An Overview of Earth’s Layers
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- Опубликовано: 18 июл 2022
- We only interact with the very surface of the Earth, called the crust. So what else is down there? What is the composition of the Earth? How many layers are there, and how do they differ? What is the mantle, and how does it convect? What is the core made of? How does the Earth generate a magnetic field? Let's dig into all of this and more!
Script by Jared Matteucci
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I always imagined that the subducting plate was being pushed under the overriding plate instead of pulled. That never jived with how those splits look in the oceanic crust where new material is being exposed. This makes sense now.
Right. If I understand ocean floor formation, there is "ridge-push" (spreading midocean ridge) as well as "slab-pull" (subduction) and of the two, "slab pull" is the main force.
I know it is quite fascinating! The only systems that may be more complex than geological processes are weather and one might even argue that!
Yeah continental plates just kind of act almost like a cap which makes makes it easier for them to subduct cause I have something to push against basically to help push them down instead of across
@@jessicadeines When I learned about plate tectonics i the mid-to-late 70s. O was fascinated--and still am. We've found out a lot more about the whole process since then as well. And thats not taking into account all the other non-tectonic forces in geology. It's pretty awesome (at least to me,) that in some places the sediment over lying the bedrock is over 16000 feet of sedimentary deposits O never tire of this sort of thing.
@@harrietharlow9929 that is absolutely wonderful and I am with you. I got interested in science when I was young and went to the Kirkpatrick Science center in Oklahoma city with my dad and pappy, who were both engineers. I am on the spectrum as is my son and I am doing everything I can to build his self esteem and his abilities in the scientific world seem to be helping him. Scientific curiosity is a wonderful thing and I commend you for your interest.
Man, I just love this series. Somewhere along the way in my college education, decades ago, I had to make a choice about what I wanted to study. I ultimately decided on civil engineering, but I had so much interest in geology that I used most of my elective courses on topics like this. Looking forward to the next installment which will, no doubt, cover P-waves and S-waves and how we used seismic events on one side of the planet to better understand the deepest reaches of our planet from the other side. Great work, Professor Dave!
That will be very interesting.
I was the same. I ended up getting a geology degree. Sucked, so I thought I'd give it 33 years. Turns out, it still sucks. LOVE IT! Went from Mining Geologist to Senior Engineer for many mining companies. Got to spend time in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, The former USSR, Canada, Mexico, Ireland, and my favorite State in the US, Montana!
In these tutorials I especially love that you don't shy away from dumping a lot of information at once, since everyone can watch the video multiple times and review. This is very informative and condensed, and at the same time accessible even if you only half-remember high school introduction to geology.
The illustrations are wonderful. Very informative and yet have an artful elegance to them.
This was an awesome update to my high-school sophomore "Earth Science" class. Thanks, Dave!
Very good explanation! i spent 33 years in the mining industry as a mining geo and a Senior Engineer. Most recently at a project/mine owned by Sibanye/Stillwater her in southern Montana. Our deposit is a VERY old Intrusive unit that was uplifted during the Beartooth mountain uplift. Our deposits are dated at 1.2 Billion years old (yes, 9 zeros). Never got subducted again. Uplifted over MUCH younger Limestone unit. We mine Platinum and Palladium. We mine a little "sliver" of the entire original magma settlement. Just 1 corner (0.001%). but still our mine life is 50+ years that we know of. If you ever want an underground tour, you're more than welcome!
Have you've done much igneous petrology? I'm just a geoarchaeologist that mainly studied clays and some chert for sourcing studies.
Professor Dave you always make science interesting please keep on going with the thing you do
I believe there's a pretty big facility in the UK where they have a machine that simulates magnetosphere generation with a large sphere of molten metal. They've found that the magnetic field can appear spontaneously
Wow, that's absolutely amazing.
I've never heard about that before.
yep, that is true. I can't remember what metals they use but it's like a 15 or 20 ft dynamo! Pretty amazing what humans can accomplish!
I cannot thank you enough for this video. My young son was asking me about what caused volcanos and I was not able to articulate it well. We watched this together and paused whenever he needed to study the image. He even correct his uncle when they talked about lava vs magma which made me so proud as we had talked about it after your video. Thank you as always Professor Dave.
Heya. What may be a fun exercise for you and your son is to look at island chains such as the Canary Islands in the Atlantic. These are caused by upwelling hot spots that push through the earth's crust. The reason the volcanos appear to move is that the plates move over the top of these chains. You will usually find that the last island in the chain will be the active volcano with a chain of extinct ones behind them.
@@8ScientistI'd suggest looking at the Emperor and Hawaiian Islands as they span most of the central and western Pacific. The Emperor Islands sit NW of Hawaii and then dog leg north.
Something else about magma/lava and volcanic eruptions has to do with the amount of silica in the melt. Felsic melts are thicker and higher in silica than (ultra)mafic melts, which are thinner and more flowing. So the thicker, felsic, magma will contain more gas and water vapor resulting, generally, in very explosive eruptions like Mt St Helens. Whereas the oceanic, or mafic melts are runny like seen in Hawaii.
The power of such a good summary. Thank you very much, this video clarified a lot for me.
at around 8:50 you say that the inner core grows by a rate of 1 millimeter per year, but is that an increase in radius of 1mm, or an increase in diameter of 1mm?
Hmm good question, I think radius.
Amazing depth in this lesson.
I love this channel; it's pretty nice to check back here every few days or weeks to refresh my knowledge on some interesting subjects
This was absolutely fascinating. I knew some of this but by far, not all of it.
You are amazing Professor Dave! This is one of the best videos I've seen about the layers of the Earth!
These videos are bringing me back to my historical geology days in college. Was my favorite class I took and love these summary videos!
Ahhh yes
It brings me back to the days I would ride my mount into the city to pick up the weekly new publication from the local printing press and speneing hours taking notes with my quill and ink and using my abacus to do calculations in the up and coming feild of medicine...studying the humors..blood letting, and sulphur/ murcury injections into penises.....in the goof old days where we dug up our own cadavers in medical school..but always from societies lessers.
Gret video, Professor Dav. I look forward to the next lecture. Geology (esp. marine geology), violcanology, and seismology being three fields of interest.
The Geodynamo has to be the coolest thing I've ever heard. Metal af
This is fascinating, thank-you!
Nice work, Dave!!!
David
This is super fascinating. Takes me back to college geology.
thanks for making these videos
I have often wondered the effect Theia slamming into Earth was the beginning of forming plates on the Earths crust.
Ah Dave! Love your videos.
One thing I didn't understand though. I think you mentioned that the inner core is rotating faster than the crust/mantel and then explained that it was due to the magnetic field, similar to an induction motor. But induction motors always spin SLOWER than the magnetic field. This is a necessary part of how they work. If the rotor was spinning faster, the induced currents and field interactions would apply torques in the opposite direction, slowing the rotor down. (for example a magnetic field in an induction motor stator might rotate 1800 RPM, but the rotor will spin at 1780 RPM)
So, how does the magnetic field make the inner core spin FASTER???
Thank you Professor Dave.
Thanks, Dave!
So, what you're REALLY saying is, watching the movie "The Core" was not enough in and of itself to get my PHD?
YO sir Dave
Do i get a hi
Massive fan 🙂
what up!
I was looking for a detailed explanation and I found it lol. I didn't think it would be so in depth that most of it went over my head tho lol, still an awesome video! My Thanks
okay I got a weird question how do we know what the earths core looks like? Also how do we know what its made out of?
Also love the content Prof. Dave Started with u roasting conspiracy stood for learning about cool new stuff and going back to school to learn physics
Seismology
Using S waves and P waves caused by Earthquakes we can essentially map out the size and shape of the core and figure out its composition due to how the different waves interact with the layers of the core. There are other methods, but I believe this is the easiest one to understand
The way I know of for observing the contents of earth is through earthquakes. Let me explain. When an earthquake happens really sensitive equipment on other parts of the planet can detect the effects of the earthquake. This is from the waves, basically sound waves, traveling from the epicenter of the earthquake. These waves travel in every direction, and so they travel through the earth. When a piece of equipment far away from the earthquake picks up the waves it can check to see what sections of earth it traveled through. Then because the speed of sound changes based on the medium it moves through the can calculate based on when they received the wave vs when the earthquake happened, and determine things such as density of what the waves travelled through. I hope that wasn't too long winded. This is one way I know of that the inner Earth is studied.
Wait for the one on seismology it explains all that.
A lot of their understanding came from the cold war while using sonar to hunt submarines. Scientists study how sonar waves lighting strike waves earthquakes etc. reflect off different materials and use the readings to map the earth's core.
Dude i love your channel. I never took education seriously when i was young. Planning on going back, nice!
I'm tackling a bachelor's degree in biology and geology in early September, and this man is a hero!
All hail Professor Dave Farina, Holy Slayer of Ignorance!
EDIT:
Well, it turns out I couldn't solve my illiteracy in mathematics and thus had to abort the whole project. Oh well. At least I can still enjoy science thanks to RUclips channels such as this one!
Good for you!
So much good info on "the net" these days. Just learn to discern the true stuff from the CRAP!
@@rickkwitkoski1976 Solid copy, Commander!
Hi, just to complement the info. You can read about the Fragment-Asperity model. It explains earthquakes using a physics model point of view. Using Tsallis entropy!
I love your videos!
Thank you: Really grand.
🌍👍
Science and learning is awesome!
Ok, I'll be the idiot to ask. @5:34 why does the geo dynamo need a seed?
Thanks
Flat earthers should watch this LMAO
Do we know how long a pole-reversal process takes? When it's said we may be due for one, does that mean that it flips near instantly (over a few days or year), or over a few hundred years (also geologically "instantly"), or over a much longer time?
In geological terms, not human lifespans.
Likely several hundred - thousands of years. We can map stripes in the seabed as the iron deposited at the ridge aligns with the magnetic field at that time. We know how fast the plates spread and how many stripes there are and therefore can work out the length between each "flip"
Dave, it's like you're not even trying: what about middle of Earth and the mole people? Get it together. But seriously, are magnetic reversals fast in people time or on the geological time scale and more of a gradual thing?
I'm watching this because I misread the title as:
"An overview of Earth's Lawyers"
@Cryptocoin Kiwi LOL I just misread "vicous resistance" as "vicious resistance" thought that's odd, but went with it.
Can you please do a physics video explaining Surface tension? I'm having a bit of a hard time doing the questions.
Check my gen chem tutorial on viscosity, capillary action, that sort of stuff. It talks about surface tension.
@@ProfessorDaveExplainsI mainly followed your Physics videos. I'll check it out, thanks!
nice!
There's no rule that oceanic crust has to be under sea right? I wonder how it would look like above the surface.
That is technically true, and there might be points where oceanic crust is visible. But I doubt it as the general rule of understanding is that oceanic crust will always subduct under continental crust. and a good portion of continental crust does extend past the shore
@@_Arbor Interesting.
@@algi1 There are several places where oceanic crust is visible on the surface. Any basalt that you see is basically oceanic crust. So find several images where these are very evident.
Nope but they do have their own name such as Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalt (MORB)
@@granodiorite9032 It's MORBin' time!
With the scientific methods you use in your videos can you produce a video on ghosts & the supernatural. It would be really interesting to see your take on the subject using sciences.
make some videos about the what scientists have discovered inside of other planetary bodies. Inside of gas giant planets the idea that gasses like hydrogen can be compressed into a metal like substance is mind blowing
I think we would classify it as some type of ice
Dave could you do one on the Sun? Or maybe you have already? Fascinating stuff thanks.
That's in my astronomy series.
An overview of the underview!
Before I begin my actual comment... Before I begin my actual comment, I would like to apologize in advance for my inadequate level of English proficiency. I am not a native speaker of the world's current lingua franca which unfortunately leads to me making numerous embarrassing mistakes being made whenever I attempt to communicate using this language. Whenever I am reminded of how I lack the ability to convey my thoughts in an eloquent manner, I feel as though I have committed a cardinal sin, as though every English teacher in the world is simultaneously shaking their head and sighing due to how utterly disappointed they are at me. Although I know that saying sorry to those of you who are reading my comment will not change the fact that I fail miserably to write and speak perfect English, I am writing this as a way to deter a certain type of people who cannot stand poor English from mocking me by posting unwanted and unnecessary comments detailing my every blunder although you may be angry or made at me. so please don't. Here is the comment i wanted to make: first.
Ah kaynt nderstand yew, gew back tuh yer cuntreh.
It's a copy pasta but it's a funny one so have a like.
lol
It ain't but a thang dude 😁
You're doing better than a lot of native English speakers, not gonna lie. XD
Always loved your videos and presentations Professor Dave. And I especially love your debates, I've used some of your points to argue against Flat Earthers a few times.
Would you mind me asking if you'll ever do any kind of Live debate again, or would you prefer to move onto something a little more calm?
I’m happy to debate people. It’s fun and I like demolishing con men.
@@ProfessorDaveExplains Thank you! I LOVE how you can demolish them so easily. I do not have the gift of gab in that regard. I can FIND the necessary info to back myself up but to have it on the tip of my tongue is not that easy. Some of the time it is because some of these clowns are SO obvious. But then, there are so many other ignorant clowns that believe them. Please keep doing vids like this one. The occasional one demolishing the kooks is fine.
@@ProfessorDaveExplains I wish you can demolish a flat earther again lol. It’s very entertaining
I've already known this stuff a long time but I would listen to this guy read the phonebook, I enjoy his voice do much. He's not a deep-voiced Morgan Freeman type, but still, I really like it! Great to fall asleep, to, as well!
how long does it take for the oceanic slabs to heat up in the mantle
like could we have bacteria or even complex life just vibing in a closed cave in the middle of the mantle
Basically the oceanic crust, as it pushes underneath the continental crust, turns back into molten rock. And If I'm not mistaken, it's a continuous cycle as the mantle and circulates with the outer core and creates convection just like a lava lamp, as Professor Dave explained. Man, I really enjoy brain food.
I've only heard of the D' ' layer in a critique about how geologists need to come up with better names.
Hay Dave I love your videos but I was wondering if you could do a video of a metal that’s apparently as strong as diamonds it’s called platinum gold
@Reactor Jam
You DO understand that the Periodic Table of Elements is complete up to element 118, Oganesson?
Platinum-Gold would, therefore, have to be an alloy.
Do you have any further information about this that you care to share?
It seems to me that you have a pedestrian understanding of this topic.
@@rickkwitkoski1976 I didn't quite understand that, either. The closest thing to what he seems to be talking about is electrum, but as far as I know, it is not an element, but rather a natural alloy of gold and silver.
Relatively speaking, gold is a very malleable metal. I can't imagine any alloy containing gold being near a "strong" as diamond, if by "strong," you're referring to Moh's Hardness Scale.
@@glennpearson9348 It sounded pretty strange to me, too.
Hey professor dave, will you ever make a philosophy playlist?
Yes it's coming very soon! It's already been written.
So the earth is basically one giant onion?
At the risk of committing a dad joke:
Mother Earth really is a multi-layered character, huh?
You're welcome.
The more I learn how lucky we are, taking all these variables in account it’s almost certain we are an anomaly at best.
Radiogenic heat, wooo!!!!
good stuff. however i am very dissapointed to learn that i am going to not be able to celebrate my 92nd billionth birthday on earth
Hi Dave
Curious if the flat earthers will jump on the mention of buoyancy.
I am in class watching this
Here is something I don't understand. If the heavier materials sank when the Earth was entirely molten, then why are there heavy elements near the surface which can be mined?
So do i stop real quick and learn about electronical engineering so i can learn about geodynamo?
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How thick is the crust on our pizza earth? Rotfl
Dave, sir, I have a question regarding homeopathy. It stems from a video you put out 4/3/19 titled "astrology: fact or fiction". I'm a bachelor-degree-level nurse, and I believe in science. However pseudoscience can be helpful in some cases. For instance, aloe vera does seem to heal burns and wounds as quickly as medicinal ointments. Certain homeopathic remedies do help to control blood pressure and regulate cholesterol and blood sugar. Although these are homeopathic, they are also widely used. Do these remedies ever get accepted by true science?
Aloe vera contains active agents that have therapeutic effect. It is not pseudoscience and has nothing to do with homepathy, which is the quintessential pseudoscience in the medical realm. Any mild benefits you observe are strictly due to the placebo effect.
🎉🎉
Onelove
❤️👏👍
can you check out terryology
I think this would be hilarious but also super easy to disprove because it's only like two points
@@smellafella2841 true but it would still be super funny
btw: its debated if the collision and absorbtion of theia played a huge part in injecting additional heat and core material into earth, and thus we can enjoy a magnetic field still, while all other rocky planets in the solar system are magnetically dead, as they did not have this injection of heat and core material. their cores are already too solid and cant produce such a life saving field anymore....
Recently saw a video by Anton Petrov (?) on very recent Mercury findings. It's pretty interesting that it apparently still has an active core that is relatively huge. Check it out it's pretty cool. Plus Anton does great work.
Heya. I'm a Geophysist, worth noting that we can image and see some these layers both by mapping and inverting the travel time of earthquakes but also observed with reflected seismic data. We can map for example the crust-mantle boundary across the earth's continental margins.
@ProfessorDaveExplains make immunology
I'm sorry but your pronunciation of "peridotite" is driving me crazy. It's actually pronounced "peri-dough-tight." Additionally, the rock shown consisting mainly of olivine is likely dunite named for Dun Mountain in New Zealand.
The only addition I'd make to the presentation is that there are melts of intermediate chemistry between high silica felsic and low silica (ultra)mafic rocks. The Andes Mountains are a prime example of an intermediate composition. The amount of silica affects the viscosity of a melt that directly determines the kind of volcanic eruption might occur. High silica results in trapped gasses and water vapor resulting in an explosive eruption like Mt St Helens vs a runny lava like in Hawaii.
Then you could get into that sexy Bowen's Reaction Series. But I'm just a nerd that taught that so it's my bias.
But as always, great presentation and completely on point. It's always a good day when you know that folks are being presented with accurate information and getting educated. As we'd say in the Navy, "Bravo Zulu!'
Will there be a video on the giant underwater oceans, like under africa(I think)
Hey Dave have you ever considered making a video about the moon landing? I’ve been seeing that topic pop up a lot lately, amongst (most predictably) flat-Earthers.
Oh, and I’m also seeing denial that nuclear bombs exist as well… that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were just standard incendiaries-like Dresden-and Chernobyl was apparently just a hoax 😂
Simon Whistler has two videos explaining how we know we landed on the moon ruclips.net/video/CqfMv3kYrp8/видео.html and ruclips.net/video/0SnUaeMuyB0/видео.html
Diehold foundation!!!! Lqtm
How it works on the Flatearth model?
It wouldn't, which is why the Flat Earth is a clear Hoax
It doesn't and the flat earthers don't have a model. They don't even have a hypothesis. All they have is a crazy belief that they hold with religious zeal against the overwhelmingly opposing evidence. The Earth is a sphere! 🌏🌍🌎🌏🌍🌎🌏🌍🌎🌏🌍🌎 Fact.
Your question is an oxymoron. It doesn't work on a flat Earth model.
@restless_rat I don't think flat Earth model and work, belong in the same sentence.
so its like onion
The earth is filled with layers, like an onion
As well as an ogre
Where’s the hollow earth?
Any flat earthers in here ? 😂😂
Can SOMEONE please explain "HOW" do we know about these layers, since we've never dug even half way of the first layer!? Or shall we just believe because "it's science"?
Watch the tutorial on seismology, bud. Scientists make discoveries. Learn about them instead of making blanket statements of incredulity.
Good question @Kevin, and no you shouldn't "just believe" - not for any reason. Like Carl Sagan once said, "I don't want to believe, I want to know." In a geology 101 youtube streaming class with Nick Zentner, I just saw this exact thing explained in his #13, Earth's Interior class. Check it out if you want to know in detail how we know about earth's layers. It covers a lot, but I think the specific explanation you're asking about is towards the end. Like Prof Dave said, it's done with seismic waves. Def a good question.
Wish you were in my physical geology classes because most students didn't care one bit about P and S waves or the interior of the earth.
It's all scripted for you by subject matter experts right?
Most topics, yes.
Interestingly, I have read about oil drilling, & in the Alaskan oil fields between 1,100ft & 1,700ft down there is perfectly preserved ancient tropical forests. They are frozen, not petrified. Oil drillers have pulled up many palm trees, ferns, pine cones, & other frozen tropical forms of life in the Alaskan oil fields. Scientists have studied this, but its not information given to the general public, except in a few books. They also say that oil is the 2nd most abundant liquid on Earth, & not from dinos. 'Oil shortages' are complete BS created by TPTB.
Where did you read this? It doesn’t sound credible.
1000 ft below the Earth’s surface is not going to be frozen.
Crude oil is formed by plankton and algae, which is known by people interested in the subject.
"Yea I have a girlfriend. You wouldn't know her though since she goes to another school" - someone who does not have a girlfriend
Can you provide us with some sources to support your claims?
@2MauiAngels
You are correct about petroleum NOT being from dinosaurs. That is an urban myth that has been perpetuated by oil companies too.
But people...
Oil "shortage" isn't a problem either. However, we have pretty much found all the cheaply reachable oil. The reserves out there are going to cost much more to extract.
However, that is not the largest problem. All the petroleum is SEQUESTERED carbon. What is going to happen when we release it by burning it? Not a good future.
What are you doing with the $1m dollars you were given to hide that the earth is flat? This is sarcasm by the way. Even though it sounds completely ridiculous there are people as you well know that believe this.
1hrlate births cros
0:10 (?) crops* momen
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Earth is basically just a big ball of lava
You definitely did not watch the video 😂✨🥓
Bro you sound American why’re you using kilometers
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