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There is no such nation mongols nor they ever did exist. They call themselves Halkha. The word “Mongol” was created by the Soviet government in 1922 when they renamed many Asian people of the region and others people including so called “Russians”. It was taking from the name of Turkic people “Moguls” who lived in the Central Asia for centuries. The official history of Central Asia, and Russia is completely false, rewritten, and changed. It started in 18 century by Dutchmen Peter the great and later was continued by the Soviet government.
@@sarahsamuel1270 very humble of the Russians to rewrite a new history where all their cities still get sacked and they spend the next two centuries as subjects of the Khan.
@@sarahsamuel1270 It's very easy to find what Russian "alternate histories" look like, and it's ones where they say the Mongol conquest never happened, or Chinggis Khan was a blue-eyed blond-haired slav, or some other stupid thing. Moving the conquerors from one nomadic group to another is not exactly worthy of rewriting the past; not to mention it demands an expectation of Russian efficiency and thoroughness which, it must be said, has never been an attribute people associate with the Russian states.
@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory Recently, old archival documents with maps that were carefully hidden from the people of Central Asia about their past began to be discovered. The whole generally accepted fairy tale story about the Mongol conquest and the great Mongol empire is being destroyed. Neither in the traditions, nor in folklore, nor in architecture, and especially in the languages of those living in the so-called conquered countries, are there any traces of “Mongol” influence. The European conquerors of the Asian continent of Great Tartary, as well as the Soviet Bolsheviks, did not like the real history of this continent. And especially the “Russians,” because they lived for three centuries under the yoke of the neighboring Turkic peoples and were in their slavery to the so-called Great Mughals, the conquerors of the “universe.” It is from them that they have a rich heritage, in traditions, culture, architecture and especially in language. Linguists are well aware that almost the entire Russian language consists of Turkic words. And there is not a single "Mongolian" word there. It has been truly said that nothing secretly can be hidden and every secret will come to light.
Sorry I'm in to home brewing and I was thinking about how they made their alcohol. To isolate the yeast that can work in milk to produce alcohol must have been a huge breakthrough in it's time . The other thing I wondered is what percentage of milk is sugar and why mears milk and not cow milk you would think you would get more milk from cows or dose estrogen levels matter like horses have more than cattle. Would be interested in seeing a in depth video on it one day 🤔 might go see what I can find now
I am the writer for this episode, and this video only scratches the surface of urban centres in the Mongol Empire, let along for societies before and after them. Some literature used in this video, as well as useful for the general study of urban sites and production in the steppes, will be listed here: Bemmann, Jan, et al. “A Stone Quarry in the Hinterland of Karakorum, Mongolia, with Evidence of Chinese Stonemasons.” The Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology, 6 (2015): 101-135, 227-231. Bemmann, Jan. “Was the Center of the Xiongnu Empire in the Orkhon Valley?” In Xiongnu Archaeology - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the First Steppe Empire in Central Asia. Edited by Ursula Brosseder and Bryan Kristopher Miller, 441-. (Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011). Brosseder, Ursula et al. “The Innovation of iron and the Xiongnu- a case study from Central Mongolia.” Asian Archaeology (2023): 1-33 C. Tsasada, Ch. Amartuvshin, Y. Muramaki, G. Eregzen, I. Usuki and L. Ishtseren. “Iron Smelting of the Nomadic State Hsiung-Nu”- The 2011’s Research Report in the Khustyn Bulag Site.” 64-67. Di Cosmo, Nicola. “Why Qara Qorum? Climate and Geography in the Early Mongol Empire,” in Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, edited by P.B Golden, R.K. Kovalev, A.P. Martinez, J. Skaff,. A. Zimonyi, 21 (2014-2015): 67-78. Danilov, Sergei V. “Typology of Ancient Settlement Complexes of the Xiongnu in Mongolia and Transbaikalia.” In Xiongnu Archaeology - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the First Steppe Empire in Central Asia, edited by Ursula Brosseder and Bryan Kristopher Miller, 128-136. (Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011) Eregzen Gelegdorj, Amartuvshin Chunag, Robert B. Gordon and Jang-Sik Park. “Transitions in cast iron technology of the nomads in Mongolia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 34 no. 8 (2007): 1187-1196. Heidemann, Stefan, Hendrik Kelzenberg, Ulambayar Erdenebat and Ersnt Pohl. “The First Documentary Evidence for Qara Qorum from the Year 635/1237-8.” Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen (2006): 93-102. Houle, Jean-Luc and Lee G. Broderick. “Settlement Patterns and Domestic Economy of the Xiongnu in Khanui Valley, Mongolia.” In Xiongnu Archaeology - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the First Steppe Empire in Central Asia, edited by Ursula Brosseder and Bryan Kristopher Miller, 137-152. (Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011). Huy Do Duc, et al. “Resurrection of the Steppe Empires: Data Recording, Reconstruction and Semi-Automated Interpretation: Application and development of advanced visualisation and edge detection methods in the context of the Uyghur capital of the 9th century." (2021) Jang-Sik Park and Susanne Reichert. “Technological tradition of the Mongol Empire as inferred from bloomery and cast iron objects excavated in Karakorum.” Journal of Archaeological Science 53 (2015): 49-60. Khenzykhenova Fedora I., et al. “The human environment of the Xiongnu Ivolga Fortress (West Trans-Baikal area, Russia): Initial data.” Quaternary International 546 (2020): 216-228. Klyashtornyi, S.G. “Qasar-Qurug: Western Headquarters of the Uighur Khagans and the Problem of Por-Bazhyn Identification.” Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40 no. 2 (2012): 94-98. Kolbas, Judith G. “Khukh Ordung, A Uighur Palace Complex of the Seventh Century.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 15 no. 3 (2005): 303-327 Kradin, Nikolay. “Who was the Builder of Mongol Towns in Transbaikalia?” Golden Horde Review 6 no. 2 (2018): 224-237. Miller, Bryan K. et al. “Proto-Urban Establishments in Inner Asia: Surveys of an Iron Age Walled Site in Eastern Mongolia.” Journal of Field Archaeology 44 no. 4 (2019): 267-286. Piezonka, Henry, et al. “Lost cities in the Steppe: investigating an enigmatic site type in early Mongolia.” Antiquity: First View (2023): 1-9. Pohl, Ernst, et al. “Production Sites in Karakorum and its Environment: A New Archaeological Project in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia.” The Silk Road 10 (2012): 49-65. Reichert, Susanne, et al. “Overlooked-Enigmatic-Underrated: The City Khar Khul Khaany Balgas in the Heartland of the Mongol World Empire.” Journal of Field Archaeology 47 no. 6 (2022): 397-420. Sadykov, Timur.R. “New evidence on the fortified site of Katylyg 5 of the Kokel culture in Tuva.” Shelach-Lavi, Gideon, et al. “Medieval long-wall construction on the Mongolian Steppe during the eleventh to thirteenth centuries AD.” Antiquity 2020 94 (375): 724-741. Shiraishi Noriyuki, “Searching for Genghis: Excavations of the Ruins at Avraga.” In Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Edited by William W. Fitzhugh, Morris Rossabi and William Honeychurch, 132-136. Published by the Mongolian Preservation Foundation, 2009. Stark, Sören. “Luxurious necessities: Some Observations on Foreign Commodities and Nomadic Polities in Central Asia in the Sixth to Ninth Centuries.” In Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE. Edited by Jan Bemmann and Michael Schmauder, 463-502. Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2015. Tolnai, Katalin et al. “Landscape Archaeological Research Around Nomadic Cities in East Mongolia: Results of the 2019 fieldwork of the Khi-Land project.” Hungarian Archaeology (2018): 18- Tomotaka Sasada and Lochin Ishtseren. “Features of Xiongnu Iron Smelting Technology (with a focus on the Khustyn Bulag 1 Site in Mongolia.” (2022) Vodyasov, Evgeny V. et al. “Iron metallurgy of the Xianbei period in Tuva (Southern Siberia.)” Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2021): 1-17. Vodyasov, Evgeny. “Ethnoarchaeological Research on Indigenous Iron Smelting in Siberia.” Сибирские исторические исследования no. 2 (2018): 164-180. Waugh, Daniel C. “Archaeology and the Material Culture of the Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde).” In The Mongol World. Edited by Timothy May and Michael Hope, 588-559. Routledge, 2022.
@@KhansDenyes, I am currently doing my PhD on the Golden Horde in the late thirteenth century, but I have written and researched on many parts of the empire. I have published several articles in academic journals and assist in productions on several RUclips channels in addition to my own videos.
@@KhansDenthis topic of urban sites in the steppes and production networks is one of very particular interest to me and I do a lot of research in this area.
The Mongols being so insistent on hospitality with their initial interactions its VERY INTERESTING to see how they cooperated with settlements that allowed expansion. Thank you Kings & Generals!!!
The Mongols receive much attention for being savage conquerors of the Rus, the Quaresmian Empire etc. Much is said about the tactics of the siege and raising of cities like Baghdad. We know about the total destruction of numerous settlements across Eurasia and the Middle East and its common knowledge that the Mongols established the largest land Empire in history. However I feel like many people either don’t know or forget that Chingiss Khan was a very progressive leader- he permitted Religious freedom, he criminalized torture, abolished slavery for the Mongols and punished anyone who raped or harmed Mongolian women. These code of laws are so far ‘ahead of their time’ and are said to inspire Enlightenment philosophers and influence European train of thought into the Middle Ages.
@@jonbaxter2254Chinggis Khan always lets common sense do the work... Somehow common sense is haram in Islam... Because when Mongols arrived in Tibet, they basically just did the 'bum biddy biddy bum' dance and became ALLIES.
Its little wonder that the Mongols would develop their own urban centers once they had conquered enough people and amassed enough resources. Despite coming from a nomadic culture, palaces are much more fun compared to living in yurts in the middle of open fields, not to mention they are good conduits for a ruler to project power and impress both friends and enemies. Cities can be permanent centers for merchants to trade that can drive economic growth, as well as spur on cultural and technological development through intellectuals having a place to discuss new ideas such as at a school. Even Attila the Hun is believed to have established a permanent capital with a palace that came with Roman baths. And this is the same Attila who was known to live modestly, even eating out of wooden bowls when his subordinates all had gold and silver dishware.
It's great to see The Jackmeister Mongol History working in collaboration with Kings and Generals. The Golden Horde has always been of particular fascination to me. I would love to see you do a series covering the rise of Muscovy, or video about late Medieval Crimea someday. Thank you so much for bringing this piece of history to life.
Greeks, Indians and Spanish jews living in a Mongol city at 14:31. Medieval world was much more cosmopolitan than it seems at least for traders and craftsmen.
The Yuan Dynasty mostly adopted the Buddhist civilization while the other three Khanates in the west became part of the Sufi-Islamic cultural sphere which also brought us Timurid architecture
This kind of development fascinated me. Horde cultures in the times before the mongols were known for invading and occupying a land, then urbanizing. Mongols were like nah, y’all brick layers, masons, etc are gonna go on a trip and build a new city.
Much like the Uighurs the Onguds and Naimans also were among the "less nomadic" early components of the Mongol Empire that greatly influenced the Khaganates infrastructure
@@ElBanditoSo were Onguds, Merkits and Keraites they all practiced Nestorianism it's interesting how some Syriac missionaries made it to Mongolia and managed to impose their religion on the local populace this topic deserves a video of it's own
I have one question: We all know that Baghdad is still around despite what the Mongols did to it in 1258. But what concerned me is what role did they play in making Baghdad a functional city again, especially since they did not use it as a capital.
After the conquest of Baghdad the Mongols almost immediately appointed governors to oversee the rebuilding of it. One of the longest-reigning governors was 'Ata-Malik Juvaini, a famous historian of the Mongol Empire (author of the Tarikh-i Jahan Gusha, one of the most important surviving sources on the early Mongol conquests), and brother of the vizier Shams al-Din. Despite the reputation for destruction, the Mongols by this point well understood the value of tax revenue and fine goods produced in shops of artisans. They recognized the economic value of the city and quite some effort was made to get it back on its feet. So its artisans and craftsmen, for example, were mostly not deported, but some sources like Ibn 'Abd al-Haqq say most of Baghdad's population was replaced by newcomers from the Mongol army or displaced persons from elsewhere, though there is indication of continuity between some local noble families from pre-1258 into the 1300s. Efforts were made to repair and rejuvenate irrigation and farmland around the city, and trade continued to flow through the city. If we take the Ilkhanid written accounts as accurate (though they obviously had interest in painting a more positive picture of events) Baghdad apparently recovered quite well, though it's hard to say if it was back to pre-1258 levels in any regard. One writer, ibn al-Fuwati (a resident of Baghdad who lived through the 1258 siege) said that by the early 1260s the city had already recovered its former glory, but this is probably overly generous. It remained a major city and economic centre under the Ilkhanate, and the Ilkhans spent some of the winter near Baghdad, and since the great ordu of the Khan brought with them trade, merchants as well as Mongol nobles looking for products (or craftsmen to outfit their retinues, servants and families) this was additional business for Baghdad's shops and markets. We know it also maintained an important role in the manufactur of paper and manuscripts, used by the Ilkhanid state and other figures in the region. Two early fourteenth century Baghdad produced qur'ans still survive infact, both of them lavishly produced. In 1289-90, we even learn of the Ilkhan Arghun inviting several hundred Genoese craftsmen to Baghdad in an effort to build a navy for the Ilkhanate (which ultimately failed, building only two ships). Not to say all interactions were positive, as the Khans often demanded quite the tax burden from the city to pay for wars against the Mamluks, and it suffered sporadic natural disasters (flooding in particular, but nothing extraordinary as far as I am aware). But after 1258 Baghdad had over a century of relative stability, secure from raids and conquests, and even after the dissolution of the Ilkhanate retained its prominence among the successor factions. Then came Emir Temur, who thoroughly sacked and massacred the city again (he took it twice, the 1401 siege being particularly brutal), and in 1412 it was again devasted, this time by the Qara-Qoyunlu. After that it was basically a border/provincial city for centuries
@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory Thanks for the information! But still, I still do not like what they did to the House of Wisdom. I mean, we could have steam engines and some sort of proto-computing devices a lot earlier.
Lately ive been fascinated by the interactions and interplay between those who lived a semi nomadic or pastoral life on the steppe interscted with those who lived in rural areas or in towns!
The thing about the Mongols is that they didn't really do much to ensure their empire being a long term power as it collapsed at the first opportunity.
You should be looking at modern Ulaanbaatar! They don't build cities... they grow organically and decay at the same time. I have never before seen such a chaotic jumbled mess of urbanisation.
Ok can anyone answer this , im a homebrewer and I was wondering what the story is behind the alcohol the mongols used , like to isolate the yeast that works in milk and like at those temperatures and conditions must have been a huge breakthrough and thing back in its time . Like what percentage of milk is sugar to be converted and why horse milk and not cow milk, you would think you'd get more from cows or dose it have something to do with the estrogen levels in horse milk being higher or something. And as for growing crops did they actually camp for 6 months of the year in one place growing crops then spend 6 months carrying all that produce well following their herds of horses and things from grazing grounds to grazing grounds. As a farmer you see how much grass a mob of animals eats and you would think they'd be packing up and moving every two weeks at least even for small numbers of animals..... plus you got everything like looms and all the tools you need to farm and make things that you have to carry with you as well. Just seems like a bigger effort than staying in one place and development of better farming skills and building defensive structures
Well how could we know how to build a cities and factories? We didn't even know suit and tie and such a thing school exists. We only have monks and Buddhism bro. After we declared our independence closest thing we can influenced by was Russians. Then movie tv poetry vodka cigarettes came to our life. I'm kid born in 1999 in another small city of Mongolia. So i know fractions of what you are talking about but don't talk bad things about it.
Thank you guys for another excellent video. I know very little about the history of the Mongols and their successor states, so it's an area I enjoy learning more about. God be with you out there everybody. ✝️ :)
Cities are hard enough to maintain in less extreme environments like the step. My guess is that with the collapse of the far-reaching trade routes maintained by the imperial powers, large cities like Sarai became too costly to sustain. We saw this happen to Rome to a lesser extent during the imperial collapse. It went from about a million by 250AD, to only 30,000 by the 16th century, and it was one of the larger cities in Europe at that point!
A short but very well depicted documentary... details are just perfect ... the work you are putting on is crazy ...are you going to do more animated videos ?? In any case il'be there for the likes and the support keep Going on
would like to know more about mongols at home land after the ruling class of the yuan were thrown out from chinese territory. i heard there was an interesting conflict and mess between golden linage princes and lords/noyons during 15-17th centruies
I wish there was a Mongol khanate that was more influenced by Christianity. We got to see Buddhist khanates, Islamic khanates, but never a Christian khanate. Fun fact I made one based out of Anatolia in Crusader Kings 3
But Sorkhogtani Bekh mother of Monkhe, Hulagu and Kublai khans' was nestorian christian. Also right hand general of Hulagu was nestorian christian. Genghis khan's godfather Tooril khan was nestorian. So you can't say there's never christian influence. Maybe khans' were too afraid to convert to christianity cuz that's a huge step however Kublai khan communicate with Pope and asked about 200 priests and interested in getting baptized too
@@KingsandGenerals At first i thought Sebastiaio Reis only did the editing that's why i asked Turns out Sebastiao Reis uses "cbas reis" as his username online, had to dig a little bit Thank you !
did the Mongols build as many cities as they destroyed? so are all the Mongols cities still around like Rome and Athens are? what was the sewer system and street lights like? how many cities had hospitals or universities? did most of the forced population make it to where the Mongols drove them or like those who Stalin forced to move die on their way? how many slaves did the Mongols have?given the mongols were nomads why did they want cities at all?
Lots of Mongol fans here. This won't be popular, but pre-Mongol Baghdad had more urbanisation and development in one city block than the entire steppe. I think it's important not to overstate this 'urbanisation' concept. It's bending the historical record to breaking point by asserting this was somehow a city building people. Before you get excited I'm a historian. I know how research works.
Imagine being a ”historian” and have a pfp of He-man while getting salty about ”someone is calling them a city building people!” Despite no one has ever said so. Did this hurt your little western ego? Good, cope harder. Nothing brings more joy than seeing tiny d*k energy individuals like you seething in the comment section whenever there’s a video about any culture that really slapped your ”ancestors” left and right like a pimp
Yes, after the conquest of Baghdad governors were appointed to oversee rebuilding of it. One of the longest-reigning governors was 'Ata-Malik Juvaini, a famous historian of the Mongol Empire (author of the Tarikh-i Jahan Gusha, one of the most important surviving sources on the early Mongol conquests), and brother of the vizier Shams al-Din. Baghdad apparently recovered quite well, though it's hard to say if it was back to pre-1258 levels in any regard. It remained a major city and economic centre under the Ilkhanate, and again an important political centre in late 14th century after the dissolution of the Ilkhanid state. Then came Emir Temur, who thoroughly sacked and massacred the city again (he took it twice, the 1401 siege being particularly brutal), after which it was basically a border/provincial city for centuries.
The Mongols demolished multiple historical fortifications and weren’t exactly known as being patrons of the arts. I would have loved to see Alamut or The House of Wisdom amongst many others. All lost to time.
🎥 Join our RUclips members and patrons to unlock exclusive content! Our community is currently enjoying deep dives into the First Punic War, Pacific War, history of Prussia, Italian Unification Wars, Russo-Japanese War, Albigensian Crusade, and Xenophon’s Anabasis. Become a part of this exclusive circle: ruclips.net/channel/UCMmaBzfCCwZ2KqaBJjkj0fwjoin or patron: www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals and Paypal paypal.me/kingsandgenerals as well!
There is no such nation mongols nor they ever did exist. They call themselves Halkha. The word “Mongol” was created by the Soviet government in 1922 when they renamed many Asian people of the region and others people including so called “Russians”. It was taking from the name of Turkic people “Moguls” who lived in the Central Asia for centuries. The official history of Central Asia, and Russia is completely false, rewritten, and changed. It started in 18 century by Dutchmen Peter the great and later was continued by the Soviet government.
@@sarahsamuel1270 very humble of the Russians to rewrite a new history where all their cities still get sacked and they spend the next two centuries as subjects of the Khan.
@@sarahsamuel1270 It's very easy to find what Russian "alternate histories" look like, and it's ones where they say the Mongol conquest never happened, or Chinggis Khan was a blue-eyed blond-haired slav, or some other stupid thing. Moving the conquerors from one nomadic group to another is not exactly worthy of rewriting the past; not to mention it demands an expectation of Russian efficiency and thoroughness which, it must be said, has never been an attribute people associate with the Russian states.
@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory
Recently, old archival documents with maps that were carefully hidden from the people of Central Asia about their past began to be discovered. The whole generally accepted fairy tale story about the Mongol conquest and the great Mongol empire is being destroyed. Neither in the traditions, nor in folklore, nor in architecture, and especially in the languages of those living in the so-called conquered countries, are there any traces of “Mongol” influence.
The European conquerors of the Asian continent of Great Tartary, as well as the Soviet Bolsheviks, did not like the real history of this continent. And especially the “Russians,” because they lived for three centuries under the yoke of the neighboring Turkic peoples and were in their slavery to the so-called Great Mughals, the conquerors of the “universe.” It is from them that they have a rich heritage, in traditions, culture, architecture and especially in language. Linguists are well aware that almost the entire Russian language consists of Turkic words. And there is not a single "Mongolian" word there.
It has been truly said that nothing secretly can be hidden and every secret will come to light.
Sorry I'm in to home brewing and I was thinking about how they made their alcohol. To isolate the yeast that can work in milk to produce alcohol must have been a huge breakthrough in it's time . The other thing I wondered is what percentage of milk is sugar and why mears milk and not cow milk you would think you would get more milk from cows or dose estrogen levels matter like horses have more than cattle. Would be interested in seeing a in depth video on it one day 🤔 might go see what I can find now
I am the writer for this episode, and this video only scratches the surface of urban centres in the Mongol Empire, let along for societies before and after them. Some literature used in this video, as well as useful for the general study of urban sites and production in the steppes, will be listed here:
Bemmann, Jan, et al. “A Stone Quarry in the Hinterland of Karakorum, Mongolia, with Evidence of Chinese Stonemasons.” The Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology, 6 (2015): 101-135, 227-231.
Bemmann, Jan. “Was the Center of the Xiongnu Empire in the Orkhon Valley?” In Xiongnu Archaeology - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the First Steppe Empire in Central Asia. Edited by Ursula Brosseder and Bryan Kristopher Miller, 441-. (Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011).
Brosseder, Ursula et al. “The Innovation of iron and the Xiongnu- a case study from Central Mongolia.” Asian Archaeology (2023): 1-33
C. Tsasada, Ch. Amartuvshin, Y. Muramaki, G. Eregzen, I. Usuki and L. Ishtseren. “Iron Smelting of the Nomadic State Hsiung-Nu”- The 2011’s Research Report in the Khustyn Bulag Site.” 64-67.
Di Cosmo, Nicola. “Why Qara Qorum? Climate and Geography in the Early Mongol Empire,” in Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, edited by P.B Golden, R.K. Kovalev, A.P. Martinez, J. Skaff,. A. Zimonyi, 21 (2014-2015): 67-78.
Danilov, Sergei V. “Typology of Ancient Settlement Complexes of the Xiongnu in Mongolia and Transbaikalia.” In Xiongnu Archaeology - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the First Steppe Empire in Central Asia, edited by Ursula Brosseder and Bryan Kristopher Miller, 128-136. (Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011)
Eregzen Gelegdorj, Amartuvshin Chunag, Robert B. Gordon and Jang-Sik Park. “Transitions in cast iron technology of the nomads in Mongolia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 34 no. 8 (2007): 1187-1196.
Heidemann, Stefan, Hendrik Kelzenberg, Ulambayar Erdenebat and Ersnt Pohl. “The First Documentary Evidence for Qara Qorum from the Year 635/1237-8.” Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen (2006): 93-102.
Houle, Jean-Luc and Lee G. Broderick. “Settlement Patterns and Domestic Economy of the Xiongnu in Khanui Valley, Mongolia.” In Xiongnu Archaeology - Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the First Steppe Empire in Central Asia, edited by Ursula Brosseder and Bryan Kristopher Miller, 137-152. (Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2011).
Huy Do Duc, et al. “Resurrection of the Steppe Empires: Data Recording, Reconstruction and Semi-Automated Interpretation: Application and development of advanced visualisation and edge detection methods in the context of the Uyghur capital of the 9th century." (2021)
Jang-Sik Park and Susanne Reichert. “Technological tradition of the Mongol Empire as inferred from bloomery and cast iron objects excavated in Karakorum.” Journal of Archaeological Science 53 (2015): 49-60.
Khenzykhenova Fedora I., et al. “The human environment of the Xiongnu Ivolga Fortress (West Trans-Baikal area, Russia): Initial data.” Quaternary International 546 (2020): 216-228.
Klyashtornyi, S.G. “Qasar-Qurug: Western Headquarters of the Uighur Khagans and the Problem of Por-Bazhyn Identification.” Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40 no. 2 (2012): 94-98.
Kolbas, Judith G. “Khukh Ordung, A Uighur Palace Complex of the Seventh Century.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 15 no. 3 (2005): 303-327
Kradin, Nikolay. “Who was the Builder of Mongol Towns in Transbaikalia?” Golden Horde Review 6 no. 2 (2018): 224-237.
Miller, Bryan K. et al. “Proto-Urban Establishments in Inner Asia: Surveys of an Iron Age Walled Site in Eastern Mongolia.” Journal of Field Archaeology 44 no. 4 (2019): 267-286.
Piezonka, Henry, et al. “Lost cities in the Steppe: investigating an enigmatic site type in early Mongolia.” Antiquity: First View (2023): 1-9.
Pohl, Ernst, et al. “Production Sites in Karakorum and its Environment: A New Archaeological Project in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia.” The Silk Road 10 (2012): 49-65.
Reichert, Susanne, et al. “Overlooked-Enigmatic-Underrated: The City Khar Khul Khaany Balgas in the Heartland of the Mongol World Empire.” Journal of Field Archaeology 47 no. 6 (2022): 397-420.
Sadykov, Timur.R. “New evidence on the fortified site of Katylyg 5 of the Kokel culture in Tuva.”
Shelach-Lavi, Gideon, et al. “Medieval long-wall construction on the Mongolian Steppe during the eleventh to thirteenth centuries AD.” Antiquity 2020 94 (375): 724-741.
Shiraishi Noriyuki, “Searching for Genghis: Excavations of the Ruins at Avraga.” In Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Edited by William W. Fitzhugh, Morris Rossabi and William Honeychurch, 132-136. Published by the Mongolian Preservation Foundation, 2009.
Stark, Sören. “Luxurious necessities: Some Observations on Foreign Commodities and Nomadic Polities in Central Asia in the Sixth to Ninth Centuries.” In Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millennium CE. Edited by Jan Bemmann and Michael Schmauder, 463-502. Bonn: Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 2015.
Tolnai, Katalin et al. “Landscape Archaeological Research Around Nomadic Cities in East Mongolia: Results of the 2019 fieldwork of the Khi-Land project.” Hungarian Archaeology (2018): 18-
Tomotaka Sasada and Lochin Ishtseren. “Features of Xiongnu Iron Smelting Technology (with a focus on the Khustyn Bulag 1 Site in Mongolia.” (2022)
Vodyasov, Evgeny V. et al. “Iron metallurgy of the Xianbei period in Tuva (Southern Siberia.)” Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2021): 1-17.
Vodyasov, Evgeny. “Ethnoarchaeological Research on Indigenous Iron Smelting in Siberia.” Сибирские исторические исследования no. 2 (2018): 164-180.
Waugh, Daniel C. “Archaeology and the Material Culture of the Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde).” In The Mongol World. Edited by Timothy May and Michael Hope, 588-559. Routledge, 2022.
Thank you for providing the sources. Are you specialized in Mongol history then (judging from your ID)?
@@KhansDenyes, I am currently doing my PhD on the Golden Horde in the late thirteenth century, but I have written and researched on many parts of the empire. I have published several articles in academic journals and assist in productions on several RUclips channels in addition to my own videos.
@@KhansDenthis topic of urban sites in the steppes and production networks is one of very particular interest to me and I do a lot of research in this area.
The Golden Horde was more Turkic than Mongol though.
Bro, I follow you on RUclips. Mash ih bayarlalaa. Good luck on your PhD studies!
The Mongols being so insistent on hospitality with their initial interactions its VERY INTERESTING to see how they cooperated with settlements that allowed expansion. Thank you Kings & Generals!!!
The Mongols receive much attention for being savage conquerors of the Rus, the Quaresmian Empire etc. Much is said about the tactics of the siege and raising of cities like Baghdad. We know about the total destruction of numerous settlements across Eurasia and the Middle East and its common knowledge that the Mongols established the largest land Empire in history. However I feel like many people either don’t know or forget that Chingiss Khan was a very progressive leader- he permitted Religious freedom, he criminalized torture, abolished slavery for the Mongols and punished anyone who raped or harmed Mongolian women. These code of laws are so far ‘ahead of their time’ and are said to inspire Enlightenment philosophers and influence European train of thought into the Middle Ages.
They offered a hand with sugar, and another with a knife
@@jonbaxter2254Chinggis Khan always lets common sense do the work...
Somehow common sense is haram in Islam...
Because when Mongols arrived in Tibet, they basically just did the 'bum biddy biddy bum' dance and became ALLIES.
Thats why you don't kill their emissaries
@@scottmulholland1329you lied about have of that
Its little wonder that the Mongols would develop their own urban centers once they had conquered enough people and amassed enough resources. Despite coming from a nomadic culture, palaces are much more fun compared to living in yurts in the middle of open fields, not to mention they are good conduits for a ruler to project power and impress both friends and enemies. Cities can be permanent centers for merchants to trade that can drive economic growth, as well as spur on cultural and technological development through intellectuals having a place to discuss new ideas such as at a school. Even Attila the Hun is believed to have established a permanent capital with a palace that came with Roman baths. And this is the same Attila who was known to live modestly, even eating out of wooden bowls when his subordinates all had gold and silver dishware.
It's great to see The Jackmeister Mongol History working in collaboration with Kings and Generals. The Golden Horde has always been of particular fascination to me. I would love to see you do a series covering the rise of Muscovy, or video about late Medieval Crimea someday. Thank you so much for bringing this piece of history to life.
I love being able to vote for this and see it come through in a quality video; thanks K & G.
Greeks, Indians and Spanish jews living in a Mongol city at 14:31. Medieval world was much more cosmopolitan than it seems at least for traders and craftsmen.
Christians jews zoroastrians muslims and many lived in medieval Mesopotamian cities too
The Yuan Dynasty mostly adopted the Buddhist civilization while the other three Khanates in the west became part of the Sufi-Islamic cultural sphere which also brought us Timurid architecture
thats because they were assimilated into the Chinese majority
This kind of development fascinated me. Horde cultures in the times before the mongols were known for invading and occupying a land, then urbanizing. Mongols were like nah, y’all brick layers, masons, etc are gonna go on a trip and build a new city.
So, when do you guys plan to finally restart the Mongol series? That would be nice to get it a new format similar to the Islamic conquest
Yes
@@KingsandGeneralscould you do The rise of the Safavids later on
Much like the Uighurs the Onguds and Naimans also were among the "less nomadic" early components of the Mongol Empire that greatly influenced the Khaganates infrastructure
Many Naimans were also Christians.
@@ElBanditoSo were Onguds, Merkits and Keraites they all practiced Nestorianism it's interesting how some Syriac missionaries made it to Mongolia and managed to impose their religion on the local populace this topic deserves a video of it's own
What an insightful video! Thanks for all the research you did 👏🏼
Love central Asian content, would love to see a Sogdian video sometime!
I have one question: We all know that Baghdad is still around despite what the Mongols did to it in 1258. But what concerned me is what role did they play in making Baghdad a functional city again, especially since they did not use it as a capital.
good question
After the conquest of Baghdad the Mongols almost immediately appointed governors to oversee the rebuilding of it. One of the longest-reigning governors was 'Ata-Malik Juvaini, a famous historian of the Mongol Empire (author of the Tarikh-i Jahan Gusha, one of the most important surviving sources on the early Mongol conquests), and brother of the vizier Shams al-Din. Despite the reputation for destruction, the Mongols by this point well understood the value of tax revenue and fine goods produced in shops of artisans. They recognized the economic value of the city and quite some effort was made to get it back on its feet. So its artisans and craftsmen, for example, were mostly not deported, but some sources like Ibn 'Abd al-Haqq say most of Baghdad's population was replaced by newcomers from the Mongol army or displaced persons from elsewhere, though there is indication of continuity between some local noble families from pre-1258 into the 1300s. Efforts were made to repair and rejuvenate irrigation and farmland around the city, and trade continued to flow through the city.
If we take the Ilkhanid written accounts as accurate (though they obviously had interest in painting a more positive picture of events) Baghdad apparently recovered quite well, though it's hard to say if it was back to pre-1258 levels in any regard. One writer, ibn al-Fuwati (a resident of Baghdad who lived through the 1258 siege) said that by the early 1260s the city had already recovered its former glory, but this is probably overly generous. It remained a major city and economic centre under the Ilkhanate, and the Ilkhans spent some of the winter near Baghdad, and since the great ordu of the Khan brought with them trade, merchants as well as Mongol nobles looking for products (or craftsmen to outfit their retinues, servants and families) this was additional business for Baghdad's shops and markets. We know it also maintained an important role in the manufactur of paper and manuscripts, used by the Ilkhanid state and other figures in the region. Two early fourteenth century Baghdad produced qur'ans still survive infact, both of them lavishly produced. In 1289-90, we even learn of the Ilkhan Arghun inviting several hundred Genoese craftsmen to Baghdad in an effort to build a navy for the Ilkhanate (which ultimately failed, building only two ships).
Not to say all interactions were positive, as the Khans often demanded quite the tax burden from the city to pay for wars against the Mamluks, and it suffered sporadic natural disasters (flooding in particular, but nothing extraordinary as far as I am aware). But after 1258 Baghdad had over a century of relative stability, secure from raids and conquests, and even after the dissolution of the Ilkhanate retained its prominence among the successor factions.
Then came Emir Temur, who thoroughly sacked and massacred the city again (he took it twice, the 1401 siege being particularly brutal), and in 1412 it was again devasted, this time by the Qara-Qoyunlu. After that it was basically a border/provincial city for centuries
@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory Thanks for the information! But still, I still do not like what they did to the House of Wisdom. I mean, we could have steam engines and some sort of proto-computing devices a lot earlier.
@@lerneanlionor later, because Mongol invasion accelerated globalization, allowing people to travel safely.
Always enjoy these videos that do a deep dive into a culture. Keep up the great work!
I am a simple Man.
I see Mongol content. I like.
I see content where favorite RUclips Mongol Historian as contributed on.
I subscribe.
To both.
This is a subject not talked about enough. Great video.
So many bangers in such a short amount of time! :)
Mongols are my favorite part of medieval history
Lately ive been fascinated by the interactions and interplay between those who lived a semi nomadic or pastoral life on the steppe interscted with those who lived in rural areas or in towns!
The mongols were a fascinating people of history. Thanks king's and generals
What the flying duck do you mean? We're still here you nitwit.
Nice! Ive been binging on Mongolian Steppe Armies lately. Thanks!
What are you doing steppe brother?
Imagine being a German miner just going about your day, and then you're upped and moved across the world.
The thing about the Mongols is that they didn't really do much to ensure their empire being a long term power as it collapsed at the first opportunity.
Mongol Ilkhans of western Asia also built the city Soltaniyeh as their capital city, in modern day Iran in the 14th century.
You should be looking at modern Ulaanbaatar! They don't build cities... they grow organically and decay at the same time. I have never before seen such a chaotic jumbled mess of urbanisation.
Truly spoiled today, Skaven video on your other channel and a Mongol video.
Skaven do not exist.
@@KingsandGeneralsimpressed
I love watching this channel. The narration is great and every time I learn something new!
They don't build castles, they destroy it.
Golden horde during ozbeg Khan rule experience its peak power .
Ok can anyone answer this , im a homebrewer and I was wondering what the story is behind the alcohol the mongols used , like to isolate the yeast that works in milk and like at those temperatures and conditions must have been a huge breakthrough and thing back in its time .
Like what percentage of milk is sugar to be converted and why horse milk and not cow milk, you would think you'd get more from cows or dose it have something to do with the estrogen levels in horse milk being higher or something.
And as for growing crops did they actually camp for 6 months of the year in one place growing crops then spend 6 months carrying all that produce well following their herds of horses and things from grazing grounds to grazing grounds. As a farmer you see how much grass a mob of animals eats and you would think they'd be packing up and moving every two weeks at least even for small numbers of animals..... plus you got everything like looms and all the tools you need to farm and make things that you have to carry with you as well. Just seems like a bigger effort than staying in one place and development of better farming skills and building defensive structures
Great video kings and generals thank you.
well, for anyone who has been to Ulaanbaatar, you realize it was built by the Soviets and not the Mongolian people
Also employed thousands of Japanese WWII POWs in the early construction of its buildings.
Well how could we know how to build a cities and factories? We didn't even know suit and tie and such a thing school exists. We only have monks and Buddhism bro. After we declared our independence closest thing we can influenced by was Russians. Then movie tv poetry vodka cigarettes came to our life. I'm kid born in 1999 in another small city of Mongolia. So i know fractions of what you are talking about but don't talk bad things about it.
Thank you guys for another excellent video. I know very little about the history of the Mongols and their successor states, so it's an area I enjoy learning more about.
God be with you out there everybody. ✝️ :)
I asked "Kings and Generals", Can you about History from Indonesia 🇮🇩 😊
Ah, to be a Khan ! Know what I'd like ? A pavilion, right there. Or, perhaps a caravansarai or . . . A palace. Yeah, let's go with palace
Interesting! Didn't know that they founded cities that didn't last - I wonder why they were abandoned.
They were destroyed by China and Russia.
Cities are hard enough to maintain in less extreme environments like the step. My guess is that with the collapse of the far-reaching trade routes maintained by the imperial powers, large cities like Sarai became too costly to sustain. We saw this happen to Rome to a lesser extent during the imperial collapse. It went from about a million by 250AD, to only 30,000 by the 16th century, and it was one of the larger cities in Europe at that point!
Okay, I now want to know the fate of those Germans brought to the Asian steppe.
Saw 'Mongols' in the title and assumed it was the next episode of the Alt history series 😭
Mongols season 1 remake please
Im obsessed with the mongols of 1200-1300
Very interesting aspect of mongol empire
A short but very well depicted documentary... details are just perfect ... the work you are putting on is crazy ...are you going to do more animated videos ?? In any case il'be there for the likes and the support keep Going on
What rarely explained is that how ancient empires, kingdoms and states sending their supplies for their soldiers on the front line
Excellent Episode 👍
Please make video about the Hasmonean dynasty.
Thank you very much for this video.
Good video thanks
love it from Mongolia
nice vid
Mongols are interesting for sure!
great stuff, but why did you write "russia" on the map 18:43 ? if it was Muscovy , just open any map from that time ?
It's sad that the Golden Horde does not exist anymore.
Great
I thought they pulled a dubai on this one…. Through slavery.
would like to know more about mongols at home land after the ruling class of the yuan were thrown out from chinese territory. i heard there was an interesting conflict and mess between golden linage princes and lords/noyons during 15-17th centruies
nice. i can never have enough Mongolian videos. :sip:
The largest city in Mongolia was destroyed by the Ming Dynasty general Lan Yu（蓝玉） and all the concubines of the Northern Yuan Emperor were captured
Mongols conquered Muslims but then Islam conquered Mongols
I wish there was a Mongol khanate that was more influenced by Christianity. We got to see Buddhist khanates, Islamic khanates, but never a Christian khanate.
Fun fact I made one based out of Anatolia in Crusader Kings 3
Btw I’m aware of Christian influences in the ilkhanate and Golden Horde and what not but I’m talking about an actual Nestorian Christian horde
@@GreaterAfghanistanMovement Both Abaqa Khan and Arghun Khan of the Ilkhanate were very Christian friendly.
But Sorkhogtani Bekh mother of Monkhe, Hulagu and Kublai khans' was nestorian christian. Also right hand general of Hulagu was nestorian christian. Genghis khan's godfather Tooril khan was nestorian. So you can't say there's never christian influence. Maybe khans' were too afraid to convert to christianity cuz that's a huge step however Kublai khan communicate with Pope and asked about 200 priests and interested in getting baptized too
I like your art 🎨🫶
Who is your artist? 😇
Ozimandius. Or is that Ozzi-mandi- us ? He rocked and rolled ! Where shall he be buried, ? I'd like to know. Spilla pint on him !
Does anyone know who did the drawings please?
Credits
@@KingsandGenerals At first i thought Sebastiaio Reis only did the editing that's why i asked
Turns out Sebastiao Reis uses "cbas reis" as his username online, had to dig a little bit
Thank you !
Mongol cities sure were unique. They often displayed urban styles from Islamic, European, and the Far East.
did the Mongols build as many cities as they destroyed? so are all the Mongols cities still around like Rome and Athens are? what was the sewer system and street lights like? how many cities had hospitals or universities? did most of the forced population make it to where the Mongols drove them or like those who Stalin forced to move die on their way? how many slaves did the Mongols have?given the mongols were nomads why did they want cities at all?
this is why I pay for internet
what is the discord link ?
Schedule post
@@KingsandGeneralshas the mongol alternate history series on Wizards and Warriors been discontinued?
@@saratmodugu2721 nope, we are still writing the last episode
@@KingsandGenerals will there be separate alternative series branching from the same timeline (hence the sicilian war episode)?
@@saratmodugu2721 unlikely, but not sure
they did, look at china
No! They only destroyed a lot of cities in Kazakhstan
yea，don't kill the messenger😂
Lots of Mongol fans here. This won't be popular, but pre-Mongol Baghdad had more urbanisation and development in one city block than the entire steppe. I think it's important not to overstate this 'urbanisation' concept. It's bending the historical record to breaking point by asserting this was somehow a city building people. Before you get excited I'm a historian. I know how research works.
Imagine being a ”historian” and have a pfp of He-man while getting salty about ”someone is calling them a city building people!” Despite no one has ever said so. Did this hurt your little western ego? Good, cope harder. Nothing brings more joy than seeing tiny d*k energy individuals like you seething in the comment section whenever there’s a video about any culture that really slapped your ”ancestors” left and right like a pimp
You're historian? I didn't know how surprising 🎉🎉
Алтан орд🎉
Altan ord🎉
Kindas
Did the Mongols rebuild Baghdad or not ? And how was sBaghdad during the ilkhanate and afterwards?
Yes, after the conquest of Baghdad governors were appointed to oversee rebuilding of it. One of the longest-reigning governors was 'Ata-Malik Juvaini, a famous historian of the Mongol Empire (author of the Tarikh-i Jahan Gusha, one of the most important surviving sources on the early Mongol conquests), and brother of the vizier Shams al-Din. Baghdad apparently recovered quite well, though it's hard to say if it was back to pre-1258 levels in any regard. It remained a major city and economic centre under the Ilkhanate, and again an important political centre in late 14th century after the dissolution of the Ilkhanid state. Then came Emir Temur, who thoroughly sacked and massacred the city again (he took it twice, the 1401 siege being particularly brutal), after which it was basically a border/provincial city for centuries.
Ibn bututa visited Baghdad after it’s destruction and he said it was a city in a good condition, but not as good as it used to be
who cares
@@t3ngristttyou, apparently enough to comment.
Ордон🎉
Palace🎉
The Mongols demolished multiple historical fortifications and weren’t exactly known as being patrons of the arts. I would have loved to see Alamut or The House of Wisdom amongst many others. All lost to time.
✌️
When will the new vid about the current israel conflict come?
Algorithm
Well guess the Mongols ain't always that bad
there is evidence that along with the Yiddish Vikings they founded the city of Seagate in Coney Island, Brooklyn in the 6th century.
Sources to read on?
Why build when you can destroy
can we send the Mongols to rebuild San Francisco?
They did the killing and not the building
first
Sorry. At this stage of my lifetime I have little back-bone/income.
you didn’t say Ger, correctly