Audio Engineers Re-Listen to ...And Justice for All by Metallica!
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- Опубликовано: 10 сен 2024
- Patrick re-listens to Metallica's ...And Justice for All for a second time, but with a different Chris!!!
Link to listen to the album:
open.spotify.c...
Timestamps could not be calculated because I am in the hospital at the moment with cancer.
We got your back, Patrick. Get well soon!
38:35 - Blackened reaction
45:15 - Blackened discussion
53:34 - ...And Justice for All reaction
1:03:17 - ...And Justice for All discussion
1:13:55 - Eye of the Beholder reaction
1:20:23 - Eye of the Beholder discussion
1:28:48 - One reaction
1:36:11 - One discussion
1:44:43 - The Shortest Straw reaction
1:51:15 - The Shortest Straw discussion
1:55:47 - Harvester of Sorrow reaction
2:01:30 - Harvester of Sorrow discussion
2:06:14 - The Frayed Ends of Sanity reaction
2:13:56 - The Frayed Ends of Sanity discussion
2:16:43 - To Live is to Die reaction
2:26:25 - To Live is to Die discussion
2:30:58 - Dyers Eve reaction
2:36:12 - Dyers Eve discussion
Nice!
Lifesaver for a video of this length
Hot take: The pre solo riff is the best riff Hetfield ever wrote. It is absolutely insane to even come up with something like that
The one thing I have to say is that you got the dual solo of "One" wrong, it's not Kirk doing the same phrase twice, it's actually Kirk and James playing at the same time, and another guitar doing the rythm added on the mix afterwards. You can check on any direct of it.
38:30 Blackened
53:33 …And Justice for All
1:13:56 Eye of the Beholder
1:28:48 One
1:44:44 The Shortest Straw
1:55:46 Harvester of Sorrow
2:06:15 The Frayed Ends of Sanity
2:16:35 To Live is to Die
2:30:58 Dyers Eve
Well Justice is my favourite because: 1. The topics and lyrics. 2. Lars drumming is at its peak. 3. James' voice (for me) is at its peak. 3. Kirk's solos are at their peak in technicality. 4. Just how angry and cold it sounds. 5. The song structures are a bit more complex and progressive. All those things combined make it my favourite.
The lack of bass never really bothered me as there is enough bass frequency coming from the guitar (even though I'm a bass player).
Exaclty, 100% agree with everything you said.
It’s strange, because the lack of bass and low end frequency, gives the album a ton of attack, punch, and snappy transients on both guitar and drums. When you add bass to that, it does compromise that aggressive crunch that this album has. It also helps leave room for the double kicks.
Load and reload james vocals are peak imo
And relistens for all
😂
@@jsant8998👍
Hope all is going well Patrick! Stay strong can’t wait to listen to another amazing album🤘🤘🤘
Newsted wrote the opening riff in Blackened, that's why he got a credit. Hetfield polished it into something legendary.
Patrick, I keep my fingers crossed for a full and quick recovery! I miss your smile, but I know it has been replaced by the will to fight. Keep it up brother, you will be an example for many many people.
Speedy Recovery Patrick! 🤘🏻 can't wait for the 3 hour Metallica only podcast!
get well sooon Pat ! wish you a swift recovery . Thank you for this content ! it makes our day !
Здоровья тебе, Патрик! Держись, крепись! Ждём всей планетой твоего здорового возвращения, брат.
Поддерживаю
The bits of Harvester/Sad/Dream are so well connected between each other. Amazing! Great job and thank you for continuing to supply us with videos even though you’re going through very difficult and challenging times yourself. I wish you to overcome it and emerge victorious, fully healthy and clean. Lots of love and respect from Russia
wasnt it Ktulu/Thingy/Dream? regardless, those songs you mentioned are amazing
The Sad But True and Dream No More solo part is pretty wild.
I might drop a few comments (or edit this one) as I slowly listen along at work! I just finished the Blackened discussion, and I can confirm that Justice is their most complex album in terms of guitar and drum technicality. For example, arguably the most difficult riffs in all of Metallica's catalogue are the ones in Frayed Ends of Sanity- specifically at 2:10:02 and ESPECIALLY the unique rhythm riff behind the solo at 2:10:45. They have faster songs, but those are more simple to play. Those fast triplets, string hopping, and most importantly the accents every other line make it very difficult to accurately replicate. Blackened's drums have an offset timing right after the solo ends (44:09) for a couple of measures which is veeery unusual for Metallica. The guitar solo in Shortest Straw makes use of a variety of guitar techniques that Kirk generally doesn't use very often, such as repeated pinch harmonics (1:48:53) for back-to-back "squeal" sounds.
Regarding the Metallica snare+guitar combo as being their signature move, JAmes has gone on record saying he treats the rhythm guitar as a percussion track since he wanted to be a drummer when he was younger! They do have a very percussive rhythm on their first four albums, especially on Justice since the guitar tones are so dry.
None of the songs on this album are downtuned! Every song is fully EADGBE standard guitar tuning. Metallica is just really good at making standard songs sound extra heavy without the "handicap" of downtuning making the heaviness for them. But to be fair, they have done it on a select few songs like Sad But True and Thing That Should Not Be.
I always interpreted "height" in Frayed Ends to refer to a state of mania like in bipolar disorder.
I've always known it since I play it on guitar, but this is the first time I'm truly acknowledging that they left in the string noise from sliding between frets in the main verse riff in To Live Is To Die. It definitely adds some texture to the verses since they're a bit empty compared to their other instrumentals. I love the middle section, but I can absolutely understand why this would prefer their other three instrumentals since they're all more dynamic throughout in comparison.
2:03:48 believe it or not Harvester of Sorrow is in E standard tuning
Every song on this album is in E standard tuning. Here's the best I could find on Metallica songs that are NOT in standard tuning. Thought you'd find it interesting.
Drop D (Lowest string ONLY tuned down 1/2 step): All Nightmare Long / Just A Bullet Away
E♭/D# (All strings tuned down 1/2 step): The God That Failed / Ain't My Bitch / 2 X 4 / The House Jack Built / Until It Sleeps / King Nothing / Hero of the Day / Bleeding Me / Cure / Poor Twisted Me / Wasting My Hate / Mama Said / Thorn Within / Ronnie / The Outlaw Torn / Fuel / The Memory Remains / The Unforgiven II / Better Than You / Slither / Carpe Diem Baby / Bad Seed / Where The Wild Things Are / Prince Charming / Low Man's Lyric / Attitude / Fixxxer / No Leaf Clover / I Disappear
D Standard (All strings tuned down 1 full step): The Thing That Should Not Be / Sad But True / Devil' s Dance / Dream No More
Drop C# (Lowest string tuned down a 1 1/2 steps; all other strings tuned down 1/2 step): -Human / Dirty Window
Drop C (Lowest string tuned down 2 full steps; all other strings down 1 full step): Frantic / St. Anger / Some Kind of Monster / My World / Sweet Amber / Shoot Me Again / Unnamed Feeling / Purify / All Within My Hands
Drop G# (Lowest string tuned down 4 full steps; all other strings down 3 full steps): Invisible Kid
if i were asked why justice is my favorite metallica album (which it may or may not be, but it's certainly close) i would say that it's because it's their angriest and crunchiest record, both raw and clean (like a stone formation), and it's their most elaborate AND finely honed album in terms of songwriting, packed to bursting with amazing riff after riff and so many of kirk's most iconic solos. there's a furious desperation to it that i don't get from any other metallica record (except for st anger, albeit in a very different way). more than political (which it is), it feels painfully existential.
This is a great (and vivid) description of Justice! I can see exactly what you mean!
Completely agree. I'll probably use this when people ask me from now on lol
None of the songs on this album are downtuned. It's one of the things that reassures me that you don't need to down tune to sound heavy. (I have a guitar with a floyd-rose and it takes the best part of an hour to retune it so I like to stay in E Standard 😉)
You got this Patrick! I can’t wait to see you back and kicking ass
32:48 I think I made a similar comment on the other video but it's appropriate here. Not only they left all the low end of the guitars in but there doesn't seem to be any sort of multiband compression. I first listened to this album on cassette on my dad's boombox and every time a palm-muted riff was going on it seemed the boombox was going to explode.
Blackened is my fav Metallica song. When you hear it live in person... blown away...
Hope you’re doing well and staying strong Patrick, we’re all cheering for you!
Thank you Patrick for your reactions, I hate to hear that you’re sick. I shall await your triumphant return. Be well.
Another fantastic Metallica listen through and discussion to watch, what's not to like about this.
Wishing you all the best Patrick for a speedy and full recovery.
Get well soon Patrick! You're gonna come out of this stronger.
'One' is a song that is amazing no matter how many times you hear it. It's a great introduction to metal with its beautiful melodic sections and easy to digest heavy ending, but keeps you in awe with its amazing writing and solos. Even the bass drum and snare filling in as a machine gun homage and slight variations of the badass riff at the end keep you coming back and loving it.
I hope you're well, Patrick. I've been praying and believe you'll beat this thing. Have a speedy recovery.
I do have a suggestion for a listen/react. The Rust in Peace album by Megadeth. It's considered one of the best thrash metal albums of all time. It's even had a controversial remaster in 2004. I believe the original mix is excellent, however. Be well!
I guess Patrick will not endure Dave 's vocal
I guess Patrick will not endure Dave 's vocal
"Master, Master!" "Blackened, Blackened!"
It's so interesting hearing someone point something out that I never even realised despite a billion listens before and now it seems so obvious lol
Thank you Patrick
Edit: about Frayed Ends breakdown/solo/James' rhythm - "Incredible" Yes, my god yes it is incredible
All the best to you Patrick!
Crazy times. Patrick listening to lyrics, not talking about production at all, AND likes Orion.
Maybe he took the thirty thousand comments excoriating him and telling him to actually listen to the music. This video is way more enjoyable.
Patrick I fucking love you man, you seem like a very kind person in the way you speak. I adore watching these reactions and annoyed at your stupid takes haha..
This illness has got nothing on you, you got this man! Wishing you the best and a strong recovery. Thanks for the entertainment and input.
Oh man, you can indeed tell that you're unwell in this. Hope you're doing ok!
Excited to watch, I think Chris’ added thoughts to these reactions is what the typical youtube reaction watcher expects, the story behind songs and important moments in the lyrics. In my opinion AJFA is Metallica’s best album in terms of lyrics and song meanings
I love everything about this album. This is peak Metallica to me.
Great reaction! Your deep-dive of the technical parts of mixing, EQ choices, and audio engineering are super interesting. Keep doing what you’re doing!
James is the best soloist in Metallica
*To Live is to Die* lyrics are an amalgam of different lines taken from different sources. The last 2 lines might be Burton but the first 2 are by Paul Gerhardt. They are also spoken by Merlin in the film Excalibur (1981) which is where I suspect Cliff Burton first heard them.
Something I'd love you guys to do: there is a RUclipsr named Ahdy Khariat who does full remixes and remasters of Metallica songs and I'd love to see your reactions to that from a professional production perspective
In particular, I'd love to see your reaction to his mixes of One (v2 version. He made 2 and the 2nd is far better), Battery and That Was Just Your Life.
You guys should react to some of the Death albums, I think they are so well recorded for the time and brought a totally new sound to the table that shaped the sound of death metal to come later on.
I would recommend Human first which has interesting mixing choices and similarly to AJFA barely has any bass, Sound of Perseverance is the best sounding imo and Individual Tought Patterns is super well mixed totally differently than Human
Love ur videos. Stay strong🤘
There's a video of them playing the Shortest Straw live in the 90s where they just picked up the sound from the soundboard without any edits and both guitars are so tight that you think only one is playing until Kirks stops playing. I can't put my head around how they were that tight without in ear monitoring on such a huge stage.
(I post the link to the video down below because youtube sometimes shadow bans comments that includes links)
Should also listen to the rough mix of Frayed just to properly sample Hetfield's incredible rhythm riffs.
This is for sure their most technical in every way, not trying to correct Chris, it’s awesome to hear non musicians take on these things. A lot of things he was close on , but awesome video as always. Watched the whole thing. Good analysis boys
I know when you hear “ faster “ stuff you may think it’s harder but that all depends on the riffs and time changes
Yeah the band always talk about how difficult it is playing songs on this album and I’ve never heard them say that about any other album
Metallica Seattle '89 live should be your first live reaction. This will show you what Metallica is all about! 🤘😎🤘
It pains me to see u like this Pat. Pls get better soon 🙏💯
Kirk's rythm playing is so underrated. James gets all the praise for it (and Hetfield is unbelieveably tight and accurate) but Kirk also just nails the rythm sections live
Correct, and he is also an underrated riff writer.
2:03:35 When a riff is so heavy people think it’s down tuned, you did something right 🤘🏼🤘🏼🤘🏼
Everything on Justice is in standard tuning I believe.
Some fun research for you guys though. There are some cool little things about the tuning in the first 4 albums about them not tuning exactly to 440hz
I dont know the ins and outs really but go hunting. I bet you would be intrigued!
Get well soon, Patrick!
Justice is the best, dont @ me.
41:00 the reason it sounds like lars is rushing is because he is hitting the snare on the 1
1:58:03 nope, whole album is in standard tuning. Before Load, there were only three downtuned Metallica songs: The Thing That Should Not Be (whole step down), Sad But True (whole step down) and The God that Failed (half step down).
Bob Rock would incentivise the variation in tunings because he wanted Hetfield to sing in different keys but knew that all their riffs relied on using the open strings, so changing the tunings was the answer.
The BLACKENED RECORDINGS Remaster of ... AJFA was released in 2018 as a Deluxe Boxset, but you could also purchase the CD individually ... intesting enough, they released a cassette tape too (and did the same for the remastered release of the Black Album), and yes recently Walmart has starting carrying the remastered CDS of the first 5 albums for $5
If you like comparing tracks from one album to the next - put Enter Sandman and King Nothing on top of each other.
Same song structure and pretty much identical song length. The spoken parts of Sandman (now I lay me down to sleep) and King Nothing (I wish I may, I wish I might ...) are perfectly interchangable.
No surprise at the end of King Nothing, James sings "off to never never land" at the ending fade out
Listen to A7X Self Titled album (the white album), I feel like Patrick would LOVE that album..
oh man, that never occurred to me that the reason low frequencies bunch up so much is because of the longer wavelengths. That makes so much sense now 🙂
My evening sorted!
Keep on keeping on Patrick 👍
Listening to this as a podcast on route to my own band's rehearsal, and you've just got done with Blackened, so I'll give some thoughts.
Lars' drumming - its often said that Lars doesn't drum to the time or a click per se, but drums "to the song," i.e drums to James' riffs. If anyone reading is unsure what that means, there are some great examples of that in Blackened (really, all over this album); James' riffs are sometimes written in ways that they strandle measures. If you're a layman in terms of music theory and time counting, music is commonly counted in 4 (common time) but James sometimes writes riffs that hit the next 1 and then start again late. A "fake 5" if you like. Lars drums to that. It's why stuff like offbeat cymbal shots have become a Lars signature.
The best expample of this is probably in Battery from the Puppets album. The main riff consists of some tight galloping followed by 3 powerchords. The second time however, there are 4 powerchords - they dont change the timing. That 4th chord is the 1 count of the next run through the riff, and replaces the first note of the gallop. Lars drums to this.
So back to Blackened. The main riff is in (I believe) 13/8* time, and you can kinda tell that Lars isn't counting it and rather played along with it over and over to work out a part. If you listen back to the riff after it exists the solo, you'll notice it sounds quite different for a little bit compared to the first time in the song. It's actually the same riff played the same way, but Lars has come back in on a different part of the riff, and goes with it till he drums fills out of it and rejoins in the original timing.
(Honestly, theory time here, i think Lars' live screw-ups, that he's unfortunately gained a reputation for, can be attributed to drumming to the riff like he does. Like, at some point he made an effort to study and get better with his timing and it screwed him over when playing with James. Maybe).
Bass - more theory time, and maybe a contentious opinion - the more I think about it the more I thoroughly believe that Lars and James don't really understand what the bass guitar is for unless its being "flashy."
Even on Hardwired (I'm not very familiar with 72 Seasons) the most we ever hear of the actual tonal character of Trujillo's bass is the brief moments between layers of guitar chord on Dream No More, and that part in Spit Out The Bone where everything shuts up and the bass slaps on the distortion to play lead for a bit. Like it's been allowed in.
I'm a bass player, and I generally love Metallica's stuff, but Christ they annoy me.
Rant over. There'll no doubt be more as the video goes on 😅
Fun fact Pat, all of the rythym was QUAD tracked .
Which is why it sounds so large
Sending well wishes Patrick you got this mate
Between 1985 and the 90's Lars had 2 hi hat, a half clothed on the right.
The pattern of And Justice For all is more practicle open handed .
harvester of sorrow is definitely one that is a precursor to black album
Ill keep asking for a TOOL discography walkthrough
Harvester is not downtuned actually which is insane. Also get well🙏
The whole album is tuned in E Standard!
Also, I believe the drum tape basically looked like the analog manifestation of pro tools. They spent hours splicing tapes together (at least that's what I heard in an interview with someone involed with the production of the album). I wouldn't be surprised if the other instruments had this treatment as well
Stay strong man! We have your back!
Love your videos❤🎉🎉
Arent all songs on AJFA in E standard?
I've noticed that Patrick has lost quite a bit of weight. I hope everything is going well Patrick and get well soon!
Dream No More and Sad But True are very similar since both are in the same guitar tuning (Standard D tuning) and the song main key is D. Also they both have similar melodies. When I first listened to Dream No More, I thought that if The Thing That Should Not Be and Sad But True had a baby, you would get Dream No More
Do I hear correctly that in the song The Day That Never Comes, Kirk used in the chours a part from To Live is to Die? It's about the line "When they stand up feel the warmth".
get well soon patrick 🙏🙏🙏
The first half of the To Live Is to Die lyrics are from Paul Gerhardt the second half are apparently from Cliff
While it's plausible that To Live Is To Die was put not at the end for the demonstration of the band moving on, when you consider the 10 years of kind of turmoil they had after that, with Jason and until St. Anger, if that was the signal, it clearly didn't work because they did not move on really for a very long time sadly.
Always love a Metallica discussion
I'm pretty sure for Master of Puppets and And Justice, they recorded the rhythm guitars by slowing the tape down, and downtuning the guitars to match, so it could be recorded at a slower tempo and then sped up again to normal speed, for tightness reasons. I'm sure a lot of people wouldn't like the idea of that, but its not like they can't play those songs (they mostly play Master of Puppers faster live). I think given digital editing wasn't a thing, this is a perfectly fine thing to do if you're really wanting to musically get across the effect of a very precise sound.
The best metal guitar tone ever
Listen to the Justice Medley on Live Seattle '89. They start off with Eye of the Beholder and it just starts with the intro riff.
Get well soon Patrick.
Glenn UK
попровляйся бро translate Get well bro.. please
How about some Black Sabbath albums with Ozzy and Roonie James Dio ?
Yes definitely some Black Sabbath is a great idea!
@@PatrickMusilek Oh did not expected the answer. Thank you for noticing :)
Dude says “let’s just get into this”. 35 phucking minutes into the crap he was boring us with
Yup so there's a nifty little feature where you can either scroll or go to the neat little timestamps so you don't have to complain about it, hope this helps!
Stay strong Patrick!
Keep on fighting hard,,bro
I hope for a puppets re-listen whenever you can do it! It's my favourite album, and it was just creating the point when you started paying closer attention to the music
Plus with the foresight of what's be released I'm curious on what you'd think now!
Justice is my favorite album simply because it delivers intricacy in song composition, the album was clearly NOT jammed and it happened. It was meticulously arranged by the instruments. Every riff, verse, and base to bridges/solos was calculated and augumented with progressions from the previous to the next time it happens. It feels like a crescendo from high to higher. It's like being on a receiving end of a slap to the face, but as you get used to it, it shifts slightly. It may take a certain level of musicianship to spot some of the splits in tempo, or the detail added from the previous part, but once you notice it gets VERY addictive. It dwarfs other Metallica compositions by oppression, aggressiveness and relentingness. You cope or you suffer, kind of songs. Never heard about any other album, from any other artist capable of that (including Pantera, Sepultura etc). IT. DOES. NOT. GIVE. YOU. TIME. TO. ADDRESS!! You start to love it once you conquered it. It's almost like being a kung fu master, once you are able to notice the patterns you are being attacked with, and even predict it, you feel very good about it.
40:53 - That's what I meant by requiring musicianship. I'm a drummer for 25+ years... with time you get to understand better whats happening. He is alternating a bass drum + snare, with double bass drums + snare... so B Sn BB Sn... notice there is NOT a space between the 2 consecutive B's. And more intricacy at 1:47:51.
55:20 - There you go! =D
59:05 - Start noticing James' guitar during the solos, they are crunchy, heavy and without any gaps. Through the whole album.
Metallica songs in general are usually Intro + (Riff+Verse+Bridge+Chorus) then back to (Riff+Verse+Bridge+Chorus) then a Part C (with tempo change) + Bridge + Solo and back to (Riff+Verse+Bridge+Chorus) + intro as outro... The 2 "main themes" are the riff and the bridge. In AJFA they scrambled all that with bacon.
2:11:47 - There you go!! You're starting to notice the deep details in AJFA!! 👏👏👏
39:03 It was actually backwards in ”James riff tape” demo from 1987…James is probably just a genius 😘 (They released this in 2018)
I think my link disapeared but its on RUclips and Spotify (Remastered ”Justice” deluxe version)
There is also a tape from 1987 where Jason show James how to play the Blackened riffs, and then they both play it… History being made on tape🤘
James has always done all rhythm guitar on the albums. Kirk only records the solo’s and little lead parts. James double tracks or even more all of the rhythm guitar pretty much for 100% of their stuff. Probably for a few reasons. 1 he’s tighter, and 2 it’s a bit easier for him to double track himself or even overdub a separate track to another track of his because he knows exactly when he’s hitting the notes. Which makes for a better sounding more uniform rhythm sound especially for double tracking or more. That being said, I don’t think they do much double tracking anymore, but yeah for the longest time and well past the black album they double/triple/ even quadruple tracked the shit out of the rhythm to give it so much more body
Get well as soon as posible!
You guys should react to Dream Theater and take a look at the influence and legacy of the band as progressive metal legends now that Mike Portnoy is back in the band. Their mixing & mastering engineering is super interesting. Portnoy (the drummer) was a huge influence in thier sound, he co-produced many albums and was also one of the main songwriters during his tenure, so when he left the band for 10 years DT's sound changed a lot. This band played a primary role in pioneering prog metal, their sound would come to define a genre and influence generations of musicians.
Jason Newsted's bass live was almost too loud at times. But I do wish it was a touch louder on this. Or, if they even just turned it down a lot of half the songs or something and let the engineer do the right amount on the others, that would have been sweet. Still a great album, but my fav is Ride the Lightning for the same reason the guy on the right gave for this one. I just listen to it the most
y el disco sinfónico para cuándo? saludos
Come back healthy and healed.
Nothing on the album is detuned. It's all E standard. 👍
Nope most metallica thing is the snare cymbal hits at same time
In to live is to die, cliff wrote the poem.
Jason himself has said he was just as responsible for the bass not being there as anyone. Also, another reason is that Jason essentially plays exactly, note for note what the guitars are doing, so there's nothing really there to separate the two.
Plenty of albums where the bass does exactly that and it's still mixed well enough for you to hear it.
@@RafaelCDet
True. I'm just repeating was Jason said.
Jason was saying that just to be nice. How on earth is he responsible for the bass not being there when he was the new guy? And if playing note for note what the guitars are doing was such a problem, they would have gotten rid of Cliff's parts as well.
Bro, i watched all your Metallica videos, and i really enjoyed it. But I disagree with you about the instrumentals because they are such deep and soulful songs, especially To live is to die, which is written in honor of Cliff Burton. It sounds so sad and soulful that I get goosebumps and tears well up every time I listen to it.
I wish you a speedy recovery, I cried and went nuts when I found out
Isn't it funny that most popular solos are from James and most popular riffs are from Kirk? 😀
all rhythms and some leads are james. rhythms are quad tracked.
Hey Patrick, Hope you're doing well!
All Justice songs are in E stand.
Metallica dowtuned on The Thing That Should Not be in MOP before, then in Sad But true a😊nd God that failed
Am I the only one who loves the way AJFA sounds? Bass is overrated.
Nope even tho I like bass this album is fine with out it in my opinion. Guitars are mean heavy and nasty with the best riffs ever created. Drums may be load but they pack a punch love the snare and pedals. Vocals are some of James best work. Even tho Jason did a good job on bass this album was meant to be I guass. It's my favourite metallica album and probably in my top 10 albums of all time.
How does an audio engineer breathe into the microphone the entire time?
yeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
If you guys need to milk more Metallica content, you could listen to the demos. Interesting to hear the writing process, how James uses "nanana's"