Transcription | RNA Synthesis | DNA to RNA complete process | Lecture 10 | Dr. Muhammad Naveed

DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis:
DNA transcription, or RNA synthesis, is a crucial cellular process responsible for producing RNA molecules from a DNA template. Here's a detailed breakdown of the steps involved:
1. Initiation:
1. Promoter Recognition: RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcription, recognizes and binds to a specific DNA sequence called the promoter.
2. Formation of Transcription Bubble: RNA polymerase unwinds a segment of the DNA double helix, forming a transcription bubble.
2. Elongation:
1. RNA Synthesis: Within the transcription bubble, RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand. The enzyme adds complementary RNA nucleotides (A, U, C, G) according to the DNA template (A pairs with U in RNA, C pairs with G).
DNA Re-winding: As RNA polymerase progresses along the DNA template, the double helix reforms behind it.
3. Termination:
1. Transcription Termination: Transcription continues until the RNA polymerase encounters a termination signal in the DNA sequence.
Release of RNA: The newly synthesized RNA molecule is released, and RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA template.
Types of RNA Produced:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) and Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): These types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis at the ribosomes.
Post-Transcriptional Modifications:
In eukaryotic cells, mRNA undergoes modifications like capping (addition of a 5' cap), polyadenylation (addition of a poly-A tail), and splicing (removal of introns) before leaving the nucleus.
Transcription is a tightly regulated process influenced by various factors such as cell type, environmental signals, and developmental stages. It plays a pivotal role in gene expression and the production of functional RNA molecules essential for various cellular functions.
About Dr. Muhammad Naveed
(HoD, Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore)
With distinction, Dr. Muhammad Naveed obtained a Ph.D. degree in Biotechnology (Genomics & Bioinformatics) from Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. He has won Ph.D. indigenous & IRSIP scholarships from HEC. He has done Pre-Doc research at the University of Ghent, Belgium. HEC awarded him the best Ph.D. (IRSIP) Scholar of the Year in 2013 & QAU honored him as a “Distinguished Alumni” in 2017. He is doing research projects in Bioinformatics, Molecular Biotechnology and vaccine designing, and Drug designing against infectious diseases. He has supervised 90 MSc. and 78 MPhil. & 01 Ph.D. students. He has published 150 Research articles with 1120 impact factors, 5260 citations, 01 book, 06 book chapters, and filed 05 Patents. He was awarded the distinguished “Researcher of the Year” in 2016 (UoG) and 2018, 2019 & 2021 (UCP).
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