I remember when that the first real evidence was found for the creation of such elements in mergers that there was a sort of joke made that the explosions that result - now known as _kilonovae_ - should be called "blingnovae" :) (The other term is because it's about 1000 times brighter than a nova, but not quite as bright as a supernova.)
@@rfichokeofdestinyYes, that takes some thorough mixing for a long time, before it clumps together into a planet like Earth. Like a dough, you put in all the ingredients in big chunks, but the mixing dillutes all the ingredients, so that they are roughly the same amount present at each location in the dough. I also wonder how nebulae can stay nebulae for so long to mix everything through, before gravity finally makes stars and planets out of it.
Worth adding that stuff like Technetium is actually made in supernovae, but its half life is so short it never makes it to Earth. So while we never see it in nature, and thus all of it we've ever had is made in a lab, it is a thing nature makes.
Are there any elements that are scientifically understood to NEVER occur in nature? Or can they all pop-up for short periods in the right circumstances?
@ScienceAsylum: How come that all the well conducting metals (silver copper aluminium gold ) have an odd number of protons/electrons, and therefore are less abundant than others? As an EE, I therefore feel discriminated...
@@Oldclunker-ge5zp If I were to guess, it's because the property of spin that electrons have. Atoms prefer to have their electrons in spin-pairs. When electron spins are paired up, the atom becomes much more stable meaning there's less incentive for the electrons to dissociate from the core nucleus, making the atom less conductive, but this this stability also means that that atoms are more likely to "settle down" towards energies with more stable spin states. The consequence of this would be that you have a lower abundance of elements who are happy with giving up their electrons, as those elements would naturally be less stable during formation. If there are any graduates in the comments dealing with either quantum or nuclear physics, please correct any and all of my inaccuracies. Thanks!
@@ScienceAsylumMay I ask whether the physicists wonder what seems to be the reason why Tc is left out from all of the neutron capture processes ever happened in the past? Thank you for your video, it answered many of my concerns perfectly.
Excellent video, Nick, and thank you for clarifying the idea around binding energy. Also, I really like when you have Emily co-host your topics. Emily adds a lot of value in clarification, acting as a sounding board, and, in general, co-hosting the program. Well done as always!
1:43 to be precise, temperature were high enough to produce heavier elements, but it dropped to colder temeperature in orders of seconds therefore only hydrogen, helium, litium and their isotopes could be created (maybe some boron, but I don't quite remember). Another reason is because there is actually a barrier in the fusion at beryllium-8 (and helium-5 btw) which is unstable (t~=10^(-8) s). Only in the stellar cores this element can be produced, and used for fusion, because cores are hot and stable for a long period of time (millions of terrestrial years instead of a couple hundred of seconds)
sorry to be pedantic (again) but at 13:05 is a common misconception: the "r" originally meant "residuals" because there were some element that can't be explained with s-process (which again don't stand for slow, but I quite can't remember) that happened in the neutron spallations during supernovae
@@ScienceAsylum ahah thanks but that's all. The video is perfect as alwasys, I just wanted to add some little known facts that only "expert in the field" know (and they are barely mentioned during lessons...)
For me a retired 75-year-old electrical engineer, I found this to be an extremely interesting video especially the outcome of neutron stars merging causing the higher elements I am so astounded thank you so much for this presentation. Very best regards.
Guys, I love this couple already. I've been looking for an interaction video between a biologist and a physicist because i think such 2 extremely different sciences come together and discussing a common topic, you'll get a lot of new perspectives and ideas! I love this so much.
@@iamjimgroth Neutrons by themselves aren't stable with a half life of like 10 minutes. A ton of different stellar and radioactive processes can create neutrons they obviously won't be as common as hydrogen from the big bang, but they would still exist in significant quantities.
Hey Nick. I absolutely LOVE your physics content. I especially like when you're explaining to M, who then turns around and gives a very thoughtful and smart non-Physics standpoint. Keep it up.
Every time the kilonova event of 2017 is mentioned, I stop to appreciate the sheer freaking coolness of it. Someone must have been having a moment of pure awe... "Remember that gravitational wave detection on August 17th? Well guess what, the gamma ray observatories caught it too, that one was actually visible, it was BRIGHT" Also still can't get past the image of two neutron stars colliding and bursting into massive amounts of GOLD
There's probably quite a lot of it on earth, or rather in earth. Most of those heavier elements would have sunk towards or into the core in the early stages of the planet. If we ever manage to get down that far, there's going to be a lot of broke commodity traders.
I.ve been a subscriber for a number of years now and find your presentation informative and enjoyable. Bear in mind that I've been teaching physics and mathematics for the last 35 years and think that you're doing a great job imparting knowledge. Keep up the good work.👍👏
You guys have some very wholesome chemistry, but the thing that's stuck in my mind is that the Hydrogen in our bodies is as old as the universe. That's just so badass.
It is cool, but also a little bit misleading, as the protons in the hydrogen atoms have not all been in hydrogen atoms for the entire history of the universe. Some will have spent time in larger nuclei by fusion, then returned to hydrogen via fission.
Me: Oh, a Science Asylum video just dropped. Imma watch it as soon as I can. Then me: OMG it's a conversation with M, that means it is not good, it'll be absolutely fantastic. Truly those videos are all in your top 10.
@@ScienceAsylum she works as a good audience intermediary i think for people who might sometimes struggle with what you say. shes really good at breaking stuff you say down into more easy to understand stuff for the layman i think. also youre just adorable together which helps!
Watching these last videos back to back was so enlighting! Also love the sidesuest into chemistry your wife took us on. It all helped to paint a comprehensible picture.
If memory serves, cosmic rays can strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in Earth's atmosphere, causing spallation into lithium, beryllium, and boron, which then falls to Earth and can concentrate (via water sources) into ores. Over billions of years of these things, you get places like Boron, California (home of the world's largest borax mine!), where the boron concentrated and can be mined.
@@BronzeDragon133 I was hoping that ScienceAsylum guy was going to talk about such things (how the different atoms get incorporated into earth), such as you mentioned for boron. Maybe he will in a future video.
@@OrdenJust Pegmatites--look those up. When beryllium levels are higher yes, they tend to get concentrated even more by the tendency to form crystalline structures in the magma. Pegmatite has a high water content, which allows the beryllium to concentrate.
@@michaeldeal1625 I hope so. Stellar nucleosynthesis and f- and s-process neutron loading are the ways these happen, but even outside of "stellar" processes, like Earth's atmosphere, this still can happen. Sure, the oxygen and nitrogen was formed by star-stuff, and the cosmic ray by more star-stuff...but this, and then the processes that concentrate it into usable ores, are planetary.
*Great Video* with lots of refreshing new research content that's not already known for last 10 decades. Thank you for making it and the fun discussion that helps in understanding the nuances of the content better.
@@ScubaDaveGSXR Yes and no, most proton emissions end up with the proton being absorbed into another nucleus so it doesn't technically creates hydrogen, at least not for the long term. Overall about three quarters of all hydrogen and about a quarter of all helium was created during the condensation period (the first couple of minutes after the big bang) the rest was created by various other reactions primarily once stelar fusion kicked in.
Origin of Post-Iron Elements: Heavy elements are created by: 1. R-process: Ultra-rapid neutron absorption without sufficient time for decay between neutron impacts. 2. S-process: Repeated absorption of neutrons with time between impacts for some decays to occur. 3. F-process: While energy cannot be liberated from fusion of iron and more massive elements, such fusions can and do occur. Thermodynamics favors such endothermic fusions at sufficiently high temperatures. Such fusions can cool the core of a star, accelerating collapse. Such fusions produce high mass nuclei, which quickly decay into more ordinary elements. 4. I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission. 5. N-process: when outer layers of tentative neutronium are bounced off of cores in supernovae, and are ejected from the stars, then spall into ultra-massive nuclei that quickly decay into more stable ordinary nuclei. Not all of the above processes are distinct, but rather grade into one another.
This is the first video I watched of you. Randomly got it in my recommended feed and let me tell you: I love this format, and I love your wife. The inquisitive nature of her questions paired with the fact you are married, and you trying to impress her with your knowledge of atomic physics is just a joy to watch. Keep it up.
This makes for a great video to show in a high school chemistry class toward the end of the school year. It answers the question that almost never crosses one's mind about how did these atoms come about. I find it fascinating. Thanks.
Hey Nick, Ive been watching your vids for years, so I feel I've long overdue to say your vids with Em are an absolute treat, so shoutout to both of you! ❤
I do have two pedantic issues with what you said in the video. 1. It wasn't just protons produced in the Big Bang, but also neutrons. I thought I read that most of the helium produced there was from those neutrons, rather than from the hydrogen to deuterium fusion channel. 2. My understanding is that most of the nitrogen in the universe comes from normal stellar nucleosynthesis in stars more massive than the sun through the CNO fusion cycle. I don't recall you covering it on this channel, so I suppose I can appreciate not mentioning it here. For anyone reading the comments and not familiar, most fusion energy in large stars comes from that CNO cycle. It starts with a carbon-12 nucleus in a star which captures 4 hydrogen atoms in succession, with enough time for radioactive decay to convert two of the protons into neutrons. When the last hydrogen is captured to form oxygen-16, it almost always immediately fissions into helium-4 and carbon-12, and the cycle starts again. While this does seem more complicated and involved than pure hydrogen fusion, it does end up being faster overall. As long is the star is big enough, as it takes a higher temperature to happen than pure hydrogen fusion.
1) yes, and it's actually a very important parameter for Big Bang nucleosynthetis and abundancies in the universe! 2) yes and no: nitrogen is produced during the carbon/oxygen burning in the core (and eventually in burning shell). During CNO cycle theoretically should be formed none as C, O and N (and in hotter star even flourine) are used as catalysts. However, since the reaction that involves (one of the isotopes of) nitrogen has the slowest rate of the chain, it accumulates waiting for the reaction therefore most of carbon and oxygen is "transformed" in nitrogen. Hope this helped :)
New here. That's my first video of this channel and I've already liked and subscribed because of the chemistry (of the couple. You both are so cuuuuuute together 😂❤)
This is a fantastic format! I'm pretty good at focusing compared to most people I know, but even my eyes glaze over sometimes when watching educational videos. This, however, kept me captivated and following from start to finish.
Excellent presentation - i was in the group that believed every element up to Fe were made by stellar nuclear fusion (with H and He being forged at the big bang). Elements heavier than Fe up to U were made in supernova events. Always good to learn new things and revise my thinking. Cheers
Until the recent (!) and elegant explanation of neutrons decaying into protons and thus creating new elements, everybody has been a victim of the fairy tale that all heavy elements had been created in supernova events. Even with billions of years in between, I can't imagine that collisions of neutron stars (not to mention black holes!) are little more than improbable, not in an expanding universe.
"We are all made of star stuff," was one of the strongest reasons that I ended up as fascinated with astronomy/cosmology as I am. The perfectly balanced, improbable, and terribly complex mechanism of the infinite universe coming together to form such a tiny, insignificant speck as say, Earth... it boggles the mind. Anyway, I like your approach to the topic. Definitely worth a subscribe...
7:50 Most building blocks of life on Earth are made by nuclear fusion (except for hydrogen nuclei) but not all of them are made by stellar nucleosynthesis since nitrogen, potassium, chlorine, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt nuclei are made by supernova nucleosynthesis, molybdenum nuclei are made by neutron capture in stars and neutron-star mergers, and iodine nuclei are made by neutron-star mergers.
She really seems like a fun and pleasant person. And you guys really seem to enjoy each other's presence. Always nice to see a discussion from people with an earnest care and respect for one another. And obviously the topics you choose are always interesting too, and well explained.
Really nice video. As usual, a nit to pick. Binding energy isn't like activation energy. Binding energy is the energy liberated after the reaction is done. Lithium, beryllium, and boron have lower binding energy than helium, so when you get enough energy to make them you also have enough energy to break them apart into helium et al.
This is a great video. I knew the basic idea that the heavier elements were made in stars and supernova but this has expanded my knowledge which is always a good thing! Thank you.
Thank you for this. Not seen this explanation of the periodic table before. The next amazing thing is to consider how all these elements, made at different times and places, all coalesced into what we find on our own planet. That is equally amazing
I went and did the math: I am 40% around since literally the big bang. This revelation has thrown my personal place in the universe off a bit. Thank you so much. I love how you made the whole video👍🏽
I must admit that I learned something new. Really cool that Nick Lucid is giving us a heads-up with regards to recent research. Also Em Lucid is lovely and much better than any clones of Nick. You both rock! Best wishes, Erik.
Some radioactive processes generate lone neutrons, which decay into protons, which might pick up an electron to become neutral hydrogen, right? In that case, wouldn't it be reasonable to assume that among the gazillions of hydrogens in your body, at least one of them might be a former neutron rather than having been hydrogen since the big bang?
This video was so enlightening!! I am so grateful that you've explained the nuance of this process, I totally thought all elements were made inside stars as I constantly hear quotes from Carl Sagan or Neil DeGrasse Tyson saying "we're star dust". This just adds a whole extra layer of appreciation. I love it, also love Awkward M here!!! love u guys! ❤
Just discovered this channel. I love the format -- with an expert in this field interacting with a very smart and insightful person from another field of science! Very illuminating.
About 10:20, about the activating energy, it is the energy difference between reactants and transition state (like the height of the ground and the bar). While that binding energy is like the energy difference between individual nucleons and the binded nucleus, the spike in the Li to B is actually comparing them the the neighbouring He and C, so the spike is more like the energy difference between the reactants (He?) and products (Li, Be, B) (which is like the ground and the crush mat in the analogy), which is different actually
"I feel so old all of a sudden." You and me both... Remember back at the big bang, when our hydrogen atoms were first created though? Gods, I was strong back then.
I have read once that bismuth is always created at the edges of the most violent, extreme, and dangerous ambients in the whole universe, the birth of black holes (of a bigger neutron star after the merge of two neutros stars). This video helped me a lot to understand that. Great video! Love this show!
Werner Heisenberg was pulled over by a state trooper. The trooper asked him if he knew how fast he was going. Werner replied "no idea". The trooper look him dead in the eye and said 85. Werner in total disbelief responded, "Great! Now I'm lost."
Reminds me, back in the 80's, a highway cop once pulled over someone going like 130 mph in a Ferrari. As the officer approaches, the guy rolls down the window, and the officer asks "Hi, who do you think you are; Niki Lauda?", the guy says "uh, yes", and hands him his drivers license. Turned out it actually was Niki Lauda, the famous racecar driver. They have a long talk about racing, and ends up with the cop telling him to take it a bit slower, and letting him off with a warning.
Heisenbergs Uncertainty you can't know both momentum and location exactly, joke speed 85 no way to know exact location. Basic QM stuff little more to it than that but that's the punchline for the joke
Question: When I'm holding a meteorite, did it come from the core of a star, or a planetary breakup? It seems the elements came from a star, but did the conglomerated elements elements come directly from there or were intermediate steps necessary?
I haven’t seen all of your videos, but I have to say this video with your wife is very effective. Her knowledge, your knowledge and the conversation really helped clarify the science. You should have her on more often.
Wow, it's the first time I understand why the discovery of gravitational waves is so immensly important. Thank you for explaining these things so easily and make simple minds like me comprehend and appriciate the work of scienstists.
I’ve watched and enjoyed your videos for years, but I enjoyed this change of pace with a more conversational style. Keep up the excellent work on your channel!
An electron gets pulled over by a cop. The cop asks the electron, "Do you know how fast you were going?" The electron says, "No..." The cop says, "10,000,000 miles per hour." The electron says, "Dammit man! Now I have no idea where I am!"
Yours is one of my favorite science you tubes. Thank you. I must disagree with you about hydrogen though. In all the fusion reactions some of the neutrons are not captured. These have a half life of about 10 minutes making the parts for a new hydrogen atom.
![Seungmin "그렇게, 천천히, 우리(As we are)" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kAzmhLHePqU/mqdefault.jpg)
I’m a silversmith, sometimes I take a minute to appreciate that the silver I’m using came from the merger of neutron stars. It’s pretty awesome.
I remember when that the first real evidence was found for the creation of such elements in mergers that there was a sort of joke made that the explosions that result - now known as _kilonovae_ - should be called "blingnovae" :) (The other term is because it's about 1000 times brighter than a nova, but not quite as bright as a supernova.)
It's even more amazing to me that it all ended up in discrete chunks in the Earth's crust.
RV guy u@@shimrrashai-rc8fq
@@rfichokeofdestinyYes, that takes some thorough mixing for a long time, before it clumps together into a planet like Earth. Like a dough, you put in all the ingredients in big chunks, but the mixing dillutes all the ingredients, so that they are roughly the same amount present at each location in the dough. I also wonder how nebulae can stay nebulae for so long to mix everything through, before gravity finally makes stars and planets out of it.
The silversmith using neutron stars merger as the source of his material remembers me of Mjölnir
Worth adding that stuff like Technetium is actually made in supernovae, but its half life is so short it never makes it to Earth. So while we never see it in nature, and thus all of it we've ever had is made in a lab, it is a thing nature makes.
Thanks! I was waiting for them to mention that element. 😅
These include the likes of Astatine and Francium which have no stable or long half life isotopes.
Same for Promethium, which is another "hole" in the chart.
Technetium and promethium get created by neutron capture
Are there any elements that are scientifically understood to NEVER occur in nature? Or can they all pop-up for short periods in the right circumstances?
Love seeing the both of you working together keep it up. Hello from Newcastle Australia
Hello from the central coast!
BNE 🇦🇺
Cheers from Melbourne
Hello from another New South Welsh Novocastrian!
Hemlo from NSW 🇦🇺
“Not only do stars have to die to create elements, they have to die twice.”
- Kurzgesagt
That's some good writing they did there.
I heard that in my mind with the Kurzgesagt voice.
@ScienceAsylum:
How come that all the well conducting metals (silver copper aluminium gold ) have an odd number of protons/electrons, and therefore are less abundant than others? As an EE, I therefore feel discriminated...
@@Oldclunker-ge5zp I think aluminium is fairly abundant. In top ten I believe.
@@Oldclunker-ge5zp If I were to guess, it's because the property of spin that electrons have. Atoms prefer to have their electrons in spin-pairs. When electron spins are paired up, the atom becomes much more stable meaning there's less incentive for the electrons to dissociate from the core nucleus, making the atom less conductive, but this this stability also means that that atoms are more likely to "settle down" towards energies with more stable spin states. The consequence of this would be that you have a lower abundance of elements who are happy with giving up their electrons, as those elements would naturally be less stable during formation.
If there are any graduates in the comments dealing with either quantum or nuclear physics, please correct any and all of my inaccuracies. Thanks!
The important thing for my own understanding is that the heavier the elements, the more spectacular and mind-blowing the origin.
Indeed! It got weirder as we went down on the chart.
Even weirder if you think about neutron stars, just 1 neutron before collapse into a black hole... The one with lower angular momentum wins. ^^
I like imagining scenarios where we find elements we consider artificial floating around in space.
i wouldnt call the big bang mundane though :)
@@ScienceAsylumMay I ask whether the physicists wonder what seems to be the reason why Tc is left out from all of the neutron capture processes ever happened in the past? Thank you for your video, it answered many of my concerns perfectly.
Excellent video, Nick, and thank you for clarifying the idea around binding energy. Also, I really like when you have Emily co-host your topics. Emily adds a lot of value in clarification, acting as a sounding board, and, in general, co-hosting the program. Well done as always!
1:43 to be precise, temperature were high enough to produce heavier elements, but it dropped to colder temeperature in orders of seconds therefore only hydrogen, helium, litium and their isotopes could be created (maybe some boron, but I don't quite remember). Another reason is because there is actually a barrier in the fusion at beryllium-8 (and helium-5 btw) which is unstable (t~=10^(-8) s).
Only in the stellar cores this element can be produced, and used for fusion, because cores are hot and stable for a long period of time (millions of terrestrial years instead of a couple hundred of seconds)
sorry to be pedantic (again) but at 13:05 is a common misconception: the "r" originally meant "residuals" because there were some element that can't be explained with s-process (which again don't stand for slow, but I quite can't remember) that happened in the neutron spallations during supernovae
I appreciate the pedanticism. Please continue 👍
@@ScienceAsylum ahah thanks but that's all. The video is perfect as alwasys, I just wanted to add some little known facts that only "expert in the field" know (and they are barely mentioned during lessons...)
For me a retired 75-year-old electrical engineer, I found this to be an extremely interesting video especially the outcome of neutron stars merging causing the higher elements I am so astounded thank you so much for this presentation. Very best regards.
Glad you enjoyed it! That means a lot.
great news! You are the first to tell me how heavy elements were really formed! Thanx.
Glad to help!
+1 !! Exactly!
Guys, I love this couple already. I've been looking for an interaction video between a biologist and a physicist because i think such 2 extremely different sciences come together and discussing a common topic, you'll get a lot of new perspectives and ideas! I love this so much.
Small correction at 8:05: New hydrogen atoms can be formed from the decay of free neutrons.
How common is it?
@@liam3284in something like 10 minutes or so, on average
Well yeah duhhh that's common sense
(Jk)
There is also proton and double proton emission !
@@iamjimgroth Neutrons by themselves aren't stable with a half life of like 10 minutes. A ton of different stellar and radioactive processes can create neutrons they obviously won't be as common as hydrogen from the big bang, but they would still exist in significant quantities.
Hey Nick. I absolutely LOVE your physics content. I especially like when you're explaining to M, who then turns around and gives a very thoughtful and smart non-Physics standpoint. Keep it up.
Every time the kilonova event of 2017 is mentioned, I stop to appreciate the sheer freaking coolness of it. Someone must have been having a moment of pure awe... "Remember that gravitational wave detection on August 17th? Well guess what, the gamma ray observatories caught it too, that one was actually visible, it was BRIGHT"
Also still can't get past the image of two neutron stars colliding and bursting into massive amounts of GOLD
There's probably quite a lot of it on earth, or rather in earth. Most of those heavier elements would have sunk towards or into the core in the early stages of the planet.
If we ever manage to get down that far, there's going to be a lot of broke commodity traders.
It may be that it's nearing 3am but now I want a cartoon of Mario punching a kilonova like a cosmic brick.
@@ohasis8331 I think mining of asteroid 16 Psyche will be an easier engineering feat.
I absolutely love this double act! Cheers for the upload!
A neutron walks into a bar and asks the bartender, “How much for a drink?” The bartender says, “For you, no charge.”
😆 Funny every time.
Hurry up before you become a proton!
Oh no, you just started a chaim reaction...
The bartender says, "We don't serve faster than light particles in here."
A tachyon walks into a bar
Love this joke.
meh, I'm neutral
This is the clearest and most complete "layman accessible" explanation I've seen of the origin of the elements. Thank you both.
You're very welcome!
I love the comparison with biology! That is my favourite way of learning!
I.ve been a subscriber for a number of years now and find your presentation informative and enjoyable. Bear in mind that I've been teaching physics and mathematics for the last 35 years and think that you're doing a great job imparting knowledge. Keep up the good work.👍👏
You guys have some very wholesome chemistry, but the thing that's stuck in my mind is that the Hydrogen in our bodies is as old as the universe. That's just so badass.
It is cool, but also a little bit misleading, as the protons in the hydrogen atoms have not all been in hydrogen atoms for the entire history of the universe. Some will have spent time in larger nuclei by fusion, then returned to hydrogen via fission.
what an entertaining and informative format, thank you, great show!
Me: Oh, a Science Asylum video just dropped. Imma watch it as soon as I can.
Then me: OMG it's a conversation with M, that means it is not good, it'll be absolutely fantastic. Truly those videos are all in your top 10.
They almost always perform better than my regular videos.
@@ScienceAsylum she works as a good audience intermediary i think for people who might sometimes struggle with what you say. shes really good at breaking stuff you say down into more easy to understand stuff for the layman i think. also youre just adorable together which helps!
I always like these conversation videos, a good change of pace.
Watching these last videos back to back was so enlighting! Also love the sidesuest into chemistry your wife took us on. It all helped to paint a comprehensible picture.
I wish my wife would let me talk science at her for 20 minutes.
She would if you were Tom Cruise, Brad Pitt or Johnny Depp.
@@_John_Pok Johnny Pped
I wish my wife existed.
Tell her is about
I wish I had a wife.
This is such a nice way for me to learn, appreciate you guys sharing this convo with me.
Given that beryllium is made by cosmic rays, it seems amazing that somehow the beryllium gets concentrated enough on Earth for ores of it to be mined.
If memory serves, cosmic rays can strike oxygen and nitrogen atoms in Earth's atmosphere, causing spallation into lithium, beryllium, and boron, which then falls to Earth and can concentrate (via water sources) into ores. Over billions of years of these things, you get places like Boron, California (home of the world's largest borax mine!), where the boron concentrated and can be mined.
@@BronzeDragon133 Interesting. So, is the concentrating of beryllium basically its tendency to form crystals?
@@BronzeDragon133 I was hoping that ScienceAsylum guy was going to talk about such things (how the different atoms get incorporated into earth), such as you mentioned for boron. Maybe he will in a future video.
@@OrdenJust Pegmatites--look those up. When beryllium levels are higher yes, they tend to get concentrated even more by the tendency to form crystalline structures in the magma. Pegmatite has a high water content, which allows the beryllium to concentrate.
@@michaeldeal1625 I hope so. Stellar nucleosynthesis and f- and s-process neutron loading are the ways these happen, but even outside of "stellar" processes, like Earth's atmosphere, this still can happen.
Sure, the oxygen and nitrogen was formed by star-stuff, and the cosmic ray by more star-stuff...but this, and then the processes that concentrate it into usable ores, are planetary.
*Great Video* with lots of refreshing new research content that's not already known for last 10 decades. Thank you for making it and the fun discussion that helps in understanding the nuances of the content better.
Not all hydrogen was created during the big bang as proton emission does create new hydrogen when the proton captures an electron.
Exactly
And we still also see pair production, and it's feasible for a proton to escape and an older particle annihilate with the negatron
Isn’t a proton all by itself technically already hydrogen, albeit in it’s ion form?
@@ScubaDaveGSXR Yes and no, most proton emissions end up with the proton being absorbed into another nucleus so it doesn't technically creates hydrogen, at least not for the long term. Overall about three quarters of all hydrogen and about a quarter of all helium was created during the condensation period (the first couple of minutes after the big bang) the rest was created by various other reactions primarily once stelar fusion kicked in.
Neutron emission can also result in hydrogen being created. Also alpha radiation is just a helium being created.
Where do you think the emitted proton was originally formed?
Origin of Post-Iron Elements:
Heavy elements are created by:
1. R-process: Ultra-rapid neutron absorption without sufficient time for decay between neutron impacts.
2. S-process: Repeated absorption of neutrons with time between impacts for some decays to occur.
3. F-process: While energy cannot be liberated from fusion of iron and more massive elements, such fusions can and do occur. Thermodynamics favors such endothermic fusions at sufficiently high temperatures. Such fusions can cool the core of a star, accelerating collapse. Such fusions produce high mass nuclei, which quickly decay into more ordinary elements.
4. I-process: Inverse fission caused when heavy nuclei collide (as in F-process) in the presence of very high neutron fluxes during supernova explosions. This process is approximately the reverse of ordinary nuclear fission.
5. N-process: when outer layers of tentative neutronium are bounced off of cores in supernovae, and are ejected from the stars, then spall into ultra-massive nuclei that quickly decay into more stable ordinary nuclei.
Not all of the above processes are distinct, but rather grade into one another.
So 62% of me is 13.7 billion years old, can I start collecting social security now?
They raised the eligibility age to 13.8 billion years, so you're getting close.
They raised the eligibility to 63%, so you're shit out of luck.
@@rustyshackelford1413 shut up, Dale ...😂
Some say its twice that now. Hm . It will be a loooong wait either way huh ? @cdprince768
If you count fundamental particles, over 99% of you is 13.8 billion years old
This is the first video I watched of you. Randomly got it in my recommended feed and let me tell you: I love this format, and I love your wife. The inquisitive nature of her questions paired with the fact you are married, and you trying to impress her with your knowledge of atomic physics is just a joy to watch. Keep it up.
Science Asylum uploads - I click. Been a huge fan for years, thanks Nick
Your video is the first video that I have seen that has incorporated this new concept of neutron star element creation.
Good work.
This makes for a great video to show in a high school chemistry class toward the end of the school year. It answers the question that almost never crosses one's mind about how did these atoms come about. I find it fascinating. Thanks.
Hey Nick, Ive been watching your vids for years, so I feel I've long overdue to say your vids with Em are an absolute treat, so shoutout to both of you! ❤
Glad you like them! We enjoy making them, so it's nice that they're appreciated.
I do have two pedantic issues with what you said in the video.
1. It wasn't just protons produced in the Big Bang, but also neutrons. I thought I read that most of the helium produced there was from those neutrons, rather than from the hydrogen to deuterium fusion channel.
2. My understanding is that most of the nitrogen in the universe comes from normal stellar nucleosynthesis in stars more massive than the sun through the CNO fusion cycle. I don't recall you covering it on this channel, so I suppose I can appreciate not mentioning it here.
For anyone reading the comments and not familiar, most fusion energy in large stars comes from that CNO cycle. It starts with a carbon-12 nucleus in a star which captures 4 hydrogen atoms in succession, with enough time for radioactive decay to convert two of the protons into neutrons. When the last hydrogen is captured to form oxygen-16, it almost always immediately fissions into helium-4 and carbon-12, and the cycle starts again. While this does seem more complicated and involved than pure hydrogen fusion, it does end up being faster overall. As long is the star is big enough, as it takes a higher temperature to happen than pure hydrogen fusion.
1) yes, and it's actually a very important parameter for Big Bang nucleosynthetis and abundancies in the universe!
2) yes and no: nitrogen is produced during the carbon/oxygen burning in the core (and eventually in burning shell). During CNO cycle theoretically should be formed none as C, O and N (and in hotter star even flourine) are used as catalysts. However, since the reaction that involves (one of the isotopes of) nitrogen has the slowest rate of the chain, it accumulates waiting for the reaction therefore most of carbon and oxygen is "transformed" in nitrogen.
Hope this helped :)
You might add: Within a nucleus, the beta decay process can change a proton to a neutron.
New here. That's my first video of this channel and I've already liked and subscribed because of the chemistry (of the couple. You both are so cuuuuuute together 😂❤)
Welcome! We're glad you like the content 🤓
I like this format.
It's very popular. Makes me glad I tried it on a whim several years ago.
Blame Socrates. 😜
This is a fantastic format! I'm pretty good at focusing compared to most people I know, but even my eyes glaze over sometimes when watching educational videos. This, however, kept me captivated and following from start to finish.
Excellent presentation - i was in the group that believed every element up to Fe were made by stellar nuclear fusion (with H and He being forged at the big bang).
Elements heavier than Fe up to U were made in supernova events.
Always good to learn new things and revise my thinking.
Cheers
Glad I could add a little nuance into your life 🤓
Until the recent (!) and elegant explanation of neutrons decaying into protons and thus creating new elements, everybody has been a victim of the fairy tale that all heavy elements had been created in supernova events.
Even with billions of years in between, I can't imagine that collisions of neutron stars (not to mention black holes!) are little more than improbable, not in an expanding universe.
"We are all made of star stuff," was one of the strongest reasons that I ended up as fascinated with astronomy/cosmology as I am. The perfectly balanced, improbable, and terribly complex mechanism of the infinite universe coming together to form such a tiny, insignificant speck as say, Earth... it boggles the mind.
Anyway, I like your approach to the topic. Definitely worth a subscribe...
The 'Wamp' sound when those atoms collide is so satisfying.
I’d buy it as a text tone
I want a 1 hour version of the womp
they use that same sound at the checkouts at Aldi.
That was not only the most informative but entertaining lessons on the periodic table. Cheers!
Glad you enjoyed it! 🤓
7:50 Most building blocks of life on Earth are made by nuclear fusion (except for hydrogen nuclei) but not all of them are made by stellar nucleosynthesis since nitrogen, potassium, chlorine, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt nuclei are made by supernova nucleosynthesis, molybdenum nuclei are made by neutron capture in stars and neutron-star mergers, and iodine nuclei are made by neutron-star mergers.
She really seems like a fun and pleasant person. And you guys really seem to enjoy each other's presence. Always nice to see a discussion from people with an earnest care and respect for one another. And obviously the topics you choose are always interesting too, and well explained.
Really nice video. As usual, a nit to pick. Binding energy isn't like activation energy. Binding energy is the energy liberated after the reaction is done. Lithium, beryllium, and boron have lower binding energy than helium, so when you get enough energy to make them you also have enough energy to break them apart into helium et al.
This is a great video. I knew the basic idea that the heavier elements were made in stars and supernova but this has expanded my knowledge which is always a good thing! Thank you.
That was new, up till now I too thought everything came from stars. Thx for enlighten me!
Happy to enlighten!
Dude, you need to include your favorite Stardust in more content. She's a natural and brilliant
This is the only channel I've seen so far that when a partner joins it actually makes it better
Thank you for this. Not seen this explanation of the periodic table before. The next amazing thing is to consider how all these elements, made at different times and places, all coalesced into what we find on our own planet. That is equally amazing
I went and did the math:
I am 40% around since literally the big bang.
This revelation has thrown my personal place in the universe off a bit.
Thank you so much. I love how you made the whole video👍🏽
I must admit that I learned something new. Really cool that Nick Lucid is giving us a heads-up with regards to recent research. Also Em Lucid is lovely and much better than any clones of Nick. You both rock! Best wishes, Erik.
I love these episodes with your wife! She brings a lot of knowledge to your explanations!
What a fantastic video. This is onf the most educational videos I recall seeing. I understand so much more than before I started watching it.
So not just stardust, but a whole melange of starstuff, having gone through various treatments
There is a word that I don't use enough. Melange. Going to try and slip it into conversation tomorrow and gloat about how smart I am. 😂
The spice must flow...
Love seeing 2 brilliant people talking through subjects I always wondered about with such crazy grace.❤
Some radioactive processes generate lone neutrons, which decay into protons, which might pick up an electron to become neutral hydrogen, right? In that case, wouldn't it be reasonable to assume that among the gazillions of hydrogens in your body, at least one of them might be a former neutron rather than having been hydrogen since the big bang?
Em is a hoot. Very entertaining video, folks. Thanks.
I wouldn't mind seeing Em teaching nick something
This video was so enlightening!! I am so grateful that you've explained the nuance of this process, I totally thought all elements were made inside stars as I constantly hear quotes from Carl Sagan or Neil DeGrasse Tyson saying "we're star dust". This just adds a whole extra layer of appreciation. I love it, also love Awkward M here!!! love u guys! ❤
You guys are really sweet together. Genuine passion, thanks for the info.
Crazies Nick and Em have such chemistry on screen!
Man, I LOVE your videos. Thank you!
Thanks for watching! 🤓
Just discovered this channel. I love the format -- with an expert in this field interacting with a very smart and insightful person from another field of science! Very illuminating.
"We're all made of stardust... with extra steps" Just doesn't sound as cool 😉
Yeah, nuance ruining everything again 😉
except for the hydrogen
@@ScienceAsylum ""We're all stardust," but that's not actually true" In the end we are, however we nuance it. Are these always this clickbaity?
Noooooo! Carl lied!
You guys are great foils for each other. Congrats and appreciation on great content.
Thank you for educating us. I hope my daughters have my same appetite for science and truth.
It is good to have two people explaining, because some questions and explanations would not come up otherwise. Thank you for this video.
Yeah, that seems to be what many people are saying. When I make videos by myself, I don't always realize what details are important.
Thank you so much for explaining this in a detail I'd not heard before.
You're very welcome!
About 10:20, about the activating energy, it is the energy difference between reactants and transition state (like the height of the ground and the bar). While that binding energy is like the energy difference between individual nucleons and the binded nucleus, the spike in the Li to B is actually comparing them the the neighbouring He and C, so the spike is more like the energy difference between the reactants (He?) and products (Li, Be, B) (which is like the ground and the crush mat in the analogy), which is different actually
Love this channel! ❤🎉😊
Glad you enjoy it! 🤓
I also bought the book! 😊
Wait there's a book!!?
@@declanquigg6343 Yes! Advanced physics written by Lucid himself. Check his web site. This is 😃
@@declanquigg6343
Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback): www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/advanced-theoretical-physics-a-historical-perspective/paperback/product-24250687.html
Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook): gumroad.com/l/ubSc
Theists really really need to watch this video. So well explained, step by step.
"I feel so old all of a sudden." You and me both... Remember back at the big bang, when our hydrogen atoms were first created though? Gods, I was strong back then.
😆
Wo, I learnt so much from this video that I had no idea about how much cosmology has progressed in explaining relative abundancies. TY
Your wife is so pleasant. Great topic and endlessly fascinating.
I've listened to this episode several times. I thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Much love ❤
Always difficult finding qualified assistant death ray operators because I can't offer insurance.
"We're gonna need another Timmy!!"
I have read once that bismuth is always created at the edges of the most violent, extreme, and dangerous ambients in the whole universe, the birth of black holes (of a bigger neutron star after the merge of two neutros stars). This video helped me a lot to understand that. Great video! Love this show!
11:00 So, beryllium, lithium and boron are nuclear shrapnel, kind of?
Yeah, that's a perfect analogy 👍
We probably only needed one of you in this vid
Werner Heisenberg was pulled over by a state trooper. The trooper asked him if he knew how fast he was going.
Werner replied "no idea". The trooper look him dead in the eye and said 85.
Werner in total disbelief responded, "Great! Now I'm lost."
This is the best physics joke I've ever read.
I dont get it.....sadly
@@hunterchristian8372Would you explain it for me? I dont get it.
Reminds me, back in the 80's, a highway cop once pulled over someone going like 130 mph in a Ferrari.
As the officer approaches, the guy rolls down the window, and the officer asks "Hi, who do you think you are; Niki Lauda?", the guy says "uh, yes", and hands him his drivers license.
Turned out it actually was Niki Lauda, the famous racecar driver.
They have a long talk about racing, and ends up with the cop telling him to take it a bit slower, and letting him off with a warning.
Heisenbergs Uncertainty you can't know both momentum and location exactly, joke speed 85 no way to know exact location. Basic QM stuff little more to it than that but that's the punchline for the joke
Question: When I'm holding a meteorite, did it come from the core of a star, or a planetary breakup? It seems the elements came from a star, but did the conglomerated elements elements come directly from there or were intermediate steps necessary?
Thanks for having Emily! Her questions and comments were very useful.
I haven’t seen all of your videos, but I have to say this video with your wife is very effective. Her knowledge, your knowledge and the conversation really helped clarify the science. You should have her on more often.
We're planning on doing this format more often this year 👍
God, I love this channel.
I really liked how you brought up in your last video that big stars don't make iron, they make nickel-56. That gets glossed over A LOT.
Congrats on having 666 subscribers!
Thanks!
Wow, it's the first time I understand why the discovery of gravitational waves is so immensly important. Thank you for explaining these things so easily and make simple minds like me comprehend and appriciate the work of scienstists.
Good work!
Thanks!
@@ScienceAsylum 💯
Wasn't expecting to see the KB Morgan plush in a The Science Asylum video. Good to know Nick has good taste in RUclips creators.
It's a great plushie! (Also, KB and I are friends.)
What an excellent episode. Thank you!
In the begining Yehovah Elohim created the heavens and the Earth.
wow very very educational - you two made complex things understandable. thank you so much.
I’ve watched and enjoyed your videos for years, but I enjoyed this change of pace with a more conversational style. Keep up the excellent work on your channel!
Lovely how you talk about science together 😊
An electron gets pulled over by a cop. The cop asks the electron, "Do you know how fast you were going?" The electron says, "No..." The cop says, "10,000,000 miles per hour." The electron says, "Dammit man! Now I have no idea where I am!"
this is an unfortunate misrepresentation of the HEP: the expectation value is totally irrelevant, all that matter is the variance,
Yours is one of my favorite science you tubes. Thank you. I must disagree with you about hydrogen though. In all the fusion reactions some of the neutrons are not captured. These have a half life of about 10 minutes making the parts for a new hydrogen atom.
Well, not all hydrogen, but almost all. Protons can be made from Neutrons and a few other methods.
But those protons are inside a big atomic nucleus, so it doesn’t count as hydrogen. Also, neutrons could be protons during the big bang
This is my favorite video on RUclips. Thank you for being you.
Star dust, big bang dust, neutron merger dust
You had me at science...
Subscribed! 🎇