History of Prussia: Kings and Leaders / Hohenzollern

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  • Опубликовано: 20 янв 2025

Комментарии • 225

  • @Rheinund.
    @Rheinund. 2 года назад +2

    One of the First Mapping Videos. Good Video

  • @BarbaraSchudel
    @BarbaraSchudel 5 лет назад +5

    I am 100% Prussian ! Thank you for these videos, which bring Prussia 'back to life' :-) !

  • @Mars_junior
    @Mars_junior 7 лет назад +2

    This is a great video. I would be willing to bet this is one of the best youtube videos of 2010.

  • @ktwemhoff
    @ktwemhoff 9 лет назад +27

    Frederick the great was the best of them all.

    • @ktwemhoff
      @ktwemhoff 9 лет назад +8

      +Justin Liu Hahahahaha, you neo-n@zis never suprise me. He was the REASON glorious konigreich Preussen is gone today

    • @WolfMaker12
      @WolfMaker12 8 лет назад

      BURN!

    • @dylanproos4572
      @dylanproos4572 8 лет назад

      +Justin Liu dont forget the atomic bomb in Hiroshima that killed thousands of innocent people

    • @sebastianwesolowski1147
      @sebastianwesolowski1147 7 лет назад +1

      Prussian Eagle same here cus i played AoE3 xd

  • @hohaapril
    @hohaapril 10 лет назад +20

    Prussia will always be a place in my mind ;__;
    PRUSSIA RULEZ!!!!

    • @ktwemhoff
      @ktwemhoff 9 лет назад +1

      +hohaapril Preussen uber alles mein freund!

    • @dylanproos4572
      @dylanproos4572 8 лет назад +1

      Preussen ist cool

    • @colonistsfirst204
      @colonistsfirst204 8 лет назад

      hohaapril Prussia is a place when I look in mirror and see. I am Ritter and Bischoff! ect ect

  • @timsumrall
    @timsumrall 12 лет назад

    I love all your histories, makes Central European history understandable - thank you!

  • @1969cmp
    @1969cmp 9 лет назад +1

    Thank you for making this.

  • @alesignivau8032
    @alesignivau8032 10 лет назад +4

    Many thanks to Paul Riet for this excellent video which is even more precious as history in schools is no more taught according to the real facts. The moral values of Prussia and of the Hohenzollern are unfortunately missing in the corrupted world of today.

  • @nikkid4890
    @nikkid4890 7 лет назад +1

    Brilliant video showing where my family came from. Very sad though.

  • @jeffreygao3956
    @jeffreygao3956 Год назад +1

    Prussia lives forever!

  • @roberts6270
    @roberts6270 7 лет назад +13

    Silesia, Pomerania, East Prussia and Eastern parts of Brandenburg should be returned to Germany it's rightful owner. They were only supposed to be under Polish "administration" for a "transitional period" but the Polish ethnically cleansed all the 14 million inhabitants of eastern Germany and replaced them with Polish.

    • @bryanvogt3371
      @bryanvogt3371 5 лет назад +1

      @ElectroPea15 Yes, Stalin was paranoid about the Germans re-forming a state and attacking the USSR again. Churchill and FDR caved to his demands.

    • @xenq_4566
      @xenq_4566 4 года назад

      Germany nazi nation raus

  • @Salvus967
    @Salvus967 12 лет назад +1

    Ok well that gives me a better understanding thankyou! One other question I have.. Despite all of this, Berlin remained the capital of the Prussian Empire through out that Empire's existence right?

  • @OscarTartalo
    @OscarTartalo 6 лет назад

    Excellent video. Thank you.

  • @michaelyonda5308
    @michaelyonda5308 9 лет назад

    What's the song at 2:12 ?

  • @zubstep
    @zubstep 12 лет назад

    That's a really good question, and I don't know the answer to that. I'm more of a Polish history buff, so I'm hoping a Prussian history buff can weigh in on these details as much as you are.

  • @mollyhohenzollernstewart7444
    @mollyhohenzollernstewart7444 8 лет назад +15

    OMG my mother surname was von hohenzollern and it is my middle name now ,is it could be something to do with royalty lol

    • @Yougottacryforthis
      @Yougottacryforthis 8 лет назад +2

      +Molly Hohenzollern Stewart Lol this is actually pretty cool I for one wouldn't care to be in a Personal Union with you

    • @amykolterman3744
      @amykolterman3744 5 лет назад +2

      You would need to submit to genetic blood testing to find out.

  • @Blair2515
    @Blair2515 10 лет назад

    Excellent work

  • @robinator7051
    @robinator7051 9 лет назад +16

    4:43 I know what he does....he give us germans much power.

    • @ktwemhoff
      @ktwemhoff 9 лет назад +2

      +Roffel Keys (Captain Keys) HE DESTROYED GLORIOUS PREUSSEN. >:C

    • @urkm
      @urkm 8 лет назад +5

      +kt wemhoff well, actually he destroyed Prussia, any other German state and the German people itself

    • @TheGeneralHarith
      @TheGeneralHarith 8 лет назад

      Hitler dissolved the Free State of Prussia, making it all states. Also, as we see from previous Europe unifiers, Hitler got to war with every one that exists in Europe except for the Iberians and Sweden. Germany could not possibly fight them all; she was inevitably destined to lose. So Hitler shot himself at the foot. Making Germany lose Ost Preußen all together with Sileisa and Hinterpommern

    • @sarahmorrison1585
      @sarahmorrison1585 7 лет назад

      More like lost Germany Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia and some of Brandenburg and now all have to be reclaimed from the polish who have their sticky fingers all over the stolen Territories of Prussia.

    • @williamkeitel3994
      @williamkeitel3994 5 месяцев назад

      Hitler butchered Germany and Europe

  • @btnsvtbbpdbka
    @btnsvtbbpdbka 12 лет назад

    what's the name of the last music of this video?

  • @btnsvtbbpdbka
    @btnsvtbbpdbka 12 лет назад

    What's the music at end of this video?

  • @MontChevalier
    @MontChevalier 13 лет назад +1

    @HrichardH96 Could it have been cause of the Prussian's relations to the Papacy??? O=

  • @PatrickHanibal
    @PatrickHanibal 13 лет назад

    Great video please make more friend.

  • @zubstep
    @zubstep 12 лет назад

    Yes, that's more or less my understanding. Even though Frederick I was Duke of Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg, among other titles, he just called himself King in Prussia, no one wanted to fight over it, and it went on from there. If someone can add more information to this nuanced elevation to "Kingdom" under Frederick I that would be great!

  • @hellsingvankelly9388
    @hellsingvankelly9388 3 года назад +1

    The Most powerful country in the world

  • @Salvus967
    @Salvus967 12 лет назад

    Actually I was interested in what they were saying as it was clearing up some questions i had about early prussian history.

  • @refinedgluttony
    @refinedgluttony 11 лет назад +2

    Hetalia. History used to be just dusty old books for me. Thanks to this wonderful show, I can appreciate human history more. I hold great respect for Prussia, though its existence was short, they accomplished it big and loud. I love history now.

  • @CarolusR3x
    @CarolusR3x 12 лет назад +2

    Long live Prussia!

  • @alejandroalvmar
    @alejandroalvmar 9 лет назад

    How is your spring break so far Mr. Vasquez /o\

  • @maxzilla5987
    @maxzilla5987 6 лет назад

    song at the begining?

  • @Cheruka
    @Cheruka 14 лет назад

    super video

  • @Dailymailnewz
    @Dailymailnewz 14 лет назад

    very good

  • @Salvus967
    @Salvus967 12 лет назад

    So they went with the name 'Prussia' because it was the first territory they acquired which was outside the HRE and the first place where the title 'King' could be used?

  • @FlyingDucks21
    @FlyingDucks21 12 лет назад

    When Prussia was a subject to Poland (1525-Somedate I can't remember)
    Ostprussia(Might've spelled wrong) was Prussia's capital, it was in East Prussia and is now a province/state in Poland. But in 1701, when Prussia was formed again their capital has been Berlin, Brandenburg.

  • @ethalorecthellion9404
    @ethalorecthellion9404 11 лет назад

    When did Portugal send troops???

  • @zulfiqaruddin5889
    @zulfiqaruddin5889 9 лет назад +7

    Prussian state must be restored as an autonomous region.

    • @ktwemhoff
      @ktwemhoff 9 лет назад +1

      +Zulfiqar Uddin Bump dat, It is supposed to be German

    • @alexschonski3637
      @alexschonski3637 8 лет назад +2

      agreed and when that is done Poland and Russia can pay all refugees who fled reparations for taking property and homes , my fathers family lost everything they had . 13 million people were expelled

    • @sarahmorrison1585
      @sarahmorrison1585 7 лет назад

      Between 13 to 14 Million Germans were ethnically cleansed from Eastern Germany by Polish, 2.6 Million German mostly women children and elderly were killed.

  • @fas852
    @fas852 13 лет назад

    I am reading a book titled Bismark, a life. Did Prussia really produce great able leaders and kings? It's amazing several Germans states united in a short amount of time to become Germany of today. Except for bad leadership under Hitler which ruined the country, pre WW2 was exceptional. Many nations which have histories in thousands of years have sub par legacies, but Prussia with Geramn states created a vibrant political and economic power.

  • @jamesjanetzki6324
    @jamesjanetzki6324 2 года назад

    … can you comment on the large (?) migrations under Frederick William II & III please in the later 1830’s, 40’s & 50’s. I understand as well as South Australia (both my mother’s & father’s people, same for my wife) USA, Canada & Sth Africa were also destinations. …

  • @antiochostheos
    @antiochostheos 13 лет назад +2

    "This one here is Prussia." How could it come so far??? ):

  • @Lordoftheringwraiths
    @Lordoftheringwraiths 13 лет назад +1

    Frederik William II is Captain Antilles

  • @kosepus100ny
    @kosepus100ny 10 лет назад +3

    Ofcurse i show intrest in Prussia im of Prussian blood follow my dna my family came from todays Berlin area even documents showes us that my many great Grand father fought as a Prussian Granadier in the firsht and second selican wars firsht as a privet next as a L.T before he retired then moved to Sweden (reason unknowed) and hes grand son moved to Norway to become a woods man and here i am now 200 years later wrighting to you guys

  • @spam1138
    @spam1138 13 лет назад +1

    so after ww1 germany was un-united?

  • @IPlayWithFire135
    @IPlayWithFire135 11 лет назад

    How?

  • @tombry76wawa
    @tombry76wawa 9 лет назад

    December 1, 1469 at a Sejm in Piotrków Trybunalski, Grand Master Heinrich Reuß von Plauen paid homage to King Casimir IV Jagiellon,
    20 November 1470, at a Sejm in Piotrków Trybunalski, Grand Master Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg paid homage to King Casimir IV,
    9 October 1479 at Nowy Korczyn, Grand Master Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen paid homage to King Casimir IV,
    18 November 1489 at Radom, Grand Master Johann von Tiefen paid homage to King Casimir IV,
    29 May 1493, Grand Master Johann von Tieffen paid homage to King John I Albert.

  • @PKtheFirst
    @PKtheFirst 14 лет назад +1

    Bring back Prussia!

  • @heydeho
    @heydeho 11 лет назад

    :) super!

  • @TobiasRD
    @TobiasRD 14 лет назад

    You could have added how Frederick I. officially made Prussia a kingdom in 1701. Other than that, great.

  • @Fifotsariat
    @Fifotsariat 12 лет назад

    Are the german people learn this?

  • @73hd99w
    @73hd99w 13 лет назад

    you forgot to mention the part with the guy called napoleon

  • @Salvus967
    @Salvus967 12 лет назад

    So basically, Prussia was just a territory that came under the control of Brandenburg? So why didn't they call it the Brandenburg Empire? Is it because 'Prussia' sounds better, or easier to say?

  • @Valteron8
    @Valteron8 11 лет назад

    Sehr gute Vorstellung, Danke! Ich bin Kanadier der Deutsch gelernt hat. (Mein Deutsch is dehalb nicht sehr gut.) Sie meinen also dass die Preußen ursprünglich keine Deutsche waren? Wirklich?

  • @roberts6270
    @roberts6270 7 лет назад

    14 million Germans were ethnically cleansed from eastern Germany after WW2. Around 10 million Germans were ethnically cleansed from Prussia alone from Silesia, Pomerania and East Prussia. This was the largest incident of ethnic cleansing in history but somehow it's seldom mentioned in history books or documentary films about Prussia or WW2.

  • @Jonnymur
    @Jonnymur 12 лет назад

    Wrong, the dutchy of prussia is a other country and it isn't the kingdom of prussia. Brandenburg was after the thirty-years-war renamed into Brandenburg-Prussia and in 1701 into Prussia. So it's nearly identical.

  • @anubis14400
    @anubis14400 11 лет назад

    I like it

  • @Salvus967
    @Salvus967 12 лет назад

    Brandenburg wasn't really owned by the Prussian monarchy now was it? It became part of Brandenburg after all thier male heirs died out and the Brandenburger prince married to the eldest Prussian daughter took over. Then from there, the Hohenzollerns, who had been ruling out of Brandenburg since before that union, continued to rule for several monarchs. I'm not sure how you think the Prussian monarchy ruled over Brandenburg. I am also not sure why the Empire ended up being called 'Prussia'.

    • @picklebrine7611
      @picklebrine7611 6 лет назад

      Salvus967 it ended up being called Prussia due to Prussia being able to become a kingdom, while Brandenburg couldn’t due to hre restrictions. Thus, since Kingdoms are more prestigious than Electorates/Dukedoms, the title King in Prussia was preferred over Elector of Brandenburg, and the name Prussia was preferred over Brandenburg, despite the Hohenzollerns being from Brandenburg.

  • @TheKatz84
    @TheKatz84 12 лет назад +1

    Preussen ist unsere Zukunft !

  • @colonistsfirst204
    @colonistsfirst204 8 лет назад

    I am a Ritter and Bischoff ect ect ect.. And my grandfather's service in every branch sense the first breath of the Prussian military. My grandfathers Riehm were Hessian mercenaries married to Bischoff who's mother was Ritter.

  • @dariusznowak9599
    @dariusznowak9599 4 года назад

    Why Prussia ? Why ?

  • @flittermouse1233
    @flittermouse1233 8 лет назад +3

    Sooooo Prussia became Brandenburg? I thought Germany somewhat dissolved it, the Allies finished up, and Russia renamed Könginsberg Kallinigrad. Sorry, I'm just a little confused. After the HRE=Aus incident I like to have my fact and fiction neatly organized.

    • @urkm
      @urkm 8 лет назад +2

      +Flitter Mouse The Allys dissolved Prussia after WWII, that's true. But since there hasn't been any other country in the area of today's region of Brandenburg than Prussia for the last 400 years and Brandenburg was in the center of Prussia (Potsdam, its capital is also the capital of Brandenburg) it's somehow seen as Prussias heir :)

    • @flittermouse1233
      @flittermouse1233 8 лет назад

      That makes a lot of sense. Thank you!

    • @MrTopmarks
      @MrTopmarks 8 лет назад

      Prussia is a fake country that's why it was taken off the map, Germans came in under the HRE and stole the land from a Balt tribe.. But all the Germans have been sent home there is no place for them in these areas!!

    • @Aerial0Black
      @Aerial0Black 8 лет назад +2

      +Flitter Mouse It's pretty interesting how Prussia became Brandenburg.
      After the Duchy of Prussia itself became independent from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden in the Second Northern War, Prussia was the only Hohenzollern possession independent of any other power. When the War of the Spanish Succession broke out, the Holy Roman Emperor promised to grant Frederick III the title King IN Prussia (read: not OF) in exchange for help against fighting France.
      When Frederick the Great partitioned the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and connected East Prussia to Brandenburg 70 years later, he decided that the title was stupid and crowned himself King OF Prussia, pretty much ending the HRE's "Bohemia is the only kingdom" rule.

    • @flittermouse1233
      @flittermouse1233 8 лет назад

      +Teemobile Thanks a lot! I laughed when you said Fredrick thought his title was stupid.

  • @phongketoantst310
    @phongketoantst310 6 лет назад

    As I known the Kingdom of Prussian in 17 -> 19 century started from the Brandenburg, the Elector of Brandenburg had the title of the Prussian through marriage and claimed himself the King odd Prussian but most of the Prussian land were conquered by Polish, Lithuanian and other Germany state

  • @Frankman725
    @Frankman725 12 лет назад

    This makes me want to play some EUIII.

  • @thewolfstarfire
    @thewolfstarfire 11 лет назад +4

    Oh god, here comes the Hetalia

  • @83Framer
    @83Framer 11 лет назад

    cool

  • @darthkarr
    @darthkarr 13 лет назад

    Frederick III was really the last chance of stopping world war I and eventually II....if he had survived long enough, or gained the throne sooner, there was a good chance that the tensions that were caused by bismarck (through his father) would never have lead to the war...mabye even long enough to produce another heir so wilhem II would never have gained the throne

  • @Rottensparrow
    @Rottensparrow 12 лет назад

    Its because it wasn't called Poland-Lithuania but "Rzeczpospolita" and we use this name as our official to these days.

  • @zubstep
    @zubstep 12 лет назад

    I'll try to keep this short... Brandenburg was in the Holy Roman Empire (HRE). While HRE was in existence and of any significance, there was only one King for all the countries in the HRE: that being the Emperor of the HRE himself. So the Elector of Brandenburg would not go by "King." Until of course he gained Prussia as a territory, which lay outside the HRE. He called himself "King in Prussia" and so he has a higher status and that's why the country is "Prussia" and not "Brandenburg."

    • @TheGeneralHarith
      @TheGeneralHarith 8 лет назад

      Err no. Austria was an Arch Duchy, and the only Kingdom in the Empire, err well, is the Kingdom of Bohemia, but sooner or later that title goes to Austria, after succeeding the Bohemian throne

  • @stelbel8186
    @stelbel8186 11 лет назад

    yes very good.

  • @tombry76wawa
    @tombry76wawa 9 лет назад +1

    In 1525 there isnt any Prussia. It was Polish vasal. Prussian Homage in 1525 to 1660 all Prusia and to 1772 part of Prussia.

    • @TheGeneralHarith
      @TheGeneralHarith 8 лет назад

      It IS a Polish vassal, but somehow got in a personal union under Brandenburg

  • @Jonnymur
    @Jonnymur 12 лет назад

    Prussia wasn't renamed into brandenburg after WW2. It was dissolved in 1947.

  • @Allbendias
    @Allbendias 12 лет назад

    The gentlemans war ended with world war one.

  • @concars1234
    @concars1234 5 лет назад +1

    Prussia got circumcised between 1933-1945

  • @joker12346969
    @joker12346969 11 лет назад

    What are you talking about? This is my first time commenting. I know you posted this 2 months ago but this that was the first time I saw the comment.

  • @hoihallo9685
    @hoihallo9685 13 лет назад

    You should use there orginal German names and not there "Englished" version, so Wilhelm instead of William.

  • @ieceineint452
    @ieceineint452 8 лет назад +7

    Awesome Prussia is just as awesome as hetalia says

  • @Jonnymur
    @Jonnymur 12 лет назад

    No, Brandenburg is nearly identical with the kingdom of prussia. The dutchy of prussia became a part of Brandenburg. Brandenburg never became a part of the kingdom of prussia, because it was only renamed in 1701 into prussia. Look at Frederick III/I.

  • @LtBuckCompton
    @LtBuckCompton 13 лет назад

    I just forgot, today Wilhelm II came to power O_o

  • @SuperTicktricktrack
    @SuperTicktricktrack 12 лет назад

    Friedrich not Frederick and Wilhelm not William but the video is good !!!

  • @Antunez99
    @Antunez99 12 лет назад

    Portugal and Hanover were also allies of Frederick the Great...

  • @KeepAnimeDegenerate
    @KeepAnimeDegenerate 11 лет назад

    Only the southern half. The northern half is now the Kaliningrad Oblast.

  • @3watamu
    @3watamu 8 лет назад

    Only my understanding was that Prussians were not German. They even spoke a different language until the Christians hammered them for centuries before they succumbed in both numbers and language... so where are the real Prussians now?

  • @Rottensparrow
    @Rottensparrow 12 лет назад

    prussian king has no title "king of the prussia" until Polish kingdom existed

    • @TheGeneralHarith
      @TheGeneralHarith 8 лет назад

      wat? The only reason why there is no 'King of Prussia' is because only duchies are allowed in the Holy Roman Empire

  • @FulmenTheFinn
    @FulmenTheFinn 13 лет назад

    @spam1138 No. But under the monarchy Prussia held dominance over the other states. After Germany became a Republic that no longer was true.

  • @robertmodlinski3186
    @robertmodlinski3186 3 года назад

    [2/2] Why not to start from the beginning and mention 1226: the Teutonic Knights coming to Masovian Duchy, Kingdom of Poland, from Akka in Palestine, wow amazing is it it?). Created a state, the Teutonic Independent state 1226 - 1466, growing and becoming enormously powerful, losing finally its independence to the Kingdom of Poland and 1466 in the second piece of Thorn. Hmmm… do not miss the Battle of Grunwald, 1410, biggest battle in medieval Europe - a beginning of a decline of once mighty and powerful Teutonic Order state (protoplast of Duchy and Kingdom of Prussia). 1266 - 1410 - mighty and powerful. 1410 - 1466 losing its advantage to the emerging regional power, united states of Kingdom of Poland and Great Duchy of Lithuania. Losing its western territory to Poland and the rest of the territory becoming a fief to Kingdom of Poland between 1466 - 1525. In 1525 the state transformed from the Teutonic Order state to the Duchy of Prussia and was neither independent nor powerful. Duchy of Prussia was a vassal of the Polish Crown - it was a fief of Kingdom of Poland for another 120 years, 1525- 1657. The rest of the days are also fascinating, growing as a Duchy of Prussia 1657 - 1701, becoming a kingdom of Prussia in 1701, growing fast, and becoming a leader of German Empire in 1871. In 1918 transforming into Free State of Prussia (not a kingdom anymore). From 1914 to 1947 losing plenty of territories. In 1947 vanishing from the world map and the history. The formal abolition of Prussia occurred on 25 February 1947, after II WW by decree of the Allied Control Council. Control Council Law No. 46: The Prussian State ceased to exist on February 25, 1947.

  • @TobiasRD
    @TobiasRD 13 лет назад

    @MrStaxxy
    Aw, come on, don't you miss the friendly rivalry we had? Yeah, okay, it could get a bit bloody at times, but that's just occupational hazard.

  • @yaketysaks
    @yaketysaks 13 лет назад

    @GorgenGortex wow... i didn't know people like you existed

  • @InquisitorderWahrheit24
    @InquisitorderWahrheit24 9 лет назад +4

    es lebe groß Deutschland

  • @Jonnymur
    @Jonnymur 12 лет назад

    Frederick William is correct, because it's the english variation. You allways call persons in the lenguage you speak.

  • @Happyhobo117
    @Happyhobo117 13 лет назад

    @MontChevalier Amen to that! Or the Habsburgs. I am like you

  • @joker12346969
    @joker12346969 11 лет назад

    He was the leader of Germany so therefore he's the leader of Prussia.

  • @Rottensparrow
    @Rottensparrow 12 лет назад

    well in XVII century Poland was the richest and strongest country in europe, but in XVIII goverment ruled by noblemans was corrupted by russia, prussia, austria..

  • @Rottensparrow
    @Rottensparrow 12 лет назад

    no, prussia became grow because of partipations of Polish kingdom

  • @crackshack2
    @crackshack2 11 лет назад +1

    Prussia is part of poland now

  • @norbonorebo1798
    @norbonorebo1798 11 лет назад +1

    You should enter a nose picking contest.

  • @Francesko263
    @Francesko263 12 лет назад +1

    Poland was too weak to stand against Prussia.

  • @glendamoncayo7641
    @glendamoncayo7641 6 лет назад

    50 years from the 2nd king

  • @OktaviusBiedermann
    @OktaviusBiedermann 10 лет назад

    Please German names spelled German.

  • @saberwulfchan
    @saberwulfchan 12 лет назад

    The great and awesome Prussia died very weirdly...
    losing power until it just became a german state
    Germany: Submit to me bruder!!!!!
    Prussia: of course i will! feel my 5 meters of awesome

  • @MrStaxxy
    @MrStaxxy 13 лет назад

    @Fliegengott666
    Now you're saying it, if prussia come back with german army, france will probably beat them.
    For once.

  • @MrStaxxy
    @MrStaxxy 14 лет назад

    @PKtheFirst
    As a french, I've no interest to see prussia coming back :/

  • @bananapowR
    @bananapowR 12 лет назад

    The question is were lies the future of central europe

  • @dennisjohnfrivaldo9112
    @dennisjohnfrivaldo9112 11 лет назад

    Call it Prussia or Brandenburg