can catch many times, vaccines also offer shorter protection. This is because immunity, be it natural or induced, depends on the interaction - the match - between the viral antigen and the antibodies produced against it. A human is born with preformed billions of variations of B-cells that can potentially produce billions of different antibodies (we don't actually make new antibodies in our lifetime, we just amplify the ones we already have). Only the ones that match with the viral antigen will be activated and produced in large amounts upon infection/vaccination. So depending on how much matching the viral antigen can have with your collection (defined by your genomic polymorphism), you will have more or less robust response. This also explains different vaccine effectiveness between races, for example, from Pfizer clinical trials, the vaccine is slightly less effective for Asians. I know this is a bit too much to explain in a comment, we have more videos about basic immunology on our channel if you want to learn more.
@@Alilamedicalmedia Thank you for the answer. What does it mean "we don't make new antibodies in our life time, we juste amplify the ones we already have" ? What do you mean by amplifying ?
We are born with all different antibodies we can possibly make from the start, billions different ones, but each of them only in tiny quantities. When met with a virus/vaccine, (only) the matching antibody will be produced in huge amounts to fight the disease. That's what I meant by amplification - the selected antibody is produced in large amounts.
@@Alilamedicalmedia Please could you pin this comment at the top. Your answers in this comment section are very informative. I think it is worth making a video in itself if you could. And many thanks for the videos already put out. This is one of the best videos I have across on vaccines. :)
Abhiram D R We have a video that explains this process, but it may be a bit technical: ruclips.net/video/rAepZG_ChyQ/видео.html
What happening to sinopharm vaccine ??
Sinopharm is an inactivated vaccine, see the video from 2:30
Mix all of them and have in the morning with ice . Corona will freeze and will become corona beer 🥶
Like 🌹merhaba emeğinize sağlık güzel kanal bende beklerim 🎼🔔🎁
informative...got my astrazenica shot yesterday ...heaviness feelings till now..but no fever..
how are you now?
@@RuphiaYen .