Action Potential in Neurons, Animation.
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- Опубликовано: 24 апр 2016
- (USMLE topics) What is Action Potential? How is it Generated in Neuron? Clear and Concise Explanation of Phases.
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Cells are polarized, meaning there is an electrical voltage across the cell membrane. In a resting neuron, the typical voltage, known as the RESTING membrane potential, is about -70mV (millivolts). The negative value means the cell is more negative on the INSIDE. At this resting state, there are concentration gradients of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane: more sodium OUTSIDE the cell and more potassium INSIDE the cell. These gradients are maintained by the sodium-potassium pump which constantly brings potassium IN and pumps sodium OUT of the cell.
A neuron is typically stimulated at dendrites and the signals spread through the soma. Excitatory signals at dendrites open LIGAND-gated sodium channels and allow sodium to flow into the cell. This neutralizes some of the negative charge inside the cell and makes the membrane voltage LESS negative. This is known as depolarization as the cell membrane becomes LESS polarized. The influx of sodium diffuses inside the neuron and produces a current that travels toward the axon hillock. If the summation of all input signals is excitatory and is strong enough when it reaches the axon hillock, an action potential is generated and travels down the axon to the nerve terminal. The axon hillock is also known as the cell’s “trigger zone” as this is where action potentials usually start. This is because action potentials are produced by VOLTAGE-gated ion channels that are most concentrated at the axon hillock.
Voltage-gated ion channels are passageways for ions in and out of the cell, and as their names suggest, are regulated by membrane voltage. They open at some values of the membrane potential and close at others.
For an action potential to be generated, the signal must be strong enough to bring the membrane voltage to a critical value called the THRESHOLD, typically about -55mV. This is the minimum required to open voltage-gated ion channels. At threshold, sodium channels open quickly. Potassium channels also open but do so more slowly. The initial effect is therefore due to sodium influx. As sodium ions rush into the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more positive and this further depolarizes the cell membrane. The increasing voltage in turn causes even more sodium channels to open. This positive feedback continues until all the sodium channels are open and corresponds to the rising phase of the action potential. Note that the polarity across the cell membrane is now reversed.
As the action potential nears its peak, sodium channels begin to close. By this time, the slow potassium channels are fully open. Potassium ions rush out of the cell and the voltage quickly returns to its original resting value. This corresponds to the falling phase of the action potential. Note that sodium and potassium have now switched places across the membrane.
As the potassium gates are also slow to close, potassium continues to leave the cell a little longer resulting in a negative overshoot called hyper-polarization. The resting membrane potential is then slowly restored thanks to diffusion and the sodium-potassium pump.
During and shortly after an action potential is generated, it is impossible or very difficult to stimulate that part of the membrane to fire again. This is known as the REFRACTORY period. The refractory period is divided into absolute refractory and relative refractory. The absolute refractory period lasts from the start of an action potential to the point the voltage first returns to the resting membrane value. During this time, the sodium channels are open and subsequently INACTIVATED while closing and thus unable to respond to any new stimulation. The relative refractory period lasts until the end of hyper-polarization. During this time, some of the potassium channels are still open, making it difficult for the membrane to depolarize, and a much stronger signal is required to induce a new response.
During an action potential, the sodium influx at a point on the axon spreads along the axon, depolarizing the adjacent patch of the membrane, generating a similar action potential in it. The sodium currents diffuse in both directions on the axon, but the refractory properties of ion channels ensure that action potential propagates ONLY in ONE direction. This is because ONLY the unfired patch of the axon can respond with an action potential; the part that has just fired is unresponsive until the action potential is safely out of range.
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Always remember the word 'INK',
I : Inside the Cell.
N : Negative Charge.
K : Potassium.
❤️
👍👍
Ty
Thank you for this so so helpful and easy to remember 🧡
Ok ola hu uber
Yes bish
Literally saved our lives! Explained in minutes what was confusing us for hours. Thank you so much and keep up the great work!
Riddhi Patel u mean mentally
I agree
😬
facts
Actually..!
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I just learned a whole week of lecture in 6 minutes. Thank you!
Yup....Mee 2
More like 5 mins of lecture ...
One of the best explanations I could find. I was really confused about the pumps and refractory periods but now I understand what my text book is trying to explain.
THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU!!!!! When my professor explained this in class I was so confused but this helped me actually understand it!
Absolutely relieving! Great explanation that was clear and unlike every other explanation, not too many extremely complex words were used in one sentence which is the giving up point for most people.
Thank you
As an engineer I couldn't find a satisfactory edplanation on depolarization; thanks to this video It now makes much more sense. Thank you and keep up the good work!
This is the most accurate explanation of Action Potential in Neurons .... compared to the other videoeS! thank you!
I shed a real tear watching this video... 10/10 excellent job
Most helpful video I have seen so far. Thank you!
Great work! Cleared my concepts finally.
Very well explained with supportive visual animation. Simplified and brilliant. Had to subscribe :-)
One of the best animated mechanism I saw of AP
Well done
Thank you so much. This is the best video that I have found so far for my class.
I wish I would have watched this video two days ago it would have saved me a lot of headache! AMAZING explanation! Thank you so much :D!!!
Thank you, this video was tremendously helpful.
Best video on RUclips regarding this topic
The best animated explanation ever👍🙏...This short video made my work lighter
I finally understand now. Thank you for this.
The most accurate video I've seen. I wish it talked about sodium's inactivation gate though.
Thank you, we will keep that in mind for future updates.
Michelle Kristen *Hmmm*
I have a huge Anatomy final tomorrow and this video was just what I needed. Excellent job. Can't wait for your future videos.
why do you lean this in anatomy this is physıology
This is SO WELL EXPLAINED thank uu
Great explanation!! Thanks!
This taught me so much regarding conduction of action potential thnq u so much for sharing 🙏
Thanks! My notes were confusing. Couldn't figure out what was happening with K and when it was leaving the cell. 2 hours of reading and struggle solved in 6 minutes. Sheesh! Thanks again!
This is so clear!Thank you
This video is sent from heaven😂
Thank you for this amazing explanation
Thanx for posting this video.It helped me a lot
Thanks so much! Greatest video ever! Wonderful explanation!!!
A video made years ago just saved me☺️☺️. Alila the best
thanks a lot for this brief explanation
Helped me a lot! Thank you
0:18 ACTION POTENTIAL: A brief reversal of electric polarity across the cell membrane.
0:44 RESTING MEMBRANE POTENCIAL RMP (neuron): -70 mV (cell is more negative in the inside.)
1:23 A neuron is typically stimulated at dendrites and the signals spread through the soma.
1:28 DEPOLARIZATION: Excitatory signals at dendrites open ligand-gated sodium channels and allow sodium to flow into the cell -> makes membrane voltage less negative.
1:49 Influx of sodium produce a current that travels towars the axon hillock.
1:49 If the summation of all input signals is excitatory and strong enough when it reaches the axon hillock -> action potencial is generated (travels to the nerve terminal).
2:08 Axon hillock: "trigger zone" (where action potential usually starts -> voltage-gated ion channels concentrated).
2:27 Voltage-gated ion channels open at some values of the membrane potential and close at others.
2:45 THRESHOLD: -55 mV -> Minimun required to open voltage-gated ion channels -> action potential generated. (Na+ channels open quickly / K+ channels open slowly)
3:07 As sodium rush into the cell, the inside becomes more positive (depolarization).
3:18 The increasing voltage in turn causes even more sodium channels to open (positive feedback) -> Rising phase of the action potential (polarity reversed).
3:37 As the action potential nears its peak, Na+ channels begin to close -> K+ channels are fully open.
3:47 K+ rush out of the cell -> voltage returns to its original resting value (falling phase of the AP). Na+ and K+ have switched places across membrane.
4:08 HIPERPOLARIZATION: Negative overshoot (K+ gates close slowly -> K+ continues to leave the cell a little longer).
4:15 RMP is restored thanks to diffusion and Na+/K+ pump.
4:34 REFRACTORY PERIOD: During and after shortly and AP is generated, it is impossible or very difficult to stimulate that part of the membrane to fire again.
4:40 ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD: from the start of an AP to the resting membrane value. -> Na+ channels are open and then inactivated -> unable to respond to any new stimulation.
5:00 RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD: Lasts until the end of hyperpolarization (K+ channels still open) -> difficult to membrane to depolarize.
5:38 El potencial de acción se propaga solo en una dirección (debido a las propiedades refractarias de los canales iónicos).
5:41 Solo la zona no activada del axón puede responder con un PA; la parte recién activada no responde hasta que el PA esté fuera de su alcance.
5:53 An action potential generated at the axon hillock usually travels down the axon and not back to the cell body.
Really thanks for this summary ❤
Thanks
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Glad we could help :) Good luck with your test!
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THANK YOU SO MUCH! i wish they'd just use these animations for lectures as well, would make our lives so much easier.
Thank you for your comment. In fact many universities and colleges use our videos for lectures and on their online learning portal. You can certainly suggest to your teachers :)
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