Charging R-22 into an Air Conditioner that is VERY LOW on Refrigerant!
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- Опубликовано: 30 сен 2024
- In This HVACR Training Video, I Show the Process of Charging R-22 Refrigerant into an Air Conditioning Unit Condensor in Real-Time Step By Step. The System had a Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV) so I Checked the Charge with the Subcooling Method. I added 2lbs of Freon into this Unit and I show each of the steps from connection, purging the air, weighing refrigerant, charging refrigerant from the liquid hose back in, disconnect, and leak test, along with the installation of the service caps. I used 2 valves, 3 port gauges, the ST4 Dual SensorTemp Reader, and a Digital Scale.
Supervision is needed by a licensed HVAC Tech before doing this as Experience and Apprenticeship garners Wisdom and Safety.
Tools Used In The Video
Digital Refrigerant Scale amzn.to/2b9oXYl
Imperial Kwik Charge 535-C- amzn.to/2uipEI6
Fieldpiece ST4 Dual Temp Meter- amzn.to/2wc1ME3
Yellow Jacket Refrigerant Gauge Set - amzn.to/2aenwTq
Refrigerant hoses with valves - amzn.to/2aBumVI
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Information in this video is intended for educational purposes only. Any work related to the topics in this video should be performed by licensed technicians or by apprentices under the supervision of licensed technicians. AC Service Tech LLC is not responsible for any possible damages or injuries caused by the use or misuse of any information provided. ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
#hvacr #hvacr #hvactrainingvideos #hvactraining #hvactraining101 #acservice #acservicetech #refrigerant #manifold #low #TXV #subcooling #superheat #sensor #scale #leak #freon #disconnect
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For those that are looking for the tools used in the videos: (Linked Below)
Here is a link to the Digital Refrigerant Scale used amzn.to/2b9oXYl
Here is a link to Refrigerant hoses with valves used in the videos amzn.to/2aBumVI
Here is the Link for the Yellow Jacket Refrigerant Manifold Gauge Set used in the videos amzn.to/2aenwTq
Here is the Yellow Jacket Manifold Gauge Set including standard hoses- amzn.to/2vLVkV9
Here is the link for the Imperial Kwik Charge 535-C- amzn.to/2uipEI6
Here is the link to the Fieldpiece ST4 Dual Temp Meter- amzn.to/2wc1ME3
Here is the Yellow Jacket 4 Port Brute Manifold with Hoses- amzn.to/2BkuGIq
Here is the Fieldpiece SMAN460 Digital Manifold Set- amzn.to/2nB4Fe6
Here is the Fieldpiece SMAN360 Digital Manifold Set- amzn.to/2BdoaD4
Here is the Compact Ball Valve Attachment for the end of the Refrigerant Hose- amzn.to/2KUisW8
Here is the Quick Disconnect 90 degree attachment for the end of the refrigerant hose- amzn.to/2MMtVcg
Here is the link to the Appion Valve Core Removal Tool- amzn.to/2uYr8WL
Here is a link to the JB 6 CFM Vacuum Pump amzn.to/2nqbvo8
Here is the Link to the Appion Blue 3/8" to 1/4" Vacuum Hose- amzn.to/2uYlVyc
Here is the Link to the Appion Red 3/8" to 1/4" Vacuum Hose- amzn.to/2uYg6Ro
Here is the link to the Yellow Jacket 1/4" by 1/4" heavy duty hose straight- amzn.to/2umtcod
Here is the link to the CPS Vacuum Micron Gauge- amzn.to/2v1nM3O
Here is a link for RectorSeal Bubble Gas Leak Detector amzn.to/2ckWACn
Here is a link the Nitrogen Regulator amzn.to/2bXdR5f
Here is a link to the Nitrogen Flow Meter amzn.to/2brvoBg
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When you purge the air out of the hoses, do you do it with the compressor running or with the compressor turned off? Does it makes a difference? If the compressor is running while you attach the hoses, doesn't the compressor suck in the air in the blue suction hose, before you even get to purge the air out of the hoses and manifold? It sounded like the compressor was running while you purged. Thank you for great videos!!
I just wanted to say that you are one of the best HVAC RUclipsrs there is. What really sets you apart from the rest is that you take the time to answer ALL questions that are asked. That is simply amazing and is very rare in our RUclips world. We should all be grateful. Keep up the good work! 👍👍👍
Thank you very much Mr. Roberts!
I'll second that!
I agree hreat great video. May I ask a question ..
I have a 3 zone central 5 ton a.c.. The return line outsde began freezing over on a really hot day (I'm in AZ and it was 115 outside, 110asf evaporator end in a 110 attic. The ac strruggled and cpuld not bring the imsode temp.down to 79
Normally it can with moderate effort I usually would suspect air. Flow so I removed all filters and forced open all 3 zone flaps . also I force the loop back (its of thw the air flow versus weight type) tube closed. Pleanty of air flow ... But still ice. High side pressure is near 250lb r22. The sub heat qas near 25 Dee grees and the plate tells me its designed for 10 degress. I happen to have a recovery bottle. I removed aboit 4 lbs of r22 to get the sub heat close to about 15 degrees. The frost is gone ... But why? If anything I would wxpect more frost due to under charge. Toy eye it seems like the last guy may have signifocantly overchaflrged it .. But I dont understand the frost relationship. Ps this unit is responsible for about 2300 ft2 of the house. A smaller unit handles a desperate floor and had no issue . how bout an R22B retrofit video?
Great info. Perfect Sunday morning, coffee and Hvac videos. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks Dean Martin 1966, nice!
Thank you for the video, well explained and to the point, you are a very patient instructor not many nowadays! Again thanks.
I got to tell you my friend you are very smooth and gentle operator of your profession and that's why people like to see that kind expertise that you present on the video.
Excellent video keep up the good work.
Thank you
Thank you very much Nurfet Alic!
@Apstore Login you could possibly overcharge then you'll have to get a recovery tank and recover the overcharged refrigerant
Dude i always do what you do on my every service. and it actually works.very nice. keep on uploading you're a very very big help!
Thanks The Processor!
Were you able to find the leak prior to adding the r22? If not how long was the customer able to enjoy a previously charge? Ie when was the system charged with refrigerant previously?
Hey my head pressure is 356 with 410 my stuff works fine but is that bad?
Does the compressor needs to run for me to add refrigerant? Im having issues of my compressor will turn on for less than 5 sec then stay shut off
Is R22 becoming scarce? My local ac company is telling me it will continue to get more expensive and will soon be unavailable. They want me to change to the new stuff - $$$.
Nope. Check eBay. Bottles of it, lbs of it, cases of it, pallets of it.
R22 is getting phased out so they won’t be making any more. That’s why the cost is going up. There are R22 alternatives .
Buy some yourself and then have a tech install it and keep the remainder. This happened with R12 in cars. Prices went up, people switched over to the the inferior R134a and moved on. Now R12 prices are way down with drop in demand.
Second Opinion - that's a great idea. I'll look into that - thanks.
Why don't u charge it in vapour form because the liquid form is going to damage the compressor
What was your working pressure for this unit on the low side and high side for this R-22 system??? Also thanks for making these videos simple btw I bought your book from the website as added reference to my other HVAC books can't wait to receive mine.
79psi on the low side and 192 on the high side. This was an R-22 14 seer condenser. These were the pressures but we are more concerned with sat temps, thanks and I am excited to hear what you think of the book! Thanks!
Thank you
Thanks for posting. I have an R22 and have had the AC tech over a couple times. Always wanted to know what was going on.
Isn't that liquid form must be charged from the high side and vapour on low side
I have a Goodman 5-ton R-22 system. I connected my gauges and the low side read 90 psi; the high side read 335 psi. What in the world were those reasons for such outrageous numbers?
Why it was slow in refrigerant.? Wouldn't be better to check for leak.?
hi, while adding refrigerant to the low side, the pressure and temp. did not move at all. (only the high side readings go up) . is this because the txv is set to maintain a constant superheat? thank you.
If you were using the atomizer thing how would you add the refrigerant then? Like normal? A little at a time? Thanks for someone answering me in advance.
Just added 3 lbs of r22 via liquid and i got the superheat exactly where i wanted but im still worried that i overcharged. Didnt get to clean the coils like i nornally would before charging.
You did it at the ideal way, I never seen tech working at this precise way. Thank you
Thank you very much Abdulwahab! This must be done for compressor safety and for efficiency, thanks!
That is a shame some techs are just getting by just setting what they think are the correct pressures. Not only is the system not set completely correct but it becomes very difficult when a tech can't diagnose why those pressure readings aren't working such as low airflow and liquid line restriction as well as other problems, thanks
AC Service Tech LLC Exactly, and to keep sys free of humidity and dirt, this simple things voided the customer a many of service and cost in future.
Yes, yes, absolutely, do the best for the customer. It doesn't take much longer, thanks!
Can we charging liquid to the high side, because you’re give it as liquid,
The bottle pressure is higher than the suction pressure but lower pressure than the liquid pressure. We charge into the low side with bottle pressure and we recover with the high side pressure into the recovery bottle, thanks chen chris!
@@acservicetechchannel and
Great detail and explanation.
Thanks Roger!
I have a R12/ R134a / and one other. With a PT chart and those gauges I should be able to get close, right?
I can’t see the metering valve and they covered the name plate. So frustrating. It’s a 3 ton 1986 whirlpool.
I like the longer video, thanks for the good info.
Thanks 404 Refrigeration!
I thought ur only supposed to charge r 22 as a vapor
Grat video my friend tanks
Thanks for the visit
How free should the condenser fan be to turn by hand. Should it turn 2 blades worth or a full revolution?
Why did you flip it upside down when you could just charge right side up
I wanted to do it faster than in vapor form since I knew I was very low and since I was trying to do this as much as I could in real time for the video. It would have taken much longer in vapor form but would still be doable. I added small amounts at a time, took a break and then charged again. Most us us are also very used to charging as a liquid since we work with so many blend refrigerants as well. Thats all, I could have done in vapor and sometimes do, thanks Matt!
If your low on r22 can you use another refrigeratorant as a replacement such as r422?
I appreciate your training.
I appreciate that!
Thanks for the video, you are the greatest instructor.
You don't need to make it so technical. It is not that complicated.
Why it was low on refrigerant, was there any leak ? First we need to fix the reason
Thanks a lot! It's a great video tutorial. 🙏
Thanks Alb!
My charge goes really slow it took like an hour to get 1lb in.
I really enjoy these quasi-realtime vids as they prove patience is a virtue...and blow and go is not an option
how would you charge and work out cooling if only suction pipe is available,do you look at psi,there is no high side to clamp to
If only the low side vapor line is available and the system has a fixed orifice metering device such as a piston or capillary tube, you can use the Total superheat method to check the charge. If it has a txv metering device, subcooling is used. I have everything I want to explain to techs in reference to working with refrigerants put in my book that is available at my website www.acservicetech.com and on amazon thanks!
wont the compressor overheat if its so low as your adding the freon so slowly wont it overheat before you can get enough in to cool it down
It wont overheat in that short of a time frame and the superheat was not that high thanks
Much respect.
Thanks Electric Boogie!
If the intent was to add more gas through the low side and the high side valve was closed at the manifold, could you please explain why you need to purge the red hose (high side)?
Thanks for the video!!
After you're finished, if you have shut off valves on your lines, you shut off your high side and you open your low side and let it pull your high side line down. If you didn't purge your high side line when you started, you'll be putting that air into the system.
@@mlyons31I do not have shut off valves on my lines. If I understand correctly, I do not need to purge the high side and no air should get into the system correct? The high side hose would be just to measure the pressure. Thank you!!
@@diegotube10 - Yeah, If your lines don't have valves or you don't connect to a system with a king valve, no need to purge high side line, but I purge through the center just to be safe.
Thanx for a great video. Our older Lennox HP29 outdoor unit was using emergency heat for a few months in the winter. I had watched A LOT of You Tube videos during the late winter months anticipating adding refrigerant in the spring. Knowing the Schrader valve cores are a common leaking problem I purchased a "leakless" tool to replace them last week (Mid May) before recharging the unit. I had very little pressure when using the tool to replace the cores. I used the chart from the service manual and slowly recharged the system (used 2.5 pounds of R22 in a 4 pound 2 Oz. system!!) After charging system I sprayed both the service valve cores and valve body areas with soap/water solution. I found our leak was the Stem Cap on the high pressure side valve. I gently snugged it up and the leak stopped. My question is with tool you used it only checked the valve cores and wouldn't have found the leak that I had? I did gently rinse and blow out the soap and water from both valve core area's before putting the valve caps on.
I am new in the field, and want to thank you, every time when in doubt I look for your videos, very explanatory, easy to understand.
Glad to help
I wasnt shown how to use subcool or super heat I was told hook up both sides and bleed yellow until it shoots out then crack blue valve a little at a time until the temp is about 40° on the suction side. that way seems a lot easier than all this other stuff that makes no sense to me. also I don't have an temp meter. I'd like to learn more about ac but damn it's complicated. sub cool temp ambient temp pressures head space blah blah. sounds like Spanish to me.
Then start learning Spanish 😂😂
And you didn't seem concerned about WB DB. Why?? Thanks.
This unit had a txv and it was above 70 degrees F inside and above 70 degrees F outside so we use subcooling as the charging method for txv systems with a single speed compressor, thanks
I have a 3 1/2 ton package unit that shows very high super heat [ 26 } and low subcooling {12 to 6 degrees, high side flucuates slowely from 97 to 102 degrees R-22 ] don't see any rated values for the subcooling on any data plate. There is a chart with many numbers comparing outdoor air temp with entering indoor temp and has MBH, S/T, AMPS HI PR, and LO PR values. How does one proceed to figure the rated subcooling.? It has two TXV's and the evaporater coil did freeze. I though i was going to find ice on the TXV or filter dryer but didnt. The intake [vapor] line to the compressor iced up after start but went away after 15 min. Looks like Its might be low on R-22 charge.
Love your videos and have my certificate. Im a home owner and know just enough to get in over my head.
Would you add the R22 slowly like you did even if you use the Imperial Tool 535C Kwik Charge Liquid Low Side Charger? Or would you just open it up all the way using that tool?
What a great video!!
Question if I find a system completely flat, do I have to pull a vacuum to charge the unit back up? Or will it suck in the liquid without the vacuum process. Thank you
If u find unit flat u have to add nitrogen / little freon “-“ and find the leak then pull / filter dryer / vacuum add freon the vacuum process is too make sure no water in the system water is bad with or without vacuum it will take the “-freon”
Find and fix the leak. Pressure test with nitrogen. Change all shader valves also. Pull vacuum, acid test compressor. Go to school for this like everyone else that paid alot of money to be teached and don't rely on free you tube videos
@@ronnyoo9371 also I have no idea why but sometimes I have came across the valve has been turned and not set back to proper position. It will give you no pressure on guages. It is rare but when coming in after some one that doesn't know there shit, it can happen
I understand today's Video - my question of the day is: Let's Assume you just did a major repair and the same unit in the video is EMPTY of R-22 - What is the best way to load 7.6 Lbs. of R-22. My assumption is it is completely evacuated and you could load in the 7.6 Lbs. of R-22 with the unit off using the Vacuum to let the R-22 in using the scale to make sure you put in the correct amount. Then you would fire up the unit and check the Sub-cooling.
Yes, you would vacuum the system, do the standing vacuum test with the pump off and the pump isolated from the system to make sure that the micron level doesn't rise. Then break the vacuum with liquid refrigerant into the liquid line up to the wieght stated on the side of the rating plate, depending on lineset length. You could charge just shy of that number, then turn the unit on and charge the rest using superheat or subcooling as needed, thanks Hank! Here are two videos on that- ruclips.net/video/RA7BY7dixIg/видео.html --- ruclips.net/video/RA7BY7dixIg/видео.html
Thank You that is my preferred way of working with a ZERO R-22 addition
Yeah, we always do that when a system is empty and it is the tech's choice to weigh exact due to length and rating plate or to charge slightly less and finish the last few ounces while the unit is on. We are usually forced to weigh in exact during the winter with heat pumps unless there is a manufacturer charging guide specific to that unit, thanks Hank!
Do you need to purge if your just checking not adding?
Look up "acservicetech connect disconnect" you would because we charge the liquid back into the system before the disconnect, thanks
Do you turn of the condenser unit when your adding refrigerant? Or you turn it off and keep the in door fan on or everything off or both on thank you
The unit have to be on when charging..
Hi, at 3:23 you add the Freon to the system and use a SCALE to weigh the refrigerant bottle to determine how many lbs were added. Is this the only way to determine how much Freon was added to the system. My old Lennox A/C 2.5 ton R22 says it can hold 5.7 lbs. How do you determine how much Freon you need to add ? R22 is way over $100 per lb now right ?
Hello there. I charged an old split air conditioner unit from scratch with R22 refrigerant in gas form. Only the steam line of the unit has a service port, and the liquid line does not have a port. Therefore, I connected the thermometer to the steam line and started to charge the gas. I charged it until the internal unit was blowing cool, but the reading on the thermometer didn't tell me much. Outdoor temperature 36 Celcius (96.8 F), gas line temperature approximately 18 Celcius (64.4 F), Gas line pressure 5.2 Bar (75.42 Psi) with unit running. Then the compressor of the unit got hot and stopped. What should I do now? What is the pressure to read in the R22 gas line?
I think I just put air in my system
The hoses were not purged in the order you just showed. And I thought the r22 bottle was supposed to be upright. Hope I didn't ruin anything....
A singe component refrigerant such as R-22 can be charged into the system as a vapor or as a liquid. Liquid charging would need to be done slowly for compressor safety but if you weighed in upright then that would be fine. If you didn't purge the air then yes you have air in the lines. How bad it is, not sure. Did you check superheat or subcooling to verify you are at the correct charge? Does anything seem off in your readings?
@@acservicetechchannel hi Craig I sent you an email earlier. Actually before I did this
Its the same unit. R22 fixed. Just getting myself confused
I will look and get back with you there. Just crossing off a lot of questions here right now, ha ha, thanks
It looks like you may have never purged the red hose! You filled the service hose with refrigerant from the system thru the blue hose while purging it, then you opened the high side manifold valve very briefly and blew some of the refrigerant already in the yellow hose but never blew all the air out of the red hose.
I tried to find an AC Service Tech video about how and when to add oil to the system but couldn't find one. If you have never done one, would you consider doing one because all the videos out there about oil (except for the one by DENSO manufacturer) are not very good. Thanks for all the great videos!!
Why is R22 upside down? I thought 410A is charged using upside method?
I have a question. I'm running 75 psi on low side and 260 psi on high side it's about 110 degrees outside in Houston with heat index. The stat holds at 75 but runs all day long and inside temp goes up to about 76 in the heat of the day, about 58 degree supply air. I've checked for door leaks filters, closed blinds changed stat. It runs all day and shuts off when it starts to get dark. But runs all day to hold 75 degrees, subscribed thank you very helpful video
How do you keep the compressor going when you're low on refrigerant and it wants to short cycle
Do you just hold the contractor in
VERY LOW on refrigerant, I thought would start at like 20psi which has a couple of extra considerations
So just to be clear you charge refrigerant through the liquid line only when then system has a vacuum pulled on it? Then when the pressure equalizes in the tank, you turn on the system and switch to the low side and flash the refrigerant in? Thanks for all your help, just purchased the book, card and workbook combo from the website. Learning a ton from your teachings. I appreciate it.
Hello Craig,i just have a question,what about if we have low pressure at high side line and high pressure in the low side one?,lets say 195 in high and 150 in low? On r22,thanks
I was wondering,because you charging
The bottle pressure is higher than the suction pressure but lower pressure than the liquid pressure. We charge into the low side with bottle pressure and we recover with the high side pressure into the recovery bottle, thanks chen chris!
Thank you for this video. What type of the temperature meter do you use in this video? Can I use a laser probe? Also the R22 freone tank I have has two valves blue and red, do you know what these are used for and how to connect the manifold gauge to the bottle?
Just saw this video. since R22 needs to be charged in viper form, why you turned the tank upside down? can you charge R22 without turn the tank upside down? Thanks
hi sir I have a question for you , my ac had zero freon (r22) , I watched lots of your great video But I can't find the video how to charge R22 freon from the empty, do we charge it through the low or the high sid hose? I will buy all the tool from your web. below thanks
If this unit did NOT have a TXV, would the high and low pressures have ended up the same as in this video ( 70/200), or very close to that?
Yes
Love your videos man keep up the good work
Glad you like them!
In the comment section I read 400sq ft is equal to 1 ton , that's wrong , what I learned in the school 500sq ft is equal to 1 ton plz correct me if I am wrong
When you say you closed the valve for charging the remaining refrigerant in the service hose, I'm assuming you mean the tank valve? But do you also close ball valve as well and completely disconnect from tank, or does it not matter? Thanks!
Always shut unit off to put on low side gauge side if you suspect possible leak as unit could be running in vacuum, and suck moist air in low side hose if it is in vacuum!!
Great job and video like always
I appreciate that
Craig when I first come up to an air conditioning system, how can I tell if it has a TXV versus an orifice?
You did not mentioned the difference when charging unit with the tank right side up or up side down.
My apologies you did mention it about mid-way thru video.
Great clip
Crystal clear
Thanks for sharing
LIKE it
Just wondering lets assume i had a service replace txv and i need to charge the unit i want to weight it in liquid side but i dont have a Gauge hooked up to liquid side if i charge liquid to the suction side without the compressor being on i would slug the compressor right even if i let it even out ?
Thank you ! Great video
Glad you liked it!
nice!
very practical info, thank you ...
Thanks Pei Broker!
Thanks for all the videos
Glad you like them!
What was the ambient temp and Delta T when started and also when finished
Thanks 👍 for understanding my channel 🎉
Question when u let the air off the hoses does the equipment has to be off or on ?
Regardless weather you are running the heater or ac do you gas it up the same way on a split System heat pump interthem?
thank you good video
Glad you enjoyed it
I love your videos, lots of information. I have learnt so much. Just one question, why does the high side fluctuate from 300 to 400 and 500. Is that a restriction in the liquid line
Very well done video. Thank you for sharing.
If there is a leak at the test valve, do you need to purge the system to replace the valve?
So if it were a heat pump, would you add in heating or cooling?
You have make sure all the coils and filters are clean..
Is this supposed to happen while adding freon
Can you charge without a scale?
You sound just like the guy that was doing the word of advice videos. Hope you verified proper airflow over the evaporator BEFORE you started the charging process. Checking for proper airflow is always the first step, on any air conditioning service. You stated in the title that the system was “very low” on refrigerant. If that is the case, it’s better to just recover what’s left, and weigh in the exact charge, according to the nameplate, and length and diameter of the liquid line, rather than risk overcharging, due to a possible partial restriction, air in the system due to a previous service, etc. This way, you baseline the system, and there are no questions about weather the charge is correct. If you baseline the charge and your readings are still off, then you have other problems, such as low airflow, partial restrictions, air and non condensibles, moisture, etc. To be more accurate, I would also get some better equipment such as Fieldpiece SMAN 480 digital gauges. They do all the superheat and subcooling calculations live, while you are charging. Good job explaining how to get the liquid refrigerant, and high side pressure out of your gauges, and into the system, before you disconnect.
Well ! Why don’t you make a video for us please
What was leaking that you fixed?
Why did you put the R22 in as a liquid?
I wanted to do it faster than in vapor form since I knew I was very low and since I was trying to do this as much as I could in real time for the video. It would have taken much longer in vapor form but would still be doable. I added small amounts at a time, took a break and then charged again. Most us us are also very used to charging as a liquid since we work with so many blend refrigerants as well. Thats all, I could have done in vapor and sometimes do, thanks Duramus!
@@acservicetechchannel -- hi and thanks for videos , so was the tank upside down the entire time? and if so, how did you go about measuring...i didn't see the hook up to the measuring device in the video
Question to the smart professional man if I leave my AC running while evaporator is frozen will I lose Freon / R22??
If there is a leak, then yes it would continue leaking especially if the leak is on the high pressure side of the system
Timecode 0.00 to 1:45 explains the sub-cooling method very well. Either I got it this time because this is the 10th different YT explanation I've seen and I finally got it, or you're just good at explaining things - I think it's the latter. Thanks very much.
Glad it helped!
Hi, I am going to school to be a HVAC Tech, love your videos, clear and concise, thank you!!
I just had my AC checked and i was told i had no freon and that the r22 was $150 per pound and i needed about 6 or 7 pounds.but i seen a 5 pound tank on ebay for $139 what the hell.i will try to do it myself.
If you had no refrigerant than the leak would need to be fixed. If not, it will all leak out again within the day so don't add any, thanks and check on the epa 608 guidelines an certification, thanks
Excellent channel! Your training and instruction is very informative and thorough.