Where Did Earth's Water Come From?
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- Опубликовано: 21 май 2018
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Why is Earth is a blue planet? Because it’s covered in water! Where did Earth’s water come from? Of course, water isn’t unique to our planet. The origin of water traces beyond the solar system to the earliest days of the universe. Here’s the story of the galaxy’s H2O.
Special thanks to:
David O’Brien, Planetary Science Institute
Wendy Panero, The Ohio State University
Karen Meech, Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii
Shmuel Bialy, Tel Aviv University
Avi Loeb, Harvard University
Ilse Cleeves, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
References:
Bialy, S., Sternberg, A., & Loeb, A. (2015). Water Formation During the Epoch of First Metal Enrichment. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 804(2), L29.
Bradford, Charles M., et al. "The water vapor spectrum of APM 08279+ 5255: X-ray heating and infrared pumping over hundreds of parsecs." The Astrophysical Journal Letters 741.2 (2011): L37.
Cleeves, L. Ilsedore, et al. "The ancient heritage of water ice in the solar system." Science 345.6204 (2014): 1590-1593.
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A nice watered down history of Earth I see.
What you did there, I see it
rericks cross country i just watched a video about Yoda
You mean you sea it?
+Makdavian I see what you did there lol
A brief history about Earth's H2Origins.
This is why Earth is a pale blue dot in the cosmic sea…
Thanks for watching, sharing, and subscribing! Let us know what you thought of this week's video 💦🌎💦
It's Okay To Be Smart wow
Pls do an episode on:
How do plants know when to flower ?
Beautiful comment, great vid as always
m.ruclips.net/video/3i2y4sEQpRI/видео.html
A link to one of my favorite videos of Carl Sagan on the pale blue dot
A little blue speck in the cosmic latte
Why is their a first aid pack at 1:08?
Someone will start selling bottled 'Cosmic Water' any minute now.
New Message still waiting for the dehydrated dihydrogen oxide water packages where it tells you to just add water.
Any minute now...
Robert T no one while drink that because it is "non-natural chemicals"
Nestle
I heard Randall does.
"stay curious [and stay thirsty my friends]"
I will tell you from experience at dehydration is no fun.
Shut. Up
thirsty 😳
bruh
😑
I just wanted to say I loved the transition from the blurry image to the animation of the galaxy with a black hole. It paints the picture of reality and what we actually see really well!
It's a shame you didn't bother to point out that H2O is the most abundant chemical compound in the universe after H2. I think that's the real, satisfying explanation. For those interested:
The primordial soup of the universe contained about 90% hydrogen (by number of atoms) and 10% helium. a hydrogen nucleus is literally just a proton, the most stable hadron, so it's easy enough to see why it would form in such large quantities within the first second of the universe. Eventually, (once the universe expanded and cooled enough to allow it) these protons would combine with electrons and form the first atoms, but I'm getting ahead of myself. I said there were about 10% helium nuclei, but where did they come from? It's not so easy to make helium, you need to subject protons to immense heat and pressure just to get started. These days, helium is only really produced in stars, in fact, hydrogen->helium burning is the primary source of energy for stars on the main sequence. But think about it, in the first few moments of the universe, everything was so hot and dense, it was in many ways just like the core of a star, except EVERYWHERE. It didn't have much time before things expanded and cooled beyond the conditions needed for fusion, but in that brief window, some of the protons stuck together (one of them becoming a neutron) to form deuterium, and some of that deuterium would stick to another deuterium and form helium nuclei (which are quite stable). There was also smaller trace amounts of lithium, and maybe some insignificant amounts of slightly heavier elements, but really it was hydrogen and helium (including hydrogen isotopes like deuterium). Nucleosynthesis is a complex quantum mechanical process and I can't begin to explain the why or how of these things in a youtube comment. So anyway, pretty soon after the big bang, the universe cools past the necessary temperature/pressure for continued fusion, and we enter the dark ages. The universe was filled with a hydrogen/helium soup, but the first stars had not yet ignited, the universe was dark (apart from the bright infrared heat glow and maybe the CMB if we're past recombination). As things continue to cool, many of the hydrogen atoms will find it energetically favourable to combine into molecular hydrogen (H2). Helium, on the other hand, is a noble gas and is not chemically reactive. And until the first stars begin to burn, nothing much happened for a while. But now fast forward, and the first stars are burning hydrogen into helium, and helium into carbon and oxygen through the alpha processes. As it happens, oxygen is the 3rd most abundant chemical element in the universe. Take a second to be amazed by that. Why should that be the case? So far it has been very logical. Hydrogen has atomic number 1, and is the first most abundant element. Helium has atomic number 2, and is the second most abundant. Shouldn't lithium be next? Well, as it happens, not all atoms are created equal. Some nuclei are just easier to make, there are energetically favourable pathways to produce carbon and oxygen (in general, even numbered elements are more common because you can make them by sticking helium nuclei together). Long story short, after the first stars burn and explode their guts, you end up with something we call a GMC - Giant Molecular Cloud. This is what it sounds like. A massive cloud of molecules. But this cloud is made out of mostly hydrogen, then helium, then oxygen (other important common elements are carbon, iron, and silicon - all key components of the Earth). Since helium isn't chemically reactive, the GMC is chemically dominated by hydrogen and oxygen, which naturally combines to form H2O. Which is why GMCs are so rich in water. The large amounts of silicon also readily react with the more abundant oxygen, forming all kinds of silicate minerals. The carbon also tends to react with the oxygen, locking much of it away in volatile carbon compounds like carbon monoxide and CO2. So now you have a huge cloud (could be lightyears across) filled with molecular hydrogen, non-reactive helium, water, oxygen, carbon monoxide/dioxide, silicates, iron, and random sh*t. More or less in that order. Even after going straight through a star, the cloud is still mostly hydrogen BY FAR. But the key point here is that the second most abundant chemical compound is WATER. The stuff is everywhere. We've been talking for a long time about "why is there so much water on Earth", and this is a valid question which is more related to planetary formation, but on cosmic scales, water is abundant :)
Wrong, Helium is the second most abundant element
Wait you said that
I meant H2O does exist in large quantities but hydrogen and helium still make up way more than water
Gosh, that must've taken a lot of time to write
H2 is not a compound as it does not contain two or more elements.
If gravity attracts, how could Jupiter's gravity have flung or repelled asteroids away from it towards the earth?
It destabilized the orbits of objects in what is now the asteroid belt, and they crossed over Earth’s orbit
This is a great question and the other responses are valid. Perhaps a more pinpointed answer is that the imagery used in the video doesn't really describe what's happening. Jupiter's gravity didn't push asteroids directly toward the Earth. One example of how the 'attractive' force of gravity from Jupiter caused asteroids to impact Earth would be that Jupiter pulled some of the asteroids out of their relatively circular orbit and changed their orbits to one that would be more likely to hit the Earth. Basically, Jupiter's gravity changes the orbit of many asteroids and caused some of them to spread out across the solar system. I imagine it like the asteroids are on a race track around the sun. Then Jupiter comes by and jerks the stearing wheel a little bit causing a few asteroids to veer off the track and onto the grass. Then as those asteroids try to get back on the track they take a different path and some of them can't avoid crashign into the Earth.The closer Jupiter is to the Asteroid Belt, the more influence it has on their orbits.
I think that answers it. Change in the motion and direction of motion of the asteroids; change in the orientation and shape of the orbit of the asteroids as a result of Jupiter's gravity in such a way that they would be more likely to hit the Earth.
The animation of this video is great! Hope to see more like this moving forward.
Really, really good animation! Props to the entire team!
Why no puns to day
Didn't know you were so thirsty for them
Evan Bison
I’m happy there’s no puns. It’s the lowest form of comedy
I think I've found a pun at 4:12.
Isn't h2origins a pun?
WATER you talking about? We just DOVE into some THIRSTY Facts about the H2ORIGINS of earths most REFRESHING substance!
I just discovered you and I really love your great channel!
Love the animation and art work and the information too!
Aaaaaaaah your videos are so gooood! And they keep getting better ! So well written, and the animations and SFX are amaaaziiiing =Q=
Really loved the animations in this one!!
Great vid! It’s very inspiring!
great work!! as always
The animation on this one is so good! Colour me impressed.
This video goes as deep as I wanted it to. Very cool!
Good job, those animations look great!
Kudos on the Animation! Great video.
Do a video on why do we stretch after sitting down
Those animations and style were amazing
the animation for this video is stunning!!!!!!!!!!
1:08 What is this suposed to mean? (bottom left)
Very interesting!! Thanks for the video!! 😃
great drawings! Did the artist change? I love it :D
Love the graphic and animation
Thank u
Keep up the good work
Awesome as allways ;)
Loved the art of this video
Great video
Love you guys
thanks for enlightening me
The animation is so good
Awesome, I really like this.
I was expecting you to say "and stay hydrated" right after you said "stay curious" lmao
Really like the art of this video!
wow i wanna learn thanks
I love all this Space stuff
I got sad when the video was ended. I's like "aww man, already?!"
Neat that this video came out so close in time to the Eons video about a time in Earth's history when that water was circulating a whole lot!
both are PBS!!
True! I
That was probably planned
I did the count, u said 39 times "water"
That's a lot of asteroids that must have hit earth for that much water to form.
Justin Y. Why hello justin...good to see you again...I see you like to be educated,good for you
Justin Y.
You’ve changed profile picture
Niom it had a ninja star
Alex and er
That is correct
That's what I've always thought. There's no way puny asteroids or comets could be responsible for so much water on Earth.
nIce episode
Oh my god im soo in love that cartoon style please keep it!! =3
Just found your channel ,wow,wow,wow 👍👍🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧
Great final sentence :)
Very cool video. Nothing beats an ice cold glass of water after working out or on a lovely summers day. I heard that water holds information too so the water you drink has passed through most people and other animals on the planet =P
That really washed down my sadness
It would be interesting to find exactly when most of it became salt water and why that happened.
3:55 A glass of water seems more interesting to me than most content on RUclips :D
But srsly, I think water ist a really cool molecule ♡
Thank you.
Missed those water puns today Joe... 😢
Multi-part question here: Wouldn’t an atmosphere be needed to hold the water (along with gravity) so the sun wouldn’t evaporate it all? If so, wouldn’t said atmosphere burn up many of these comets and asteroids that would have delivered frozen water up (or evaporate the frozen water, at least)? I may be thinking of this all wrong, but it seems like an atmosphere would be needed to help retain the water, yet it would have had to have been weaker so fewer water-delivering-asteroids/comets would burn up or lose all water upon entry. Is such a balance possible considering our proximity to the sun? Either it would seem to be that the atmosphere was thinner and/or weaker, or those comets/asteroids must have been very large so as to not lose most of their “payload” before impact.
Also, on a slightly different note, are there still large comets/asteroids found in the Solar System carrying water today?
This was H2Original, water great episode.
Nice depiction of D'ni at 1:30. ^_^
I felt am dumb continue watched this story
Thank you
Health packs and megaman sounds clips?
hahaa yes! 👌
** Video Starts **
** grabs my water bottle **
What is that med kit on 1:07?
PBS is certainly giving us a torrent of water videos today. First the Carnian Pluvial Episode on Eons, now this.
The phrase "stay curious" takes on a whole new meaning in this episode. Imagine how many civilizations may have evolved billions of years ago (and may still be around)
Awesome
Please make a video about what is there before big bang?
What's with the ancient medical box in young earth at 1:07 ?
This helps me get over the hurdle of alien life. I always say that our biggest problem with finding life on another planet is that their level of evolution may be at a very different (earlier) stage from ours.
Imagine a not carbon based life form be like, hell no there's life on that planet it's mostly water and the atmosphere is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, no life form could live under those circumstances
The chances of extrate life existing are as likely as us harvesting the energy of a super massive black hole. I genuinely believe that life ever happening was a comic miracle that couldn't happen a second time.
What was that on the bottom left at 1:06
nice doom reference 1:07
What really surprises me is not that the Earth has water but but the insane amount of it on this planet. I just can't imagine the process that led to the amount of water that we currently have..
Can you do a last name origins?
Whenever I drink water I like imagining a dinosaurs drinking with a water bottle and it makes me smile
These goddamn puns 😂
Hell yeah, Isotope Geochemistry!
my favourite thing he says is ‘stay curious’
Hey joe how’s life and the baby
It's pronounced "wife and the baby" and they're both great, thanks!
Great to here
It's Okay To Be Smart really depends on whether you have a lisp or not
Joe must be fun at parties
Herodotus Von 8428 I took it as once you have a baby then you aren’t important anymore. Your life IS the WIFE AND BABY
We’re special ;)
H2 Oh my gosh!
Love your vids joe... have for a long time. I live in Austin too and it’s legit my dream to see you on the street one day :)
Great vid! I'd love another one like the Doomsday algorigthm video, that one I loved and also watched until I could do the algorithm myself. Maybe training how to account for calanders used before our current one?
Didn't we just get it from the tap?
Nice Shirt!
Ok, so I'm a fairly new subscriber so this may be an injoke I don't know about.... but what's with the little medkit on early earth?
DankTendencies no one knows yet
We are HARD at work trying to find out. A.K.A. begging Joe to tell us
Make a video on the science of spirits and exorcisms
At 1:07 there is a medic/life box like in a video game!
A MedKit in a hellish young Earth... didn't get the reference, but made me think of Doom =)
Same haha
I love it
Anyone else noticed the random little first aid kit at 1:07?
You should make a video on singularity
Btw the med-kit at 1:07 is a reference to Worms video game :)
I love how science can make a glass of water interesting.
So if this combination of explanations caused our planet to be covered with 70% water, why are the other planets this side of the Kuiper Belt devoid of water? Compared to Earth anyway. Hopefully someone can explain this to me? Thanks
0:59 I dont understand the process of big bang and condensation. if that so, there are must be another watered planets not far from earth because the process seems random
We can(or should) not be 100% sure about anything.
Are you sur e
How sure are you about this?
Since when has sure ever existed .....
I will stay curious
Please make mercy that says “stay curious” on it or “it’s okay to be smart” please
Merch*
Yeah, I want a "I did a science" shirt.
Just a thought, isn't there a flaw in thinking water was always water. If I'm not mistaken hydrogen is one of the most abundant elements in our known universe. So with that you just need to look for oxygen wich is also abundant as individual particles in space wich would explain the water just floating around and of course that floating water will eventually find its attracted to a body in space. Thiers also the fact that oxygen loves to bond to many things not just hydrogen, wich can lead to more water being produced on the planetary body it's self over time.
Anyone explain the medkit at 1:07?
Colin B Yeah I want to know too
Good to know that Im not the only one :D
What an ice video. :)
What’s up with that first aid kit at 1:08?
I always wondered how water formed on earth! And if a planet has water in it's rocks or in it's core then how come not a single planet in our solar system has visible water on it's surface even though they are getting bombarded with comets and asteroids all the time?