Covalent vs. Ionic bonds

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  • Опубликовано: 30 июн 2024
  • This quick video explains:
    1) How to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons that an atom will comtain.
    2) The characteristics of covalent bonds
    3) The characteristics of ionic bonds
    Teachers:
    You can purchase this PowerPoint from my online store for only $3. The link below will take you to the store.
    www.teacherspayteachers.com/P...
    - Atom
    - Element
    - Proton
    - Neutron
    - Electron
    - Atomic number
    - Atomic mass
    - Covalent
    - Ionic
    - O2
    - Salt
    - Sodium chloride

Комментарии • 1,4 тыс.

  • @joandonaher2561
    @joandonaher2561 4 года назад +21

    I am a mature student and I have been going through youtube listening to many explainations of this topic. You are the first person whose explaination is very clear, thank you.

  • @StrangerInDalian
    @StrangerInDalian 7 лет назад +390

    All teachers should teach like you do! Nice!

  • @kennashahawkins1177
    @kennashahawkins1177 2 года назад +24

    I felt like I was sitting in a classroom directly in front of the board. That’s how interesting and precise this video was. Thank you… you are awesome!

  • @mikesmith7620
    @mikesmith7620 Месяц назад +2

    Hi Professor Beverly! I will call you a professor. I would say that you've made covalent and ionic bonds so much easier to understand. The animations you've provided are AMAZING! The animations you've made helped me understand the concepts of the two subjects. So thank you!

  • @selinacarrisales5084
    @selinacarrisales5084 7 лет назад +687

    You explained it way better than my professor 😭

  • @dickb2128
    @dickb2128 4 года назад +9

    I am almost 79 and was a terrible student in high school chemistry. Over the years the subject has fascinated me and each time I get a chance to learn more of the basics the more I want to learn. This video cleared up a lot of questions I had, particularly the ionic bond section. Thank you for putting this together.

    • @yogreenboi
      @yogreenboi 3 года назад +1

      U just show that age is no bar for learning good sir

    • @tyrexhter4779
      @tyrexhter4779 Год назад

      very funky name sir

    • @Brownies85126
      @Brownies85126 5 месяцев назад

      You are 83 now, are you still alive!??

    • @magicmelanie9514
      @magicmelanie9514 4 месяца назад

      bruh LOL@@Brownies85126

  • @malcomfetus1748
    @malcomfetus1748 5 лет назад +1

    When youtubers explain a lesson better than the textbook and a professor, give God glory for sending angels like theses for clarifying the lessons further

  • @InfraredVision
    @InfraredVision 7 лет назад +385

    If you don't understand Covalent vs. Ionic bonds after watching this, just give up.

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  7 лет назад +137

      Oh no! Never give up. But I understand what you mean. Thank you for the compliment.

    • @alliemo62
      @alliemo62 6 лет назад +33

      😂 my entire adult class is very lost. In 6 minutes I learned here, what I couldn't grasp in 2 three hour long classes from professor. THANK YOU!

    • @maryammohammad4566
      @maryammohammad4566 5 лет назад +2

      hahaha funny comment! but true

    • @johannasandoval3023
      @johannasandoval3023 5 лет назад +3

      Exactly this was so clear to understand it’s impossible not to understand it after this video

    • @fatimavlogs5160
      @fatimavlogs5160 5 лет назад

      jason VDW ha ha ha ha ha GOOD JOKE

  • @Tiff4322
    @Tiff4322 7 лет назад +246

    covalent bonds= come together
    iconic bonds= I.o.u
    just made this up. hope it helped

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  7 лет назад +17

      Thanks for sharing

    • @braedenhull4946
      @braedenhull4946 6 лет назад +2

      wow thanks!

    • @kyabupaksstudios9891
      @kyabupaksstudios9891 6 лет назад +37

      It's an abbreviation of "I Owe You". Covalent bonds are stronger, since the atoms are engaged in a firm handshake along with a heartfelt hug. You could compare this bond to a romantic connection between two human beings. Or if you like to visualize it - it's a deep-throated makeout sesh between the two atoms.
      Ionic bonds are weaker since one atom borrows an electron from the other atom, and it's more easily broken - like a fist bump. It's like an atom is saying to another atom: "S'up brah? It was good hanging out with ya, but I gotta split later on 'cuz I got other shit going on. So see ya later". You could compare this bond to a casual connection between two acquaintances. Or in the kiss scenario: It's a simple lip-to-lip kiss between the two atoms.
      Hope that helps clear things up for you!

    • @friendz906
      @friendz906 6 лет назад +4

      Ofentse Dinkwela I Owe You! :) as in one owes the other for electrons, it gives up electrons to compensate

    • @raneliesherylpieza1891
      @raneliesherylpieza1891 5 лет назад

      Tiffany Monroe jjjiiikjjjj

  • @jennifera5019
    @jennifera5019 4 года назад +39

    You literally just put my 1 hour science class into a 12 min vid THANK YOU

  • @juliedunne1161
    @juliedunne1161 5 лет назад +27

    You totally rock. I needed this for my pharmacology class. Best explanation I have ever seen! Thank you so much for your hard work!

  • @hipsie6587
    @hipsie6587 4 года назад +7

    THANK YOU SO MUCH! I’m SUCH a visual learner and my professor literally just talks about this stuff with ZERO visual aids...it’s so difficult but this literally saved me.

  • @Jessica-hf9uv
    @Jessica-hf9uv 7 лет назад +75

    I was having such a hard time understanding this, but you made it so simple and easy to understand.
    I'm crying I'm so happy!
    Thank you so much!!

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  7 лет назад +5

      I'm very happy I was able to help. Keep up the good work.

    • @Kingamos2012
      @Kingamos2012 4 года назад +2

      Are you still crying? Lol stop crying my dear

    • @AccordingToKaty
      @AccordingToKaty 3 года назад +1

      I get the crying thing.. Sometimes trying to learn can be frustrating! When you final have that AHA moment, it is amazing. Great video!

  • @carolineclampett8601
    @carolineclampett8601 4 года назад +5

    Wonderful explanation
    I’m homeschooling my grandson due to the virus and this is what we are working on in chemistry right now. You made it much easier for me

  • @mandapanda234
    @mandapanda234 2 года назад +1

    Who else is watching this in college? This definitely helped explain what's happening better than my textbook did. Thank you!

  • @Lyynity
    @Lyynity 4 года назад +3

    You've effectively explained something to me in 12 minutes that my science teacher couldn't in a year. Thank you.

  • @jamieb1948
    @jamieb1948 4 года назад +18

    Wow! Thank you for clarifying this so well! I've spent days studying my material for my A&P class and still felt muddy about bonds. These 12 minutes have been the most valuable of my day now :D

  • @WeeWeeJumbo
    @WeeWeeJumbo 4 года назад +10

    I’m 42 years old, I’ve been through high school and university undergraduate, and I’ve never understood this so well as I do now. Spectacular.

    • @thetooginator153
      @thetooginator153 4 года назад +1

      WeeWeeJumbo - I’m sixty, and I have a BA too. I think RUclips is changing the world with videos like this. In high school and college, I noticed that most teachers didn’t explain things well, but kids no longer have to rely on teachers and textbooks - they have RUclips videos competing to be best at explaining things clearly. The best videos generally rise to the top, so kids don’t have to waste time looking for the best explanation. I’m sure it’s not 100 percent perfect, but it’s pretty close.

  • @sarahbushore5322
    @sarahbushore5322 2 года назад +4

    I'm in college level biology and this video is a better explanation than a whole semester of in-person learning!!!

  • @donnazimmermann5399
    @donnazimmermann5399 6 лет назад +2

    I've been struggling for the past two weeks trying to understand the two. You made it clear to me in 12 minutes.
    Sir, thank you so much for making this video!! :)

  • @SuperOnionmaster
    @SuperOnionmaster 5 лет назад +6

    It took me so many videos to find one that explained this simply. THANK YOU!

  • @karajohnson5135
    @karajohnson5135 5 лет назад +3

    Thank you so much for clearing this up for me! I have struggled to understand this after lectures and coursework, but in just 12 minutes you have lifted the fog! The books lack the animation, which tied it all together for me. I will be sharing this video with my instructor and classmates, as I am sure it will help them as it has me! Thanks again

  • @Beerbatter1962
    @Beerbatter1962 4 года назад +1

    Same as many of the other comments. Went to high school, University level engineering degree, 30 years in engineering profession, and this is the best explanation I've ever seen. So simple. Thank you very much. You are a great teacher.

  • @alphansomerdith437
    @alphansomerdith437 5 лет назад +1

    you are a smart teacher and they should pay you very well. You explain one semester in minutes. Great job, you are NOT a lazy teacher it can be seen in the details of your explanation. you take the time to give us step by step knowledge, thank you.

  • @teddybhatia7603
    @teddybhatia7603 7 лет назад +5

    Amazing video!! So helpful. Easy to follow and incredibly informative.

  • @vickyandaxel
    @vickyandaxel 6 лет назад +3

    Excellent video...Your descriptions and illustrations are extremely clear. I look forward to showing my 7th grader this video.

  • @yellowtevo
    @yellowtevo 5 лет назад

    One of the best videos on this that I've seen. Not a lot of wasted talk, just right to the point and simply spoken.

  • @adiblakely7783
    @adiblakely7783 4 года назад +3

    I'm so glad I found this. This has been the best explained example. Thank you for making it so much easier to understand.

  • @Villachai
    @Villachai 6 лет назад +6

    Great video! It just made It All click for me. Thank you and please keep posting videos.

  • @ghouseali3706
    @ghouseali3706 5 лет назад +4

    Thank you sir. You really explaind it well. Although you are a biology teacher but i think you can totally explain chemistry. Thank you for sharing your knowledge with us. Exams next week and this video really helped me

  • @bamlak3586
    @bamlak3586 4 года назад +1

    just simplified an 1hr 30 min AP Chemistry lesson for me !! Props to this man. Keep it up.

  • @gaynelledgmon8525
    @gaynelledgmon8525 3 года назад +1

    I had to watch several videos and finally saw yours! You explain so much more clear than anyone else has. The videos of the moving atoms really helped as well, and discussing the stable and unstable part. Thank you so much. I froze the video at certain parts and took pictures that I could print.

  • @keegandollinger9569
    @keegandollinger9569 7 лет назад +6

    Great video, clear and simple explanation

  • @colomboitaloamericanalove2497
    @colomboitaloamericanalove2497 5 лет назад +3

    Wow. You just made my day. Great way of teaching.

  • @katlynjorae-martinez5427
    @katlynjorae-martinez5427 5 лет назад +2

    This video is amazing!! I did not understand these concepts at all when my prof was teaching them and now everything makes sense after watching your video!! thank you

  • @jamesjackson5217
    @jamesjackson5217 3 года назад

    You are the only one who could actually explain the two bonds and it made sense. Thank you.

    • @hemikabasiyan4090
      @hemikabasiyan4090 3 года назад

      What if an element have 4rth level? How many electro will it hold?

  • @sanskarpatel3171
    @sanskarpatel3171 7 лет назад +7

    this really helped in my assignment. Keep up the good work! ;)

  • @jackm3024
    @jackm3024 7 лет назад +7

    Great video really love the content

  • @kyu2813
    @kyu2813 6 лет назад +1

    Thank you so much, it was way better than my teacher, you really taught it as if the viewer did not know anything about the subject at all(like me). My teacher just explained it like it was obvious and it was common knowledge and I didn't understand at all, but you explained it so slowly and clearly and explained everything. Thanks so much!!

  • @deborahjacobs8942
    @deborahjacobs8942 5 лет назад +1

    This is a FANTASTIC video. I am using it to teach basic chemistry in a biology college course for non-majors. This makes it so easy to explain chemical bonding!

  • @Praddyy29
    @Praddyy29 7 лет назад +7

    Thnxs Sir it was really very very helpful... Nice Teaching 👍

  • @connersyoutube3041
    @connersyoutube3041 4 года назад +3

    That was extremely helpful. Thank you.

  • @unwrapthrills
    @unwrapthrills 4 года назад

    The best explanation I heard. My tutor makes it so complex. I was able to complete my assignment question by watching this. Thanks

  • @thrsonlytoday
    @thrsonlytoday 3 года назад

    There are way too many professors out here that don’t know how to explain concepts. You are a life saver!

  • @francescalombardo8127
    @francescalombardo8127 7 лет назад +18

    Thank you so much for the help, really appreciate it!

  • @sciencemania4233
    @sciencemania4233 5 лет назад +3

    U made it so easy.. Thanks

  • @loveschool383
    @loveschool383 4 года назад

    You are the best🙂 Thank you very much for this video. I am from Ethiopia and learning from someone as far as America thanks to technology and people like you that are willing to share their time and knowledge so thank you!

  • @sylviaq2201
    @sylviaq2201 5 лет назад +2

    You are by far the best. I am taking anatomy 1 and I am absolutely list in class for 2 weeks I seen your video once and it's so clear as far as this lesson goes please up load a whole semester worth of anatomy from start to finish

  • @erick1359
    @erick1359 7 лет назад +3

    great explanation - helped me understand the difference

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  7 лет назад +1

      Thank you for the kind words... ... I hope I've earned a subscriber.

    • @kassiev5308
      @kassiev5308 6 лет назад

      Your students are lucky to have you sir! THANK YOU FOR SHARING YOUR KNOWLEDGE!

  • @danielcowan87
    @danielcowan87 4 года назад +4

    You made this sound so easier than my professors way of explaining it

  • @erkambilalbal7170
    @erkambilalbal7170 2 года назад +1

    You teach better than even school teachers! Every teacher should teach like you!

  • @stephanienimrick5371
    @stephanienimrick5371 3 года назад

    Omg this video has seriously put things into perspective! I went from being totally oblivious before this video to fully understanding how these 2 bonds work!!!! Thank you so much for this!!!

  • @HollieForrest
    @HollieForrest 7 лет назад +61

    Thank you for this! Very helpful

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  7 лет назад +5

      Happy I could help... thanks for watching

  • @Rohan-hc8hj
    @Rohan-hc8hj 3 года назад +4

    Imagine having a name which has biology and teaching chemistry...Just kidding, you explained it very well.Thank you

    • @hemikabasiyan4090
      @hemikabasiyan4090 3 года назад

      What if an element have 4rth level? How many electro will it hold?

  • @delaneys4170
    @delaneys4170 3 года назад

    I'm 38, did chemistry in both high school and college, and am now teaching my 6th grader basic chemistry. This is, hands-down, THE BEST explanation I've ever seen. I finally get it!! Thank you!

  • @CrossVision
    @CrossVision 4 года назад

    I'm researching for a podcast for the anti-aging company that we are launching and this video has been soooo helpful in my quest to explain how free radicals and anti-oxidants work. Thank you for doing this. You are a master at putting the cookies down where the kids can get them. God bless!

  • @noeditbookreviews
    @noeditbookreviews 5 лет назад +41

    So sodium is like "I'm not leaving you alone cause you stole my electron?"

  • @milomilosavage8402
    @milomilosavage8402 7 лет назад +29

    men you are a professor. can you make the whole chemistry for high school

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  7 лет назад +25

      I am a biology teacher. I know the basics of chemistry, but I am not qualified to create an entire chemistry curriculum. Thanks for the compliment however.

    • @anilbedi3667
      @anilbedi3667 4 года назад +4

      Sir then make simplified biology lessons...starting with cell.we will learn biology then.

  • @johannasandoval3023
    @johannasandoval3023 5 лет назад +2

    Thank you so much for your visuals this really helped me understand your way of teaching is on point 👌

  • @florcampos725
    @florcampos725 Год назад

    This was so helpful and not boring. Some videos even just 5 minutes can seem so long when explaining chemistry. Thank you!

  • @jjayc5438
    @jjayc5438 7 лет назад +28

    covalent bahnds and ionic bahnds. all use protahns, neutrahns, and electrahns

  • @arianaanderson7489
    @arianaanderson7489 4 года назад +3

    Saved my life in bio class 😭❤️

  • @tckscience414
    @tckscience414 4 года назад

    Very Nice. Clear. Concise. PERFECT animation. Thank You.

  • @nancymerrifield3908
    @nancymerrifield3908 2 года назад

    This was a great video. A very complicated topic explained simply. I am a grandma teaching a special needs 9th grader and very much appreciate your ability to untagle such a difficult concept for us.

  • @ruthbailey3450
    @ruthbailey3450 7 лет назад +30

    such science such wow

  • @meghansimpson5105
    @meghansimpson5105 7 лет назад +7

    I've learnt so much. pen pineapple apple pen says thank you!

  • @sophieogiri389
    @sophieogiri389 6 лет назад +2

    Most helpful video i've seen on bonding. This was so clear to me, thank you!

    • @BeverlyBiology
      @BeverlyBiology  6 лет назад +1

      Thank you for the kind words... best wishes to you

  • @nicholashennell-foley4608
    @nicholashennell-foley4608 3 года назад

    This was the clearest explanation I have ever seen. Instant understanding. Thank you so much.

  • @cagf1648
    @cagf1648 4 года назад +10

    Isn’t it 18 electrons on third energy level but you say 8 I am confused

    • @zikndoletv2594
      @zikndoletv2594 4 года назад

      I think it has something to do with the octet rule ( the tendency of the atoms to have 8 electrons at the valence shell).

    • @peterfireflylund
      @peterfireflylund 4 года назад

      The third shell can indeed hold up to 18 electrons. It doesn't in the examples in the video, though.

    • @urmom-zr3pd
      @urmom-zr3pd 4 года назад

      No I’m pretty sure it has 8 shells in the 3 level you should check out Tyler Dewitt he’s an mit teacher

    • @alexdawson7266
      @alexdawson7266 4 года назад

      You did catch this small error. The third energy level for sodium, or any element, can hold 18, as per 2n*2. He says the third also holds eight, but am sure he meant to say 18. Cheers! Alex in Montana. UPDATE: Just saw the tail end of video...he IS saying 8 even on the Cl atom. Not 18. Not sure why now.

    • @peterfireflylund
      @peterfireflylund 4 года назад +1

      @@alexdawson7266 Because he is not very clever and this video is not very good :(

  • @alexjoyce8759
    @alexjoyce8759 7 лет назад +12

    3:50 there are 9 neutrons in the picture

    • @2222ben
      @2222ben 7 лет назад

      lol yeh ur right...

    • @daohawj1474
      @daohawj1474 7 лет назад

      Alex Joyce yup that got me confused

    • @sovm3312
      @sovm3312 6 лет назад

      there was a note saying he drew 9 accidently

    • @danielhoelzeman4557
      @danielhoelzeman4557 5 лет назад

      Probably on mobile. Those notes don't show up on mobile.

  • @Lizzie0425
    @Lizzie0425 2 года назад

    Oh ma goodness!!! I think I’ve learned more about ionic and covalent bonds in 10mins than I have in 2 days of A&P lectures…very simple. Thank you!

  • @Gexxesis
    @Gexxesis 3 года назад

    Thank you so much, this is very helpful. One of the very first videos on RUclips that actually help me understand

  • @moheenpasha4484
    @moheenpasha4484 7 лет назад +5

    good

  • @alexciocca4451
    @alexciocca4451 4 года назад

    Very well dun I learned this 50 years ago and now I understand what I learned keep up the good work my compliments on your efforts

  • @rmj3940
    @rmj3940 2 года назад

    I'm a 41 year old student... I'm preparing to take the ATI TEAS test to enter a nursing program. Your videos are absolutely awesome! I watch these videos before and after I read a chapter from my textbook. Thank you, thank you, THANK YOU!

  • @lukescywalker4961
    @lukescywalker4961 2 года назад

    you explained it better than my teacher by so many miles keep doing what you do!

  • @Annnoura
    @Annnoura 6 лет назад +1

    Your videos are invaluable for studying for the Biology Clep. Thank you.

  • @Qin12
    @Qin12 2 года назад

    Brilliant . I am sharing this with a second langauge student who has been struggling to understand. Thank you.

  • @tiffanywarner4676
    @tiffanywarner4676 5 лет назад +1

    I was so defeated trying to figure this out and your video clarified this and made it so much easier to understand!

  • @nigelpayne5724
    @nigelpayne5724 4 года назад +1

    love the way you explained the different bonds it really helped me understand much better.

  • @saraidaughterofharan5666
    @saraidaughterofharan5666 5 лет назад +1

    Thank You So Much! You made it so very easy for me to understand and comprehend the differences between Coavalent & Ionic Bonds! You explained it so much better than my Biology Professor did this past Semester! I now feel alot more confident in my ability to pass the Science portion of my Nursing Exam! Needless to say, " I Subscribed!".

  • @belizenprofit
    @belizenprofit 3 года назад

    Thank you!... I took this class years ago and I never comprehend it until I watched your videos. Keep up the great work.

  • @SarahB7B
    @SarahB7B 3 года назад

    Your videos are explaining this in a way my college professor does not! I appreciate you!

  • @sateeshmucharla8261
    @sateeshmucharla8261 6 лет назад +1

    Was able to refresh my bonds education quickly. Great video! Thanks for sharing.

  • @karminajardin5190
    @karminajardin5190 4 года назад +1

    It's my first time make a comment online. You totally deserve one! Thank you, you explained it very well.

  • @victordominguez6220
    @victordominguez6220 5 лет назад

    You give the best explanation EVER for ionic bonds and covalent bonds, as well as polar molecules. I have stayd away from science classes like they were plagues because I just couldnt grasp the concept of terms like these. Im sure youve got a great and secure job at Beverly Hills HS, but professors like you are SORELY needed in high schools like the one I went to in Homestead, FL. My attitute towards the sciences wouldve probably been different had I had a teacher like you. Thank you for sharing this video. Youve made this college student VERY happy (and relieved).

  • @sayfkhurshida
    @sayfkhurshida 3 года назад

    Big thank you. I'm 22 and finally understood what is going on in my chemistry classes. It's such a feeling when u watch a 12minute video and stop hating chemistry and all ur groupmates who understand it

  • @sandyt4343
    @sandyt4343 2 года назад

    I just woke up at 3am and for some reason HAD to know what an ion was. I went to Wikipedia and I just wasn’t getting an understanding from the text and then I found your video and I completely understand it now. That was a wonderful way of explaining it that I don’t think I’ll ever forget and now I can explain it to my 7 year old grandson who is like a sponge for this and I won’t be confusing him because I didn’t have a full understanding of the subject. I know he’s going to totally get it. Now I can get some sleep. Thank you 🙏🏽 and great job doing your video.

  • @yeppeuda3164
    @yeppeuda3164 5 лет назад

    Why you are way so much better than my professor?! I haven't learned from my professor teaching this for more than an hour. But, you even though English is not my first language, your explanation is easy for me to grasp it.

  • @HSMfanatic17
    @HSMfanatic17 4 года назад

    Having a Psychology degree and the interest in serotonin molecule tattoos, I've been trying to understand this concept. You made it so much easier to understand. Thank you!

  • @GemsbyAnn
    @GemsbyAnn 4 года назад

    Thank you, you are such a wonderful teacher, your explanation was so clear, I wish teachers at schools would teach like you do; simply wonderful, thank you .

  • @jessicavelasquez9898
    @jessicavelasquez9898 6 лет назад

    This is very helpful --- cuts down to the basics of chemical bonds. Something I will definitely use in my classroom. THANK YOU so much!!

  • @ladonnafeldhake1906
    @ladonnafeldhake1906 5 лет назад

    Very good representation of what is going on. I like to use a variety of videos in my classes and will be looking for more of yours in the future! thanks so much!

  • @daphniefarkas5703
    @daphniefarkas5703 4 года назад

    This confusion over chemical bonding is one of the reasons why I had to drop my class the first time around. This video was a game-changer for me. Thank you.

  • @margaretprovines2162
    @margaretprovines2162 2 года назад

    Tremendous explanation of these 2 bonds. Thank you for putting it into words the average person can EASILY understand.

  • @karlasnyder645
    @karlasnyder645 4 года назад

    Thank you so much for this video. Your way of explaining along with your visuals helped me understand more.

  • @madeleinemahnken6825
    @madeleinemahnken6825 4 года назад

    Your explanation was clear and concise. Your graphics are so good and easy to understand. Thank you! Your video is excellent.

  • @probably_Aly
    @probably_Aly 5 лет назад +1

    This video is really helpful especially to visual learners. Great job.

  • @pramila3067
    @pramila3067 4 года назад

    you are a life saver, i understand it now thank you so much! and i love how you talk about it in such an enthusiastic way thank youuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu

  • @xmascarter4453
    @xmascarter4453 Год назад

    This is the best video description that I've ever seen. You explain so i understand it. (I'm in 8th grade)