33 Ward car did not leave any rubber on road, so despite looking directly at the crash and this causing him to drive into it, we are to assume he managed pft braking technique. No other car was near him. Glad you're with us Turbo Penguin. Hope other days were better. Yes, targeted barriers are a smart idea because racing is deemed too safe by to many drivers. Not just death but lasting injury, fire, concussion etc. These guys will race with colds, the flu, hung over, divorce on the brain, etc. Guys may be on drugs. Never know. Or they are just shitty drivers. This is the result
It depends on what the red flag procedure is, in terms of whether the race order is frozen at the point the flag is shown, or whether it's when the cars next cross the line. Caution flag immediately neutralises the track, which prevents any further 'racing'.
Yuanxi Lin the main few racing games with this track are forza, project cars, grand tourismo and some NFS games. The only problem I had with this track was the round circular turn before this turn that caused the crash. This track only has a few under steering problems in the middle of it but never like this.
jckgoldness Yeah the carousel, kink, and kettle bottom make one of the great high speed sections of corners in racing, then you have that really narrow passing zone going into the hard breaking zone of Canada corner that so hard to get into coming out of kettle bottom. Road America is one of the greatest race tracks anywhere in the world in my opinion.
The downside to pro-am racing.... Lyons and Ward are EXTREMELY amateur but very well funded racers and this is the sort of thing that can sadly lead to. Glad everyone is ok.
When I was a little kid those safety guys gave me a ride around the track. Those two have been working together for years since I was a baby. I've been going up to Road America since I was 2 years old. I used to be a volunteer for the sports car club of America as a corner worker. I love Road America I love going up there. it's such a great atmosphere. And if you get around to it and you get on top of the hill near the pits you have to go to the Lions Club and get yourself a brat. They have the best damn brats in the state of Wisconsin.
its really shitty how the "safety team" has to get out of the fancy vehicle and open the hatch to get a fire extinguisher instead of having them readily available
Saw this live and really thought I'd just seen someone die. Very relieved to see Lyons get out. Went to hospital but was reported in decent condition. Credit to the IMSA safety marshals for responding quickly and getting him out of the car.
I did afraid that driver is unconscious and may burn before marshals can extinguish the fire. Usually, when car is in fire, drivers will get out very fast, but it wasn't so this case. luckily he got out and fire was put down.
The Kink has been very active this weekend, more active than normal. Edit: WOW I can’t believe it flipped that many times. I haven’t seen a crash that bad in the Kink since Katherine Legge’s Indy crash
They got there quick, but guy on left of crash of crash takes a loop around to grab extinguisher and then stands between car and doesn't pull pin instead of moving fire away from driver in burning car.
No... He went and checked on the driver first, as he's supposed to do. The FIRST priority is to remove the driver from a car that's on fire - not to try to extinguish the flames BEFORE removing the driver. A fuel fire can be almost impossible to extinguish- so if the safety marshals just left the driver in the burning car and weren't able to get the flames to extinguish, then the driver slowly burns to death or dies from lack of oxygen. The fire crew did exactly what they were supposed to do and did their jobs perfectly.
Those two have been working together for years. They gave me a ride around the track when I was probably about 11 years old. That was almost 15 years ago. Time flies, yet they still work together as safety workers.
I fear that like Tamburello corner at Imola, tragedy may one day change this corner forever. At some point the lack of runoff here will need to be addressed.
Surprised these drivers don't know that you don't go side to side racing each other in that turn only equals bad things to happen especially the outside line !
I remember being totally shocked when they showed the angle of him flipping. I had no clue he went upside down especially in that fashion. Just a terrible wreck!
This crash honestly shows how safe Motorsport really has become. Maybe only like 25-30 years ago that crash could've easily killed the driver. Even 10-15 years ago, surviving a crash like that was still an uncertainty. Even though the driver was obviously shaken up, he was walking after hitting a solid concrete wall at high speed.
Akemi Mokoto All flagging stations have 2 extinguishers. But can't enter a hot track. Look at the second car hit the first..... do you want to be between them?
The Grinning Skull, I saw a video of that. NEVER want to see something like that again. It was just gruesome. The worst single car accident I ever saw was footage of Canadian Gilles Villeneuve. His car slammed into another and went flying into the air. It hit the ground so hard that his seatbelt broke and he was thrown from the car. The carnage didn't end there. His body kept rolling until it hit a safety fence to the lower right of the camera. I couldn't believe how bad it was even 15 years after watching it.
Lucky to walk away from that one. What is upsetting is the announcers are more interested in pointing the finger at whose fault it was, than if the driver is ok.
These marshals need to lose weight and get retrained or get fired. Terrible reaction times. One has not even realised the driver is stumbling, the other one falls down. Bigger mess than the crash itself.
I don't know how it is in America, but pay and training to be any sort of marshal is sub-part at best. Most of them are volunteers, and without them there would be no racing. Blame the governing body, not the workers.
After 25sec the first marshalls arrive at the scene and the dire truck arrives just a bit later. The reaction times and the action the marshalls did were very good.
Even if they are volunteers, driver's life are in their hands. I wouldnt even dare to try being a marshaal without being fit to help fast and in the most efficient way possible. You cant run, pull or jump if needed weighing 220 punds of pure body fat.
That is one huge accident, bad luck that two separate incidents happened at the same time, good to see both drivers out without assistance. I guess Lyons didn't know there was a car inside him.
Very dangerous corner. One of the last few corners in motorsport that needs to be treated with respect. Was not on trying to go side by side through there. Hope all are ok.
Would like to see telemetry as to how fast they were going. Best i can do there is 110 or so coming through there. Can't imagine going through something like that. Only a matter of time.
What the fuck were the fire marshals doing?! They actually took 2 attempts to position the truck facing the crash and then struggled like fuck dragging the hose from the rear of the truck and down the side of the truck!
yes, Looks like cue reminder. If there are replays then drivers/Marshals are ok if there no replays (like the Spa crash) then TV does not know and does NOT show replay until there good news
Both drivers got out own power, as can be seen. the policy not showing replays of serious accidents until it is clear that all involved are ok are mostly enforced in Europe. Somewhat in US. but not always.
Appalling work by the safety crews. Fancy trucks and helmetsts and fannypacks don't make up for someone on the spot with an extinguisher they know how to use. Why not a truck with a spray cannon mounted over the hood like an airport fire tender.
Katherine Legge had a similar crash in an Indycar at almost that same spot (due to a wing coming off). I don't understand why the second car hit him. He was already off the track when he did. I don't know a lot about the Continental tires series. Are these guys professional drivers or more "gentleman" amatuer drivers? It''s one of the most thrilling but unforgiving sections of a track in the US, other than the first turn at Pocono where Wallace just had his bad wreck.
Caught understeer, and let go of the wheel to grab his belts, and brace for impact because he knew he was going to hit something on the otherside. I know this, because I was checking the car out in the pits late, and he came over to see where he hit the car.
That's BS. It wasn't completely his fault. He wasn't passing either, he already had the position. Announcer error. He kept going because the Merc lifted giving the notion that he was clear. WTF are they looking at?
Dylan Cotton That wall is too close to the track surface for a tire barrier. If a car went off and hit a tire barrier right there it would spit the car right back onto the track and into harms way.
The grass needs to go, pretty sure the car rolled because it dug into the ground after the wall contact. If it was paved i doubt it would of rolled over.
Trying to go side by side in the kink is suicidal. A high speed off camber corner that naturally creates a lot of understeer and wants to shoot you out to the edge of the track is not a place to play around. It's hard enough to get that corner right by yourself let alone in traffic. Should have just let up and taken his foot off the gas seeing as how he was already lapped anyways. But the other guy could have picked a better place to try and get by the lap traffic too. Hard to tell what the he'll happen with the second car that came in at the end, looks like he was off the racing line and going too fast for the yellow flag.
Looks like the marshalls and "fire marshalls" (those guys hopefully aren't real firemen) need to loose some of that weight. Their jobs is make sure the pilots are safe yet they can't even run 2 meters. What the fuck.
Wow, Ward went off into a very obvious incident and then had no regard for Lyons who was one, in a burning car, and then two, in bad shape once he got out of the car. He didn't even bother to check on him once. Not very good show of sportsmanship, respect, or manliness.
that guy used to race for winward and has wrecked their car twice then he went and raced his own car oh and guess what wrecked it too, guy has no business on the track
That was a 1-car incident, turned into 2-cars by a very slow yellow flag (see 2:33). When those cars were side by side, the corner worker should have prepared his/her yellow flag - when the off was apparent, it should have been thrown it before the car even hit the wall.
Very shocked by the rollovers in the replay. Scary one
While the entirety of Road America doesn't need a SAFER barrier, that corner needs it desperately.
no kidding. The one racing crash ive been in was into the SAFER barrier at daytona and id never wanna hit a solid fucking wall. Glad these guys are ok
Yea but the drivers need common sense not to race each other into that corner.
Doesn't need it. They were okay. Might be better with a safer barrier but these guys learned.
33 Ward car did not leave any rubber on road, so despite looking directly at the crash and this causing him to drive into it, we are to assume he managed pft braking technique. No other car was near him. Glad you're with us Turbo Penguin. Hope other days were better.
Yes, targeted barriers are a smart idea because racing is deemed too safe by to many drivers. Not just death but lasting injury, fire, concussion etc. These guys will race with colds, the flu, hung over, divorce on the brain, etc. Guys may be on drugs. Never know. Or they are just shitty drivers. This is the result
Harold Winston Smith they might have been ok this time but every wreck will not play out identically. Next time the drivers might not be so lucky.
0:52 Right hand fire crew absolutely stacks it.
How can this not be red flagged straight away
It depends on what the red flag procedure is, in terms of whether the race order is frozen at the point the flag is shown, or whether it's when the cars next cross the line. Caution flag immediately neutralises the track, which prevents any further 'racing'.
You don't go 2 wide there, even in games
Yuanxi Lin what game do you play?
Yuanxi Lin the main few racing games with this track are forza, project cars, grand tourismo and some NFS games.
The only problem I had with this track was the round circular turn before this turn that caused the crash.
This track only has a few under steering problems in the middle of it but never like this.
The carousel is a great turn and did not cause this accident.
You do, but only one will come out
jckgoldness Yeah the carousel, kink, and kettle bottom make one of the great high speed sections of corners in racing, then you have that really narrow passing zone going into the hard breaking zone of Canada corner that so hard to get into coming out of kettle bottom. Road America is one of the greatest race tracks anywhere in the world in my opinion.
This week has been brutal, this crash the massive crash at the 24 of spa, it’s been real bad
Is there footage of that crash?
Luis Yahdiel Gonzalez Salgado nope, not as far as i can tell, I’ve been checking everywhere and nope
ruclips.net/video/K2gylQGxAfc/видео.html Is this the crash you're talking about?
Kyle Tucker Possibly talking about the Meyrick/Krebs accident that happened overnight during the race.
Ryan Prewer that’s the one I’m talking about, no footage anywhere, but that lambo crash was also bad
29 seconds from 1st impact to response car arrives is very impressive
I totally agree, everyone is bitching.....
First on scene was the IMSA safety team's Cayenne, that was staged in The Bend.
The downside to pro-am racing.... Lyons and Ward are EXTREMELY amateur but very well funded racers and this is the sort of thing that can sadly lead to. Glad everyone is ok.
Mike
This is the problem with drivers with more money than talent.
more money than skill. get em off the track
Theres a businessman in IMSA GTD as well. He's not that bad tho
massive. amazing they walked away.
When I was a little kid those safety guys gave me a ride around the track. Those two have been working together for years since I was a baby. I've been going up to Road America since I was 2 years old. I used to be a volunteer for the sports car club of America as a corner worker. I love Road America I love going up there. it's such a great atmosphere. And if you get around to it and you get on top of the hill near the pits you have to go to the Lions Club and get yourself a brat. They have the best damn brats in the state of Wisconsin.
its really shitty how the "safety team" has to get out of the fancy vehicle and open the hatch to get a fire extinguisher instead of having them readily available
My little brother sat in that Aston Martin right before this race
press f to pay respects to the worker who fell @ 0:53
henry king Wow, good eye. He was barely visible behind the car. F
LMFAO that's awesome. Must've been a heap of oil.
haha
i love how he accidentaly pressed the trigger while falling lmao
Hahahahahaha!!! F
Saw this live and really thought I'd just seen someone die. Very relieved to see Lyons get out. Went to hospital but was reported in decent condition. Credit to the IMSA safety marshals for responding quickly and getting him out of the car.
I did afraid that driver is unconscious and may burn before marshals can extinguish the fire. Usually, when car is in fire, drivers will get out very fast, but it wasn't so this case. luckily he got out and fire was put down.
zerobandwidth can we watch you live
Only if you can find a sufficiently-corrupt NSA blackhat.
I agree, other comments are negative, but they got there in less than 30 seconds !! and got the man out of the car.......
The Kink has been very active this weekend, more active than normal. Edit: WOW I can’t believe it flipped that many times. I haven’t seen a crash that bad in the Kink since Katherine Legge’s Indy crash
and at the very same turn
Damien Behnke Yes the replay was shocking
Porsche got there quick and fumbled with the fire extinguisher.. ?
Justin Gilbert I think that the driver is a bit more important than the car. That’s just me though.
They got there quick, but guy on left of crash of crash takes a loop around to grab extinguisher and then stands between car and doesn't pull pin instead of moving fire away from driver in burning car.
No... He went and checked on the driver first, as he's supposed to do.
The FIRST priority is to remove the driver from a car that's on fire - not to try to extinguish the flames BEFORE removing the driver.
A fuel fire can be almost impossible to extinguish- so if the safety marshals just left the driver in the burning car and weren't able to get the flames to extinguish, then the driver slowly burns to death or dies from lack of oxygen.
The fire crew did exactly what they were supposed to do and did their jobs perfectly.
The fire marshal arrives first flames bellowing he does a three point turn.
Those two have been working together for years. They gave me a ride around the track when I was probably about 11 years old. That was almost 15 years ago. Time flies, yet they still work together as safety workers.
0:07 dang that explosion 😬😳
I fear that like Tamburello corner at Imola, tragedy may one day change this corner forever. At some point the lack of runoff here will need to be addressed.
Surprised these drivers don't know that you don't go side to side racing each other in that turn only equals bad things to happen especially the outside line !
I couldn't see the correction that the announcers were talking about. Can anyone break this down move by move?
Wow, that was a massive crash. Glad he got out only shaken. Great effort by the safetycrew to be there that quickly.
what were their injuries?
I remember being totally shocked when they showed the angle of him flipping. I had no clue he went upside down especially in that fashion. Just a terrible wreck!
Holy crap, those first response marshals were horrible. Don't place the lives of drivers with these slow, confused and apparently untrained ones.
I did not realize the kink was that fast a corner. Must have been going about 150 mph plus in that crash.
Incredible response by safety team
This race was like a demolition derby. I believe one driver went to the hospital for a severe concussion.
This crash honestly shows how safe Motorsport really has become. Maybe only like 25-30 years ago that crash could've easily killed the driver. Even 10-15 years ago, surviving a crash like that was still an uncertainty. Even though the driver was obviously shaken up, he was walking after hitting a solid concrete wall at high speed.
Over 100mph
Why the hell did the blue mercedes drive off the track at 0:11 he just made the situation worse
Jason Moyle probably understeer because he was going to fast
Ben Frank he was going fast and caught some shit on the track from the wreck
They need fire extinguishers for the flag wavers for cases like this.
Akemi Mokoto
All flagging stations have 2 extinguishers. But can't enter a hot track. Look at the second car hit the first..... do you want to be between them?
And we don’t want a repeat of what happened to Tom Pryce and the marshal that went out on track.
The Grinning Skull, I saw a video of that. NEVER want to see something like that again. It was just gruesome. The worst single car accident I ever saw was footage of Canadian Gilles Villeneuve. His car slammed into another and went flying into the air. It hit the ground so hard that his seatbelt broke and he was thrown from the car. The carnage didn't end there. His body kept rolling until it hit a safety fence to the lower right of the camera. I couldn't believe how bad it was even 15 years after watching it.
how many crazy crashes you need in that kink corner to have some safer barrier?
Ganassi 988 that wouldn't be a bad idea. Kanaan hit that wall last year in a similar incident with Rossi. He got his bell rung pretty good as well.
Lucky to walk away from that one. What is upsetting is the announcers are more interested in pointing the finger at whose fault it was, than if the driver is ok.
A very slow and sloppy crew those Marshall’s are.
These marshals need to lose weight and get retrained or get fired. Terrible reaction times. One has not even realised the driver is stumbling, the other one falls down. Bigger mess than the crash itself.
Agreed, bunch of heavyweights fumbling over themselves.
I don't know how it is in America, but pay and training to be any sort of marshal is sub-part at best. Most of them are volunteers, and without them there would be no racing. Blame the governing body, not the workers.
After 25sec the first marshalls arrive at the scene and the dire truck arrives just a bit later. The reaction times and the action the marshalls did were very good.
Even if they are volunteers, driver's life are in their hands. I wouldnt even dare to try being a marshaal without being fit to help fast and in the most efficient way possible. You cant run, pull or jump if needed weighing 220 punds of pure body fat.
TheProkonover Okay fine, put a weight limit on marshals....and say goodbye to race events. The drivers know exactly what they're getting into.
We can say its an american track when marshalls are heavyer that cars on the track....
Yeah what the hell, those guys are supposed to save people and they can't even run because they're too fat.
I was also surprised by the obesity of the safety team. And I'm an American. :(
They don't look that fat, just very large guys. Look like power lifters.
hardcorebam14 Stop being asshurt. You also sound like somebody who has never been to a gym, talk about obese. lol
DesertStateInEu You don't need to go on a gym to be healthy and fit.
I was watching this race live with some friends at Kettle Bottoms. Absolutely wild to see. Craig was helicoptered out but thankfully was okay.
But why did the Mercedes go off?
Brutal. Good work by the Marshalls there
1:34 so that guy on the left is a "firefighter" in the USA? Yeah seems realistically
Ouch...
oof
Ooh
Sind beide OK?
DAMN HOPE EVERYONE IS ALRIGHT.
That is one huge accident, bad luck that two separate incidents happened at the same time, good to see both drivers out without assistance. I guess Lyons didn't know there was a car inside him.
Rocks Reynolds you gonna be a race driver might want to brush up on that stuff
Big hit hope he's out both okay great job to race officials and track hands emergency units.
Looks even worse on the replay. I'm glad the drivers are okay.
Very dangerous corner. One of the last few corners in motorsport that needs to be treated with respect. Was not on trying to go side by side through there. Hope all are ok.
How the hell was it not red flagged immediately?
Would like to see telemetry as to how fast they were going. Best i can do there is 110 or so coming through there. Can't imagine going through something like that. Only a matter of time.
120mph
spec miatas do 113mph through there, id bet theyre closer to 125-130
What the fuck were the fire marshals doing?! They actually took 2 attempts to position the truck facing the crash and then struggled like fuck dragging the hose from the rear of the truck and down the side of the truck!
Both drivers okay?
yes, Looks like cue reminder. If there are replays then drivers/Marshals are ok if there no replays (like the Spa crash) then TV does not know and does NOT show replay until there good news
Both drivers got out own power, as can be seen. the policy not showing replays of serious accidents until it is clear that all involved are ok are mostly enforced in Europe. Somewhat in US. but not always.
Las asistencias... llegaron super rápido 👍
0:54 the guy felt with the extinguisher.
That fire crew should be working at Dunkin’ Donuts... what a fat shame...
Oh my good God...
Why the hell did the other driver just plow into the accident. Then shows no concern for the injured driver of the other car.
Not a place you want to crash or a place to try a pass. Lucky no one was seriously hurt
I feel like professional racing drivers should know you can't go side by side through the kink. 9/10 times it'll end in tears.
Jeepers, no wonder that hit rang his bell! Ouch!
Wait a second. Was Lyons' car actually upside down until Ward hit him, correcting Lyons' car back to its wheels?
Anyway, massive one.
It looked more like the car just about landed back on its wheels and Ward hit him right in the rear, causing the fuel leak.
Appalling work by the safety crews. Fancy trucks and helmetsts and fannypacks don't make up for someone on the spot with an extinguisher they know how to use. Why not a truck with a spray cannon mounted over the hood like an airport fire tender.
Don’t understand why in this day and age we still have friggen grass and why everyone isn’t required to have safer barriers.
One of fastest road course in the US. Bad crashes will happen.
Dude that corner needs to be opened up more
james cryan nah it’s just bad driving habits here.
james cryan can i open u up more
Katherine Legge had a similar crash in an Indycar at almost that same spot (due to a wing coming off). I don't understand why the second car hit him. He was already off the track when he did. I don't know a lot about the Continental tires series. Are these guys professional drivers or more "gentleman" amatuer drivers? It''s one of the most thrilling but unforgiving sections of a track in the US, other than the first turn at Pocono where Wallace just had his bad wreck.
Why is there no red flag IMMEDIATELLY?
Wth was the guy driving the blue Mercedes doing though ? I guess he could of got into some oil or something .
prollers dirt dragged onto the track surface by the Merc that got pinched
Caught understeer, and let go of the wheel to grab his belts, and brace for impact because he knew he was going to hit something on the otherside. I know this, because I was checking the car out in the pits late, and he came over to see where he hit the car.
Oh that sucks
I was there when this happened. thought he died for sure.
Katherine Legge anyone? Same place... even worst crash!
Holy fu**ing sh*t dude !! That's massive !!
Yeah 😲
Scary and Disgusting at the same time
Just look how slow the marshalls reacted
And also no barrier made of unused tires?
man it was less than 30 seconds.. slow ?
R.I.P Aston :(
Why would you ever let a driver out of his car to walk freely? That guy could of stumbled right onto the track..
Видят что горит и хоть бы кто остановился помочь вылезти, а ведь в таких ситуациях счёт идёт на секунды, какая трусость
Those snap rolls looked nasty.
Lyons was upside down when he got hit by Ward
That's BS. It wasn't completely his fault. He wasn't passing either, he already had the position. Announcer error. He kept going because the Merc lifted giving the notion that he was clear. WTF are they looking at?
EXCELLENT NEWS AND GOOD LUCK WITH THE Nasser Qatar dakar rally
was right next to this one. blimey hell
wtf is this safety team or golf team? Can they choose even more older mans for this jobs??damn.
Cornerworkers there instantly great work!
You'd think that barrier would be tyres
Dylan Cotton That wall is too close to the track surface for a tire barrier. If a car went off and hit a tire barrier right there it would spit the car right back onto the track and into harms way.
mkwrockers0099 then move it back I suppose. I know people hate that. But it's 2018 in 1986. That's a runoff waiting for something serious to happen
they can't move it since there's an active railway right behind the kink
Dunkelheit2s well that I didn't know. Need something more than concrete if they can
The grass needs to go, pretty sure the car rolled because it dug into the ground after the wall contact. If it was paved i doubt it would of rolled over.
poor driving habits caused this crash
Wow, heavy crash
Trying to go side by side in the kink is suicidal. A high speed off camber corner that naturally creates a lot of understeer and wants to shoot you out to the edge of the track is not a place to play around. It's hard enough to get that corner right by yourself let alone in traffic. Should have just let up and taken his foot off the gas seeing as how he was already lapped anyways. But the other guy could have picked a better place to try and get by the lap traffic too. Hard to tell what the he'll happen with the second car that came in at the end, looks like he was off the racing line and going too fast for the yellow flag.
the yellow flag went up after he hit the turn it was very fast he also caught some crap on the track as well
セーフティカーの対応めちゃくちゃ早いなぁ
What did you say?
Looks like the marshalls and "fire marshalls" (those guys hopefully aren't real firemen) need to loose some of that weight. Their jobs is make sure the pilots are safe yet they can't even run 2 meters. What the fuck.
Don't drink and drive, boys. Craig is clearly drunk. 🤣
Took a few hits there...he got out but was not lookin' too chipper. Glad they sat him down...
The kink is the fastest corner in america
It looks slow, but then I'm used to watching cars hurtle through Caltex Chase at Bathurst.
probably texting
cool crash
Whoaaaaa noooo! D:
😮😮😮😨
hire some real safety crews no volunteers for that stuff. the driver would have got out himself if he could. he was KO'd or dazed
Wow, Ward went off into a very obvious incident and then had no regard for Lyons who was one, in a burning car, and then two, in bad shape once he got out of the car. He didn't even bother to check on him once. Not very good show of sportsmanship, respect, or manliness.
that guy used to race for winward and has wrecked their car twice then he went and raced his own car oh and guess what wrecked it too, guy has no business on the track
Terrible wreck.
Do you think help would have got their quicker if they were not as fat?
That was a 1-car incident, turned into 2-cars by a very slow yellow flag (see 2:33). When those cars were side by side, the corner worker should have prepared his/her yellow flag - when the off was apparent, it should have been thrown it before the car even hit the wall.
海外のレーキウは早い👏🏻👏🏻
What did you say?
Release respect French ok several drink transmission measure than ownership supply.