Regarding the origin of the Cossacs, it is also worth mentioning that in 1528 there was a nation-wide nobility census in the Grand duchy of Lithuania (Popys Zemskyi). As a result, some nobility, who could not prove their origin, or (more commonly) made wrong enemies at the court, were stripped of their rank and land. Those guys also joined the cossacks and they certainly held no love for the government of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
@@agentfundacji1 Links are getting deleted(( Try autotranslating this article. This is about Volyn specifically, but this might give you the general idea. «Особливості проведення земського перепису литовсько-руського війська у Волинській землі 1528 року» // Український археографічний щорічник. - Вип. 16/17. - 19/20. - С. 151 - 164.
@@lucinae8512 Sure, just clarifying) Said census was followed by "The first statute of Lithuania" in 1529 (Перший литовський статут), which, among other things, regulated the rights of nobility and introduced some uniformity. Previously, there were "sorts" of nobility - armoured boyars, zem'yans, and others. After this code of laws, all nobility became "shl'ahta", and those who were unlucky enough to not fit the new order had to find a new place in the society. Some of them ended up in Zaporizhya, bringing their martial experience with them.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although being de-facto a country of 3 peoples with Ukrainians being the most numerous, de jure it was a country of 2 peoples. Which, of course, led to lots of problems and bloodshed. Cossacs fought for themselves and their freedom in the first place. It was either you live a semi-military cossac lifestyle or you are a slave (a serf).
_Lo, there, somewhere near black waters,_ _A young cossack mounts his horse._ _Sadly he parts with his girl,_ _But even more sadly with Ukraine._ _Hey, hey, hey falcons!_ _Fly past the mountains, forests and valleys._ _Ring, ring, ring little bell._ _My little steppe skylark_ I actually had to look it up, that's pretty cool. 😎👍
I had long known about the Cossacks even though I was raised in America. I was named after a fictional Cossack, and my parents knew one who settled in St. Louis where they were living. They have always fascinated me, and it pleases me Ukrainians today still celebrate Cossack traditions, customers and culture.
There is a big oversimplification in calling the magnates of Ukraine 'polish aristocrats', yes they were the rulling class in a state entity that today is quite misleadingly called 'Poland' but they were predominantly of ruthenian origin. Most of them adopted polish language and catholic faith in the seventeenth century. What made them polish by those days standards was being the citizens of the Commonwealth but even after they 'fully' polonised they still described themselves as 'gente ruthenus natione polonus' that can be translated to 'of ruthenian origin nationality polish', the main thing is that your ethnicity was far less important for the people of this region than your class. For example in the XVI century a calvin noble from western Poland would feel much more fraternity with his ruthenian speaking orthodox counterpart from today Ukraine than with a peasant or a burgher from his surroundings. Fast forwarding to the XIX century we can see that when your ethinicty becomes much larger factor in your national identification there are examples of many families in which brothers and sisters are choosing different nationalities (polish and ukraninian, polish and belarussian or polish and lithuanian). It is also worth mentioning that polonisation of the eastern nobility wasn't aggresive at all and it would be best to describe the process as: 'ruthenian nobility polonised itself' rather than 'ruthenian nobility was polonised'. I know this comment is also a big oversimplification but any has to be as there have been tens of books written about the topic.
It is simplified but right in its core issue which is that being of noble origin was something much more important to people in early modern period and the so-called ‘polonisation’ of ruthenian aristocracy and nobility was a complicated process and cannot be described in XIX century fashion as ‘Ukrainians and Belorussians taking polish identity’. Also you point out, correctly I believe that being a ‘Pole’ in let’s say XVIII century meant something really different that in second half of the XIX, especially after January uprising.
Orthodox people were oppressed in the Commonwealth, for example there is a lot of evidence that you could have problems with obtaining handicraft master status in cities, a lot of Orthodox churches were forcely closed and their land taken as only the Union Church at one moment has become the only one legal non-Catholic church in the country, and a lot more stuff that *forced* you to become Catholic and polonise. Some have done so because they honestly wanted so.
@@theowlx7_alex245 It technically was illegal but it wasn't really oppression by the state which had very little authority. It was mostly the catholic church as an institution which can be accused of those practises and individual noblemen who in practice up to the middle of XVII century had religious freedom (more than it they had right to enforce any denomination on their subject and many newly converted to catholisism ruthenian nobles tried to excersise it). Even after the middle of XVII it is right even the orthodox noblemen lost their privileges but it was after khmelnitsky uprising. There is one big exception to what I am talking and that is the reign of King Zygmunt III who was a zealous catholic and actively supported policies which I must repeat were mostly practice of the church and individual (not meaning scarce in number) noblemen.
@@theowlx7_alex245 Not only in Poland but generally in Europe - it was planned and methodical persecution of other religions conducted by Catholic Church, probably the most famous cases of it were in Spain (inquistion) and France (Bartlomew's Day), in Poland it is called counter-reformation and was relatively milder - without mass killing or burning heretics alive (quite rare, separate incidents happened). In the Commonwealth was more or less strict religion toleration politic which prevented religious wars in opposite to the other west european countries.
Otaman and Hetman were two different things. Otaman(Ataman) was the elected ruler of Zaporozhian Sich. Sich itself was a military camp where Cossacks gathered e.g. before planned military campaigns. Sich was located in different places throughout the history. Hetman title meant simply the leader of the army - there were hetmans in Polish and Lithuanian armies as well. Khmelnytskyi never was an Otaman. He fled to the Sich and was proclaimed as a Hetman - the military leader for the upcoming new military campaign. The state formed by Khmelnyskyi - the Hetmanate (the real name of the state was Zaporozhian Host). But there was still another state - the original Zaporozhian Host (led by Otaman). And the relation between Hetmanate and original Zaporozhian Host were not always good.
@Ka1 Ataman is Turkic title(probably a cognate with the word Ottoman, since Osman was Arabized-then-reTurkified form of Osman I's original name, Ataman/Otman), meaning "headman/elderman" Hetman coincidentally bears the same meaning with the Turkic ataman, however it is obviously Indo-European(head-man)
@Ka1 There is no need for any ket-men/kut-men, moreover this is not a logical etymology. I did not find Cuman - ketmen in the Codex Cumanicus. The Czechs have been using the term hetman since the 13th century (zemský hejtman), without any Turks. The Czech word "hejtman" is derived from the Old High German "hauptmann" ("haupt" means "chief" or "head", "mann" - "man"), and the Polish "hetman" - from the Middle Low German "hōd-man" (in the XIV-XV centuries, was used the variant "etman", from the XV century - "hetman"). In the German language of that time, this word had the meaning "commander of an armed detachment"
Кременчук, походить від тюркського "керменчик", що перекладається як малий замок(фортеця). Якщо мислити логічно, то стає зрозуміло, що Річ Посполита не могли заснувати Кременчуцьку фортецю, бо це місце вже мало назву фортеця від попередніх володарів татар.
@@oleksandrlysenko611 ,если вы украинец,то вы меня удивили,обычно против татар вся ваша история, что украинцев, что у русских.Когда надо делать всемирным злом Золотую Орду вы солидарны русскими в истории
@@samalaimukhametova7290 Розділяй та володарюй - давній імперський принцип. На жаль по відношенню до татар, українців, чеченців і т.д. часто використовувався інший, жорстокий макіавелівський "вільне місто краще знищити і розсіяти його мешканців, бо вони не забудуть про свою свободу і повстануть навіть і через сто років."
Those catholic lords, magnates from Ukraine were actually Ukrainians/Ruthenians too. They just converted to Catholicism and polonized. Many of them were far descendants of Rurik. Most of them used old Rus title knaz (prince).
@Mergor x Depends where and when the title was used. During the reign of Boris I of Bulgaria, it was equivalent to a King, later his son - Simeon I the Great was crowned as the first Tsar(equal to the Byzantine Basileus) by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913.
@Mergor x In Polish language prince and duke are the same word. In those times in Polish-Lithuanian monarchy you could be King (monarch), great prince (monarch - in later times it was always the same person as king), prince (just a title in most cases not connected with any rule over given territory and where it was connected with a rule you were subject of a monarch) and rest of the nobility was just members of nobility able to use only title of knight or some office name if they had any.
That makes alot of sense, because the Szlachta titles were extended to Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility. Not to mention, it was a commonwealth, so honestly it sounds more like they overthrew their own nobles, who had been backed by the Polish nobility
@Mergor x "Knaz" or "kneg" is literally the same word as Germanic word "konig" or "king" and Turkish word "khan" or "khagan", so they are translated either as "petty kings" or as "princes" The word "duke" in Slavic languages is "voivod".
Someone should've told Russia that these Ukrainians are unruly people, and therefore cannot be ruled. Their lands can be invaded but not their hearts. Great video!
Thus, the Ukrainian people always wanted to be independent, and other peoples always tried to conquer and subjugate it. The Russians especially tried to plant their language and culture to bring us together and make us one nation, but we have always been different.
These kind of videos really make you realize just HOW MUCH happens geopolitically in 100 years, even in a little area not often on the world stage. Day to day things seem so stable and unmoving, but you just zoom out a bit and see how untrue that is.
I first learnt about the Cossacs through a Mumford & Sons song called 'Ditmas'. I absolutely loved the video featuring a Cossac warrior trying to tame a wild horse and then finally experience freedom. Have always been interested in them since. Totally recommend the song along with the music video. It's brilliant.
I see what you did at the beginning. ;-) Of course, it's just scratching the surface of an immensely complex and complicated topic (several topics, really). You could make an entire episode about the Church Union of Brest (1596) and how it contributed to the rise of tensions in Ukraine, or create a whole series taking a closer look at the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from its origins. One thing that I would really like to add was in the part when you discussed the various likely roots of the egalitarian, "democratic" culture of the Cossacks. I'd say that, paradoxically, the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility was among these roots. The members of _szlachta_ not only enjoyed great privileges but were also very numerous (the lowest of the very varied estimates put them at least at 5% of the whole population, way above the European average) and were all legally equal (no additional "tiers" among the aristocracy, with different rights and privileges). That meant (among other things) that tens of thousands of nobles, many of them simple farmers, took a direct part in electing their kings (who in turn could do very little without the approval of the Sejm - the parliament of the Commonwealth). Many Cossacks found this system attractive and wanted to participate in it, but were harshly denied access. In 1632 a delegation of Cossacks showed up at the special session of the Sejm (known as the convocation), which was preparing for the next royal election, and demanded to take part in it, as they were "the members of the Commonwealth" too. The Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł supposedly told them that they may be "members" of the Commonwealth but are to it like fingernails and hair to the human body - need to be cut from time to time, once they grew too much. Well, as we can see that attitude backfired a bit...
Famous Polish bard Jacek Kaczmarski wrote and sang a song about the aftermath of it during the reign of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (ukr. Єремі́я Вишневе́цький) in Ruthenia.
The Rada existed back in the days of Rus, oddly enough, the roots lie in the official historical legend those times of the Polish nobility and Cossacks. Both of them traced their history back to the Scythians, and there it was known from written Greek sources that there was democracy among sword owners. Kossak considered any Ruthenian potentially equal after using the social elevator in the form of an army. While the Polish nobility considered a Pole not a nobleman to be dirt, as in principle, a Rusyn Lithuanian, and then they really did not like social elevators. That is, the Cossacks approached the original. The more people with full civil rights, the less power each representative has. That is, the Polish nobility was worried about the price of a vote.
& dtto look: J. Hoffman depicts this element quite nicely in his film Fire and Sword (cca 1984-5) in Chmelnicky's conversation with the main character of this wonderful story.T Docela mile tenhle element zobrazuje J. Hoffman ve svém filmu Ohněm a mečem v rohovoru Chmelnického s hlavním hrdinou toho nádherného příběhu.T
Fantastic contribution that adds massive new depth toone's reading of the ongoing Russian war of aggression against Ukraine. This clearly is not a new fight.
Timothy Snyder also has an excellent series of books on European History, Bloodlands is about essentially Ukraine and it's relationships with Europe and Russia and the Mongol Empire. He is currently doing a series of lectures on Ukraine and up to lesson 22. An excellent intro is "Post Colonial Ukraine "
The only books you should be using as a reference is Paul Robert Mocosi from the University of Toronto, Snyder just uses word splicing to create this narrative that Ukraine existed in Polish Lithuanian commonwealth. Snyder is paid by Ukraine to rewrite the History of Ukraine. “Ukrainians Cossacks help lift the siege of Vienna in the 1683” all nonsense as the were the Zaporizhian Cossacks, word splicing again! Kyiv was a small principality in the Commonwealth and never reached the Black Sea and never comprised of Galicia and Volhynia. The Tatars and Cossacks were regions not part of the Commonwealth. Ukraine was only established in 1922 and before that it was Polish Lithuanian and then under The Russian Empire.
This Ukrainian serie is so interesting, great job. And happy statehood day to all the Ukrainians, you couldn't choose a better day to release this video!
@@darkogabric1130 every country in the world then is a fake country. Even yours was made up at a certain point. Now Ukraine exists and kicks the ass of Russia
Yes! Being American myself, I wasn't completely familiar with Ukrainian Origins. I love this series and can't wait to see how it unfolds! I was super glad to see a 2nd video in the series today. And that there will probably be more to come. 😁👍 I had to look up Statehood Day, proposed by President Zelensky, this is the first year it's a public holiday? That's pretty cool too. 👍
@@apexnextIn Ukraine the date when word cossacs was born is 1556. When Dmytro Vyshnevecky has found first Sich. On Dniper iland Khortica. As castle in the border of Rzech Pospolita. And the most famous hetman is Ivan Sirko. There are legends about him, he win all battles. He told to cossacs after i die, take my hand and use it as flag and you will win all battles. They did this). Ukrainian folk musician instrument is bandura (very nice) and kobza. Both were used by cossacs.
I love how diverse history that kings and general channel talk about . Highly enlightening. It just goes to show how cultural mixes happen with mix of words like Hetman etc . But nice to see Ukraine rich history discussed and polish -Lithuania rich history to
As a Pole, I appreciate different perspective. Feels like my history lessons a school were propaganda showing us as a good guys. There is much information here that was deliberetely not provided or altered to different narrative.
All problems and conflicts that existed between Poland and Ukraine are in the past now anyway. We will build a friendly and prosperous future between the two our nations. Thank you, Polish brothers :)
Tak jesteśmy dobrymi ludzmi, żyło u nas miliony Żydów, Rusinów i innych, jako naród jeden z nielicznych nie mieliśmy jednostek ss podczas wojny w przeciwieństwie do ukraińców, najwięcej sprawiedliwych wśród narodów świata, przyjęliśmy miliony ukraińców, dajemy im pracę inie tylko itd Dużo w tym filmie to manipulacja, rusini stanu wyzszego sami się polonizowali a jeśli ktoś gnębił tamtejsze chłopstwo to właśnie szlachta ruska, zresztą chłop polski miał równie przejeb..ane
As a Pole I would say Germans left their castle in Poland and Poland left in Ukraine .It is likely that there is more Polish castle in Ukraine than in Poland.I read that some of them were so rich that their revenue was relevant to year of annual the UK budget and more than Polish budget.
@@Konzor Especially on the east nobility had mercenaries counted in thousands like a private army with many castles.Poland declined due to deluge and looting of the Swedish army.Poland and Sweden were at constant war .Swedes didn't event look at Russia nothing to loot there .However history has changed first declined Poland after weakened Swedes were defeated by Russia and we had a birth of Russia Empire .Cossack believed that Swedes helped them with Russia ,however Sweeds were defeted after the battle of Poltava .As a trivia I want to mention that Sweeds even reached east France Alsace looted their castle in 30 year war .Poland was catholic and Sweden was protestant an excellent excuse to rob.
It's really fun that you are covering lesser known moments in history. I hope some day you Will make a dedicated video about the rise of grand Dutcy of lithuania
@@Andriy_Moskalenko When Poland, Russia, Tatars, Cossacks fought each other, changing alliances multiple times, with most of Poland being occupied at one point. It was a total mess
An interesting thing, completly ommitted, was the fact that Khmielnitsky was meeting often with then Polish king (Vladislaus IV) in preparation for a war with Tatars and Turkey (which would be very beneficial for Cossacks, especially increasing their autonomy). Vladislaus was seen as friendly to Cossacks, but his plans for war were ultimately rejected by the parliament. There are sings that he was actually at least verbally supportive of the planned uprising - he publically told to Cossacks complaining about their rights "don't you have sabres at your side?" while the parliament was by far more oppressive ("you are like nails to be cut"). There is little historical evidence, but it could be that Khmenitsky hoped for support of Vladislaus IV of some sort. Khmelnitsky did allegedly have a royal banner and a sign of hetman office from king. Vladuslaus died however just as the uprising begun and had no chance to do anything.
Yep, King wanted to create alliance between Commonwealth and Russia and together destroy Crimea Khanate and later strike at Ottomans, but this plan failed miserably
@@MyPrideFlag I heard the story, that Chmielnicki's wife was kidnapped, and he went to the king for help, and the king told him "don't you have a saber yourself?"
Campaign on Istanbul (1615) - sea campaign of the Zaporozhian Cossacks led by hetman Pyotr Konashevich-Sagaidachny to the capital of the Ottoman Empire. In May 1615, the Zaporozhian Cossacks on eighty seagulls (ships), each of which accommodated about 50 Cossacks, set off on another campaign to Turkey. By mid-June, they managed to swim across the Black Sea and land on the shore near Istanbul. After that, the Cossacks destroyed and set fire to the part of Istanbul called Scutari (now Uskudar), then the ports of Mizevna and Arkhioka. Having taken the booty, the Cossacks went home.As a Ukrainian, I really love Hetman Petro Konashevich-Sagaidachny
For those interested in random facts, check online for the history of the city Donetsk. It was first industrialized by a British industrialist John Hughes who invested money into discovery and development of coal mines and factories in the region. Donetsk used to be called Yuzovka (Hughes ovka, get it?). Later when the British left, it was called Donetks for a brief time. Then when Stalin was in charge it was called Stalino. After the scumbag Stalin croaked, it became Donetsk again. I am very sad to see the region of my origin be taken over by Putin's army. Among them are many of the so called Don Cossacks. They are essentially a paramilitary group who does dirty things Putin doesn't want his military to do openly, although the latter has shown to be barbaric already with the way they destroyed many obviously civilian targets and people. These Don Cossacks are the Russian version of extreme Christian fundamentalists. At least they project that image. They usually openly advocate for restoration of absolute monarchy in the modern world. At the 2014 Sochi Olympics their people used a whip to attack musicians from Pussy Riot showing how uncivilized they are. They are claimed to have committed horrible war crimes in South Ossetia, Georgia, in Chechnya, and they were the ones who essentially stole a piece of land from Moldova known as Transnistria in English (Prednistrovie) in Russian. Ok, random information sharing over.
"so called Don Cossacks" They're called that because they literally are Cossacks of the river Don, they've fought for the Russian empire for centuries and were infamous for enforcing the Tsar's will and leading the conquests of Siberia.
@@Threezi04 I specifically used the term “so called Don Cossacks”. to indicate that the people in their organization are using the name for some sort of status and pride but they do not genuinely hold authentic views of the Don Cossacks. Of course they were is banned group between the 1930s and early 90s, but before and after they are known for doing very horrible things. They are a modern paramilitary mercenary group without morals who hide behind the label. That is why “so called”
@@chestermosburger3113 I don’t know if you are familiar with Christian Orthodox, but in modern Russian context they are mostly a hyper conservative group rather than sincere Christians. They will like the orthodox icons, go to the church, and maybe pray, but this is very superficial and almost transactional. It is like that among different Christian groups/sects but more so in their case IMHO. I think they value their nationalist and racist views more than the authentic Biblical teachings. The Russian Orthodox Church is very much almost entirely defined by nationalism as it was under the tsars. In fact as you may know, most counties with an Orthodox population has their own patriarchate, but most consider the universal patriarch to be the one who is currently in Istanbul in Turkey and his name is Patriarch Bartholomew. Russian Orthodox reject that and claim they are the universal and “true church” by argument that “We have the largest Orthodox population so accept our authority”. That is my impression of state of things.
@@StopFear it would be surprising if there existed a religious establishment which actually did promote peace instead of the furtherance of its own authority. The Quakers, possibly...
Great video! Top content as always! I would like mentioning of the fact that Cossacks also served as mercenaries in Thirty Years War. And many of these well armed and experienced veterans joined Khmelnitsky uprising in 1648.
It should be noted that attempts were made to make the Cossacks a third partner in the union along the Polish crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania but as Ukraine was overtaken by Russia it didn't come to be.
Hetman Ivan Vygovsky who fought against muscovites (the next hetman after Khmel) turned to Poles to sign nice agreement to end conflict between us, but despite initial agreement being okayish (it was very good except that polish kings should have appointed next hetmans and that the hetman status should've been perpetuate. This two things were against cossack democratic traditions, it would've been better that we elect hetman and then king appoints him or refuses to do so), so, despite initial agreement being understandable, Polish Seym approved version without any autonomy ( We were only fighting muscovites
not was overtaken, they wanted to join grand duchy of Moscow after Chmielnicki who take offense at Polish crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, becouse of his personal enemy Daniel Czapliński and lack of protection/justice from Polish Crown; after his uprising he was afraid of his life so he convinced Cossaks that under protection of Moscow they are going to have better life... and now we know how it ended.....
Unpopular opinion but that is bullshit. Cossacks and Orthodoxy were strongly related to each other. A Cossack state under a catholic ruler was impossible. That’s why Khmelitkzky fought in the first place as he identified himself as the direct descent of orthodox Kiewan Rus. Poles and Cossacks were archenemies during that time, there is no way of denying that.
Listening to the history, it seems they were very individual and brave. They fought bravely and long, not willing to put up with others trying to rule them. They have a long long history much longer than the US. They also fought for freedom of religion. In 1642 the Ukrainian people emerged as the first free Ukrainians. This story of the Kossacks that became the Ukraine people were their own boss. They are fiercely independent, and we were much like them. We must help them keep their country.
Cossacks were a valuable army in the service of Poland in the times of its strength. Unfortunately, in the middle of the 17th century, when the Commonwealth weakened, the Cossacks were played by Russia and Turkey ... to the loss of Poland😥
@@Hhushrk12 but you have to keep in mind, they thought they were. They gave their regional rulers the same leeway that they gave their own. I mean it was technically a Republic. So when the Cossacks didn't like their leadership because it was to "polish", there was nothing to do. The polish commoners had the same government and serfdom.
Cossacs wanted freedom or equality. Were Polish not trying to be masters, but allies, things would have gone much smoother, just like nowadays. It was a great error in such approach. But, as a Ukrainian, I am glad that today we finally have peace and friendship with Poland and with Lithuanians.
I want to notice that Lithuania at the time was a bit like a joined state and not exactly abusive towards Ukrainians/Ruthenians to the extent later Poland was. It was called Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia for some period. Finally Ruthenia dissapeared from titles after Lublin when Poland and Lithuania became the two main nations.
Religion was a major thing in determining identity back than. The catholics and the orthodox were not on a good terms and considered each other heretics. That's why the Ruthenians (predominantly orthodox) were oppressed in the PLC
Actually, one of the titles of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania was "King of Russia". The word "Ruthenia" did not appear in his title, at least not in the Lithuanian and Russian-language forms of that title.
The Ukrainian Cossacks inspired from Turkic nomadic military democracy. South and East Ukraine was inhabited by Turkic tribes such as Turks, Pechenegs, Kumans. Cossack, Ataman - Turkic words. Legendary founder of Cossacks - Mamay was a Turk.
Mamay wasn't a legendary founder of Cossacks. It was a picture of a Cossack that appeared in the 17th century. Also, the first enemy of Cossacks was Crimea, so it is hard to believe that there was a Tatar who created Cossacks to fight against Tatars. But a true thing that there were Tatars among Cossacks.
@@meflux495 It is a Ukrainian folk hero, which was popular among the Ukrainian Cossacks of 17th century. Obviously, it appeared earlier, obviously it needs time to spread among people as oral sayings. The cossack Organisation is a Turkic way of Organisation of society. Therefore the organisational vocabulary is originated from Turkic language. It means the Cossacks were Turkic at its foundation or at least mixed (Turko-slavic) society.
K&G always seems to put a bit of emphasis on the catholic church and its "crimes" when the church is no more guilty than any other organization or religion.
I suppose the video is explaining briefly the points why Ruthanians were unhappy with the Polish government. There are many more explanations of how Cossacks appeared, what they did, how they ruled, what their problems were with Poles, Tatars, Moskovites, etc. It is a composite phenomenon that will require more time to explain than 20 min.
There's actually a really nice Polish movie from the 90', "With Fire and Sword", well known both in Poland and in Ukraine (it depicts both quite nicely both sides of the 1648 civil war) that can be found on youtube with english subtitles: ruclips.net/video/UME_FMc4_RI/видео.html The quality isn't perfect, but I'm sure it can be found elswhere, too. For people from the "region" who at least hear the difference between the languages, it may be even more interesting as it's 50-50 in Polish and in Ukraininan and the changes of the language that the characters use add an extra layer to the movie, but the movie should be clear to anyone anyway.
Just a smal note in Polish history Jadwiga is not queen she is titled king. I understand that in translation some meanings may be lost but in "polish" logic queen is strictly wife of king
I'm from Zaporizhzhya. Most of my relatives are from Zaporizhzhya or Dnipro. Although I have some polish, belarus and other roots I do believe I have some cossack blood as well.
Козацькому роду нема переводу! Я іноземець, але розмовляю вашою мовою, яка є справді дуже гарна мова. Вітання з США! Ви маєте сильна, неймовірна нація! Все буде Україна
@@Blastnikov Thanks. We rely on your country's help, if you can speak about Ukraine's needs in social media, do it. USA's help is different from Afghanistan, it really helps, but we need more. You can't imagine how it can help. By my understanding we lost 10000 military at least, and maybe same number or 2-3 times more of civillians. One dollar USA and EU spends on Ukraine's army will save you 10 dollars, which USA and EU will spent on refugees. Thank you!
8:50 Hey guys, I have to point this one out: I doubt that they had rifles in this period, as those were a later invention. They would have used old gunpowder weapons which were available at the time.
Had the Polish nobles paid the registered Cossack, as promised, those registered Cossacks would have remained loyal to the Commonwealth and kept the rebellious elements at bay in the 1640's.
@@santepaulus Not convinced the Cossacks had any "ambitions of own state"...the very definition of the Cossacks in that period was of a semi nomadic people loyal to their Hetman who himself was allied in a loose confederation of other local leaders. The reason the rebellion itself ended in servitude to Russia was the lack of any overall vision.
conflict wasn't about those payment (not entirely), Commonwealth also was late with payment for polish nobleman who mostly fought as husaria and had to pay for horses and equipment by themselves, it was about being recorded in cossacs register, so they could have all same rights as nobelmans in other case they would be just pesants who must work for Nobelman Landlord, that's why they were escaping to Sicz
@@ryszardnowak485 Only registered cossacks had the right to fight for those who had to pay for their services for some period of time or till their assistance was not required and yes they were not paid.
In 1710 the Cossacks were still reeling from the destruction of Mazepa's capital after his short rebellion and alliance with Charles XII, and were firmly under the control of Peter the Great. Not sure what "constitution" was signed at that point, other than one that pledged their loyalty to the Russians.@@sircatangry5864
Thank you for great content! Full name of the state: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Zhemaite. Lithuania is Modern Belarus (including Smolensk) and part of modern Lithuania. Zhemaite is Lithuania, Rus is modern Ukraine.
Bit of a XIX century nationalistic perspective on the matter since the "Polish Catholic oppressors" were in reality also Ruthenians/Ukrainians that adopted Sarmatian (old Polish Commonwealth) identity but still kept using the Ruthenian language, political terms and language. Natione Polonus, gente Ruthenus, of Polish nationality, of Ruthenian ethnicity. The most famous anti cossack noble that's even seen as a hero by some ultranationalists, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (note that Jeremi is a Ukrainian name) was raised Orthodox and only later on did he convert to Catholicism.
One thing missing. In 1620s king Wladyslav the IV of house Vasa wanted to round 60k poles , 35k Lithuanians, and around 200 k cossacks registered and March on constantinople. Everything went well but polish nobility chickened and said no . So the king has sent letters to cossacks leaders to rebel and stand against polish nobility. Those letters reached zaporoze and rebellion erupted in 1648...
@@oksanamazur2123 to prawda. Nie jest to wiedza historyczna która jest odpowiednio rozpowszechniana w Polsce. Już jako dziecko oglądając "ogniem i mieczem " nie mogłem zrozumieć o co tak naprawdę chodzi. Prawdziwymi buntownikami to była Polska szlachta . Król i Kozacy mieli rację.
13:13 Well, Cossacks were raiding Turks, nearly bringing Poland into war with Ottoman Empire few times, this behaviour also caused eventual pacification of Cossacks. Just mentioning this as omitting actions of Cossacks that earned them the described in the video perception from the Polish crown is not painting full image.
I just wanted to underline that the biggest magnates in Commonwealth were not polish but ukrainian, byelorussian or lithuanian origin (Wiśniowieccy, Radziwiłłowie etc.), and it is not true, that ukrainian peasents were under polish magnates, because in the reality they were ukrainian magnates, who just accepted polish culture. Furthermore, they very often ruled polish colonizers who arrived from greater poland or mazovia.
Technically the Commonwealth was a version of a republic, so that would make alot of sense. They just had an issue with their local rulers (who were culturaly very polish). But you also have to keep in mind that a large part of their society were fleeing from other nations... which means they themselves were often just depatriated poles.
"Crimean Khanate considered the steppes of Ukraine to be theirs, as they previously belonged to the mongol khans" Well blimey, looks like that argument is still in use in modern era. Either that, or somebody brings medieval logic to modern day politics)
The roots of Cossacks lay even more deep in history. There were East Slavic tribes Ulichs and Tivertsi who inhabited the land between lower Danube and lower Dnieper. They became victims of nomadic Turkic invasions and many of them resettled to the north. However some of them remained on original lands and came to some agreement with Cumans. By that time they were known as Berladnici and Brodnici. Berladnici had the prototype of Sich - the military camp in Berlad where people from Rus' fled, including even some princes. Brodnici sided with Mongols in the battle of Kalka river. When papal legate travelled from Crimea to Sarai (Golden Horde capital) he witnessed two different groups of people who inhabited Azov Sea coast area - nomadic Cumans and settled Rusyns (Brodnici). Those Rusyns lived from salt trade, fishing and controlled the fords (river crossings) and gathered taxes there. According to papal legate Rusyns lived and made trade all the way to Volga river. Of course, those people did not disappear and became the base for future Cossacks. They borrowed many things from Cumans - military tactics in the steppe, basic things about steppe life, etc. You can read more here - www.quora.com/Who-were-the-Cossacks-in-Ukraine/answer/Anton-Danylchenko-1
З Днем Української Державності вільне панство! Росіяни кажуть нас не існує і ми штучний народ, але хіба люди так палко воюють за штучні цінності? Ми переможемо, Слава Україні! Happy Ukrainian Statehood Day free gentlemen! Russians say our identity is artificial, that we dont exist. But when did ever humans fought so fiercely for anything artificial? We will win, Spava Ukraini!
@@konstantinriumin2657 Well I would disagree since the majority of people I know volunteered for service and only the quarter of them on the front, half of them go through military exercises and last quarter wait their tern. I don't deny that there are cases of force mobilization but I personally know about two cases: first, two contracts servesmen that deserted and went in hidden; second THAT idiot get drunk and went on walk only it's ending up in the fight and he was arrested, after he was ordered to go through military medical commission, he run away like the coward.
@@otamanvasyl9949 furthermore its just simply manipulation (I did not reply to a guy on purpose, he is a bot). Like 99% of wars in human history were fought with conscripts. In many cases that does not make them any less motivated (See USSR in WW2)
@@fungunsun1 Maybe, Maybe not. Sadly, many believe those words and began to spread the rumors that it isn't the war for Ukrainian freedom and self-determination but another hybrid war between The West and The East that Ukrainians just were forced into and don't care who would rule over them.
@@fungunsun1 Pretty sure the russians were motivated by their officers shooting them if they took a step back ... Not much has changed with the russian army it seems , although they do steal a lot of toilets now for some reason .
12:41 actualy it was king Sigismund II that introduced registry of cossacks. King Stephan Batory (1576-1586) introduced łans infantry, maybe u had this one in mind. Also it is worth notice of Ruthenian Uniate Church and Union of Brest (1595) that inflicted more Polish-Cossacks animosity. Nice video tho, Chmielnicki uprising whas one of worse event in Polish history, it shouldnt happend it only bring long range fall to us (Poland) and Cossack, only Russia gaine anything from it. Slava Ukrainie!
Polish szlachta nobles went ruthless upon Zaporozhians, especially over Orthodox Christianity beliefs, so that's why Zaporozhians rebelled. Even Muscovites were closer to them at this point than Poles.
We in Ukraine don't believe that we were mistaken when uprising against you. We have finished forming as a political nation, but actual thing was that you could just let Orthodox representatives in the Seym and create another autonomous Knyazivstvo Ruske with the cossack form of rule. We would have then just stopped and idzhme biyme moscals together as basically all the problematic questions between you and us would've been resolved. Waging exhausting war end of which no one have seen forced us to go under the moscow rule as we thought we could live under Orthodox tzar without oppression and so we can live easily as we lived robbing ottomans. That's it, we were ready for compromise as basically weaker side, but not yet brain-enslaved one
@@theowlx7_alex245 In Poland I haven't seen anyone with knowledge of the period who would say that you were in the wrong that time. Like 90% of people will tell you either that they don't really know or that it was pointless war because enlarging cossack registry was in our own interest and other terms wouldn't change much in the country. Guess it happened because of the same reasons like in more moments in our history. Lack of good comunication, lack of sober thinking and abundence of Russian intermingling
@@theowlx7_alex245 Commonwealth authorities definitely mishandled the issue. The problem was that at that point the power of the magnates was already too strong, they were above the law and started oppressing the common folk not only in the east. The formerly egalitarian union turned into oligarchy. It's a shame because if this was handled correctly, everyone could benefit.
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Could you stop calling our capital KIEV it`s name is Kyiv after ancient ruler of Rus Kyi
@@aska8923 - lol, take it easy. Are you pronouncing/spelling the name of every city in the world the same way the natives do? ;)
Hi from Turkey.
Please don't forget about Nestor Mahkno!!!!!!
PUTIN WILL CONQUER EUROPE BY TAKING SUPPORT OF THE MONGOLS
Regarding the origin of the Cossacs, it is also worth mentioning that in 1528 there was a nation-wide nobility census in the Grand duchy of Lithuania (Popys Zemskyi). As a result, some nobility, who could not prove their origin, or (more commonly) made wrong enemies at the court, were stripped of their rank and land. Those guys also joined the cossacks and they certainly held no love for the government of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Didn’t knew that, may you send a link or propose some book on the topic ?
By misfits I didn't just imagine adventurers and criminals, but also small nobles who were banished for pissing off the wrong people.
@@agentfundacji1 Links are getting deleted((
Try autotranslating this article. This is about Volyn specifically, but this might give you the general idea.
«Особливості проведення земського перепису литовсько-руського війська у Волинській землі 1528 року» // Український археографічний щорічник. - Вип. 16/17. - 19/20. - С. 151 - 164.
@@lucinae8512 Sure, just clarifying)
Said census was followed by "The first statute of Lithuania" in 1529 (Перший литовський статут), which, among other things, regulated the rights of nobility and introduced some uniformity. Previously, there were "sorts" of nobility - armoured boyars, zem'yans, and others. After this code of laws, all nobility became "shl'ahta", and those who were unlucky enough to not fit the new order had to find a new place in the society. Some of them ended up in Zaporizhya, bringing their martial experience with them.
@@bohdanhovorun3078 thanks, are you studying history by the way ?
Poland-Lithuania: "So, are you Cossacks fighting for us, or against us?"
Cossacks: "Yes"
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, although being de-facto a country of 3 peoples with Ukrainians being the most numerous, de jure it was a country of 2 peoples.
Which, of course, led to lots of problems and bloodshed.
Cossacs fought for themselves and their freedom in the first place. It was either you live a semi-military cossac lifestyle or you are a slave (a serf).
@@007ShaolinMonk that is a massive oversimplification mate
@@agentfundacji1 you expect me to write a treaty or a poem as the answer to a simple commentary? Are you all right?
Zelensky, a true Ukrainian hateman(cussack leader)
😀 bravo
Nice to quote "Hey Sokoli" in the beginning! It is one of the most beautiful folk songs as well in Ukrainian as in Polish.
oh yeah I'm glad i'm not the only one that noticed.
Slovak too!
The Interslavic version is also gorgeous. I'd suggest giving it a listen.
@@RealMothman98 Sounds interesting could you give me a link? I do not find it somehow
The author is Polish teacher from Vinnytza in middle XIX, who was fascinated by Cossack history.
As you noticed, the biggest problem for Ukraine as democratic state was, that it was always surrounded by empires…
They are in an indefensible position of many plains. Very tricky, almost as if the only way to survive was the cossack way.
thats true for the whole central eastern europe and balkan
Ukraina is a fake country
Ukraine:"You know, I was something of an empire myself".
Hence the Kiev Rus? Really all Russians claim Ukrainian heritage…..no?
Hey, hey, hey, Falcons. Fly past the mountains, forests and valleys...
Hej Sokoly
Hej Sokoły ❤️
🇬🇧 Ring Ring Ring bell, My steppe Skylark
🇺🇦 дзвін дзвін дзвін дзвіночку, степовий жайвороночку
_Lo, there, somewhere near black waters,_
_A young cossack mounts his horse._
_Sadly he parts with his girl,_
_But even more sadly with Ukraine._
_Hey, hey, hey falcons!_
_Fly past the mountains, forests and valleys._
_Ring, ring, ring little bell._
_My little steppe skylark_
I actually had to look it up, that's pretty cool. 😎👍
Somewhere from beneath that black water
A young uhlan* mounts his horse
He tenderly bids farewell to his girl
Even more tenderly to the Ukraine
I had long known about the Cossacks even though I was raised in America. I was named after a fictional Cossack, and my parents knew one who settled in St. Louis where they were living. They have always fascinated me, and it pleases me Ukrainians today still celebrate Cossack traditions, customers and culture.
Your ancestors are not from Ukraine but you were called Taras ?
@@camokat86 They were Ukranian.
Nice origins history
Let me guess, Taras Bulba?
@@shylockwesker5530Yes, Taras Bulba.....
The Cossacks seem so "become ungovernable", and that's an ethic I'm in love with. New favorite pre-modern day people.
There is a big oversimplification in calling the magnates of Ukraine 'polish aristocrats', yes they were the rulling class in a state entity that today is quite misleadingly called 'Poland' but they were predominantly of ruthenian origin. Most of them adopted polish language and catholic faith in the seventeenth century. What made them polish by those days standards was being the citizens of the Commonwealth but even after they 'fully' polonised they still described themselves as 'gente ruthenus natione polonus' that can be translated to 'of ruthenian origin nationality polish', the main thing is that your ethnicity was far less important for the people of this region than your class. For example in the XVI century a calvin noble from western Poland would feel much more fraternity with his ruthenian speaking orthodox counterpart from today Ukraine than with a peasant or a burgher from his surroundings. Fast forwarding to the XIX century we can see that when your ethinicty becomes much larger factor in your national identification there are examples of many families in which brothers and sisters are choosing different nationalities (polish and ukraninian, polish and belarussian or polish and lithuanian). It is also worth mentioning that polonisation of the eastern nobility wasn't aggresive at all and it would be best to describe the process as: 'ruthenian nobility polonised itself' rather than 'ruthenian nobility was polonised'. I know this comment is also a big oversimplification but any has to be as there have been tens of books written about the topic.
It is simplified but right in its core issue which is that being of noble origin was something much more important to people in early modern period and the so-called ‘polonisation’ of ruthenian aristocracy and nobility was a complicated process and cannot be described in XIX century fashion as ‘Ukrainians and Belorussians taking polish identity’. Also you point out, correctly I believe that being a ‘Pole’ in let’s say XVIII century meant something really different that in second half of the XIX, especially after January uprising.
Orthodox people were oppressed in the Commonwealth, for example there is a lot of evidence that you could have problems with obtaining handicraft master status in cities, a lot of Orthodox churches were forcely closed and their land taken as only the Union Church at one moment has become the only one legal non-Catholic church in the country, and a lot more stuff that *forced* you to become Catholic and polonise. Some have done so because they honestly wanted so.
@@theowlx7_alex245 It technically was illegal but it wasn't really oppression by the state which had very little authority. It was mostly the catholic church as an institution which can be accused of those practises and individual noblemen who in practice up to the middle of XVII century had religious freedom (more than it they had right to enforce any denomination on their subject and many newly converted to catholisism ruthenian nobles tried to excersise it). Even after the middle of XVII it is right even the orthodox noblemen lost their privileges but it was after khmelnitsky uprising. There is one big exception to what I am talking and that is the reign of King Zygmunt III who was a zealous catholic and actively supported policies which I must repeat were mostly practice of the church and individual (not meaning scarce in number) noblemen.
@@theowlx7_alex245 Not only in Poland but generally in Europe - it was planned and methodical persecution of other religions conducted by Catholic Church, probably the most famous cases of it were in Spain (inquistion) and France (Bartlomew's Day), in Poland it is called counter-reformation and was relatively milder - without mass killing or burning heretics alive (quite rare, separate incidents happened). In the Commonwealth was more or less strict religion toleration politic which prevented religious wars in opposite to the other west european countries.
You say it's wrong calling them Polish aristocrats then quoting phrase in which they call themselves Polish
Otaman and Hetman were two different things.
Otaman(Ataman) was the elected ruler of Zaporozhian Sich. Sich itself was a military camp where Cossacks gathered e.g. before planned military campaigns. Sich was located in different places throughout the history.
Hetman title meant simply the leader of the army - there were hetmans in Polish and Lithuanian armies as well.
Khmelnytskyi never was an Otaman. He fled to the Sich and was proclaimed as a Hetman - the military leader for the upcoming new military campaign.
The state formed by Khmelnyskyi - the Hetmanate (the real name of the state was Zaporozhian Host). But there was still another state - the original Zaporozhian Host (led by Otaman). And the relation between Hetmanate and original Zaporozhian Host were not always good.
@Ka1 The term hetman has a German root.
@Ka1 Ataman is Turkic title(probably a cognate with the word Ottoman, since Osman was Arabized-then-reTurkified form of Osman I's original name, Ataman/Otman), meaning "headman/elderman"
Hetman coincidentally bears the same meaning with the Turkic ataman, however it is obviously Indo-European(head-man)
@Ka1 There is no need for any ket-men/kut-men, moreover this is not a logical etymology. I did not find Cuman - ketmen in the Codex Cumanicus. The Czechs have been using the term hetman since the 13th century (zemský hejtman), without any Turks. The Czech word "hejtman" is derived from the Old High German "hauptmann" ("haupt" means "chief" or "head", "mann" - "man"), and the Polish "hetman" - from the Middle Low German "hōd-man" (in the XIV-XV centuries, was used the variant "etman", from the XV century - "hetman"). In the German language of that time, this word had the meaning "commander of an armed detachment"
ATAMAN,HETMAN,...is close to hitman.
So to put it simply it's like political office vs military office?
My hometown, Kremenchuk, actually was founded as one of those forts against tatars in 1571
cool
Кременчук, походить від тюркського "керменчик", що перекладається як малий замок(фортеця). Якщо мислити логічно, то стає зрозуміло, що Річ Посполита не могли заснувати Кременчуцьку фортецю, бо це місце вже мало назву фортеця від попередніх володарів татар.
@@oleksandrlysenko611 ,если вы украинец,то вы меня удивили,обычно против татар вся ваша история, что украинцев, что у русских.Когда надо делать всемирным злом Золотую Орду вы солидарны русскими в истории
@@samalaimukhametova7290 Розділяй та володарюй - давній імперський принцип. На жаль по відношенню до татар, українців, чеченців і т.д. часто використовувався інший, жорстокий макіавелівський "вільне місто краще знищити і розсіяти його мешканців, бо вони не забудуть про свою свободу і повстануть навіть і через сто років."
Is it still there?
Those catholic lords, magnates from Ukraine were actually Ukrainians/Ruthenians too. They just converted to Catholicism and polonized. Many of them were far descendants of Rurik. Most of them used old Rus title knaz (prince).
@Mergor x Depends where and when the title was used. During the reign of Boris I of Bulgaria, it was equivalent to a King, later his son - Simeon I the Great was crowned as the first Tsar(equal to the Byzantine Basileus) by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913.
@Mergor x In Polish language prince and duke are the same word. In those times in Polish-Lithuanian monarchy you could be King (monarch), great prince (monarch - in later times it was always the same person as king), prince (just a title in most cases not connected with any rule over given territory and where it was connected with a rule you were subject of a monarch) and rest of the nobility was just members of nobility able to use only title of knight or some office name if they had any.
W I RP nie było tytułu "Duke."
A "książę" przysługiwał tylko tym, którzy mieli pochodzenie od Giedymina, Ruryka bądź Piasta.
That makes alot of sense, because the Szlachta titles were extended to Lithuanian and Ruthenian nobility. Not to mention, it was a commonwealth, so honestly it sounds more like they overthrew their own nobles, who had been backed by the Polish nobility
@Mergor x "Knaz" or "kneg" is literally the same word as Germanic word "konig" or "king" and Turkish word "khan" or "khagan", so they are translated either as "petty kings" or as "princes"
The word "duke" in Slavic languages is "voivod".
Someone should've told Russia that these Ukrainians are unruly people, and therefore cannot be ruled. Their lands can be invaded but not their hearts. Great video!
Thus, the Ukrainian people always wanted to be independent, and other peoples always tried to conquer and subjugate it. The Russians especially tried to plant their language and culture to bring us together and make us one nation, but we have always been different.
That reference to hej Sokoly at the beginning makes my cossack blood happy
Sir, as a Pole interested in history, I congratulate you on the objective material that is consistent with historical sources.
Cossack history is so extraordinary.
My great grandfather was a Cossack that got deported to America. Long history of Cossack family.
These kind of videos really make you realize just HOW MUCH happens geopolitically in 100 years, even in a little area not often on the world stage. Day to day things seem so stable and unmoving, but you just zoom out a bit and see how untrue that is.
Everyday
I can not understate how much I want to see the next video on the history of Ukraine from you! Please continue making them!
I first learnt about the Cossacs through a Mumford & Sons song called 'Ditmas'. I absolutely loved the video featuring a Cossac warrior trying to tame a wild horse and then finally experience freedom.
Have always been interested in them since.
Totally recommend the song along with the music video. It's brilliant.
Moral of the story is don't mess with the Cossacks
I see what you did at the beginning. ;-)
Of course, it's just scratching the surface of an immensely complex and complicated topic (several topics, really). You could make an entire episode about the Church Union of Brest (1596) and how it contributed to the rise of tensions in Ukraine, or create a whole series taking a closer look at the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from its origins.
One thing that I would really like to add was in the part when you discussed the various likely roots of the egalitarian, "democratic" culture of the Cossacks. I'd say that, paradoxically, the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility was among these roots. The members of _szlachta_ not only enjoyed great privileges but were also very numerous (the lowest of the very varied estimates put them at least at 5% of the whole population, way above the European average) and were all legally equal (no additional "tiers" among the aristocracy, with different rights and privileges). That meant (among other things) that tens of thousands of nobles, many of them simple farmers, took a direct part in electing their kings (who in turn could do very little without the approval of the Sejm - the parliament of the Commonwealth). Many Cossacks found this system attractive and wanted to participate in it, but were harshly denied access. In 1632 a delegation of Cossacks showed up at the special session of the Sejm (known as the convocation), which was preparing for the next royal election, and demanded to take part in it, as they were "the members of the Commonwealth" too. The Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł supposedly told them that they may be "members" of the Commonwealth but are to it like fingernails and hair to the human body - need to be cut from time to time, once they grew too much.
Well, as we can see that attitude backfired a bit...
Famous Polish bard Jacek Kaczmarski wrote and sang a song about the aftermath of it during the reign of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (ukr. Єремі́я Вишневе́цький) in Ruthenia.
The Rada existed back in the days of Rus, oddly enough, the roots lie in the official historical legend those times of the Polish nobility and Cossacks. Both of them traced their history back to the Scythians, and there it was known from written Greek sources that there was democracy among sword owners. Kossak considered any Ruthenian potentially equal after using the social elevator in the form of an army. While the Polish nobility considered a Pole not a nobleman to be dirt, as in principle, a Rusyn Lithuanian, and then they really did not like social elevators. That is, the Cossacks approached the original.
The more people with full civil rights, the less power each representative has.
That is, the Polish nobility was worried about the price of a vote.
I wanted to add similar comments, thanks for bringing them
Not exactly as popular democracy of today but the Polish have Noble democracy while the cossacks have military democracy.
& dtto look: J. Hoffman depicts this element quite nicely in his film Fire and Sword (cca 1984-5) in Chmelnicky's conversation with the main character of this wonderful story.T Docela mile tenhle element zobrazuje J. Hoffman ve svém filmu Ohněm a mečem v rohovoru Chmelnického s hlavním hrdinou toho nádherného příběhu.T
Fantastic contribution that adds massive new depth toone's reading of the ongoing Russian war of aggression against Ukraine. This clearly is not a new fight.
It's a 350 year old war between two nations that are complete opposites of each other.
Timothy Snyder also has an excellent series of books on European History, Bloodlands is about essentially Ukraine and it's relationships with Europe and Russia and the Mongol Empire. He is currently doing a series of lectures on Ukraine and up to lesson 22. An excellent intro is "Post Colonial Ukraine "
Number 23 is. Available
Timothy Snyder just gets paid by Ukraine to make up their history, the only recognized Historian is Paul Migocsi who wrote the book on Ukraine.
The only books you should be using as a reference is Paul Robert Mocosi from the University of Toronto, Snyder just uses word splicing to create this narrative that Ukraine existed in Polish Lithuanian commonwealth. Snyder is paid by Ukraine to rewrite the History of Ukraine. “Ukrainians Cossacks help lift the siege of Vienna in the 1683” all nonsense as the were the Zaporizhian Cossacks, word splicing again!
Kyiv was a small principality in the Commonwealth and never reached the Black Sea and never comprised of Galicia and Volhynia. The Tatars and Cossacks were regions not part of the Commonwealth.
Ukraine was only established in 1922 and before that it was Polish Lithuanian and then under The Russian Empire.
love the way of elaborating the true life of being a Cossack
This Ukrainian serie is so interesting, great job. And happy statehood day to all the Ukrainians, you couldn't choose a better day to release this video!
@@darkogabric1130 every country in the world then is a fake country. Even yours was made up at a certain point. Now Ukraine exists and kicks the ass of Russia
Yes!
Being American myself, I wasn't completely familiar with Ukrainian Origins.
I love this series and can't wait to see how it unfolds!
I was super glad to see a 2nd video in the series today. And that there will probably be more to come. 😁👍
I had to look up Statehood Day, proposed by President Zelensky, this is the first year it's a public holiday? That's pretty cool too. 👍
@@apexnext yes, it's the first time. The day was chosen because on the 28th of July 988AD the Kievan Rus officially converted to Christianity
@@apexnextIn Ukraine the date when word cossacs was born is 1556. When Dmytro Vyshnevecky has found first Sich. On Dniper iland Khortica. As castle in the border of Rzech Pospolita.
And the most famous hetman is Ivan Sirko. There are legends about him, he win all battles. He told to cossacs after i die, take my hand and use it as flag and you will win all battles. They did this).
Ukrainian folk musician instrument is bandura (very nice) and kobza. Both were used by cossacs.
Love the opening of the episode with Hej Sokoły. Excellent writing!
@Kings&Generals, wow, didn't really think you would make video about Cossack's era of Rus-Ukraine, thanks a lot
Truely exellent. I love history delivered in this unique way. I'm looking forward to the next video.
That intro. That first 17 seconds. You saw an opportunity and you took it. And it worked wonderful. That was a pro level move. I love this channel
Маючи історичну освіту мушу сказати що дяка вам ща переклад нашої історії на англійську, відео чудове
I love how diverse history that kings and general channel talk about . Highly enlightening. It just goes to show how cultural mixes happen with mix of words like Hetman etc . But nice to see Ukraine rich history discussed and polish -Lithuania rich history to
if one song, represents this era was this song:
ruclips.net/video/D109reAE7SY/видео.html
@@michaelsalmon9832 yes, one more thing ruzzians stole from us
Poland was the most mixed cultural, nationalitis at that time
Once again a historical documentary is making me cry. Thank you! This content is very important for Ukrainian people.
True
Just another great video, as always!
I have waited for a long time for this video, thank you.
Ukrainian Culture, origin and personalities are sooooo cool❤❤❤
As a Pole, I appreciate different perspective. Feels like my history lessons a school were propaganda showing us as a good guys. There is much information here that was deliberetely not provided or altered to different narrative.
All problems and conflicts that existed between Poland and Ukraine are in the past now anyway. We will build a friendly and prosperous future between the two our nations. Thank you, Polish brothers :)
Tak jesteśmy dobrymi ludzmi, żyło u nas miliony Żydów, Rusinów i innych, jako naród jeden z nielicznych nie mieliśmy jednostek ss podczas wojny w przeciwieństwie do ukraińców, najwięcej sprawiedliwych wśród narodów świata, przyjęliśmy miliony ukraińców, dajemy im pracę inie tylko itd Dużo w tym filmie to manipulacja, rusini stanu wyzszego sami się polonizowali a jeśli ktoś gnębił tamtejsze chłopstwo to właśnie szlachta ruska, zresztą chłop polski miał równie przejeb..ane
Every state educates the children it possesses to make them loyal to the heirarchy and cause them to feel separate from the rest of humanity
As a Pole I would say Germans left their castle in Poland and Poland left in Ukraine .It is likely that there is more Polish castle in Ukraine than in Poland.I read that some of them were so rich that their revenue was relevant to year of annual the UK budget and more than Polish budget.
Didn’t know Poland was ever a rich country.
@@Konzor During 16th - early 17th centuries it was the largest exporter of grain in the world. It was very rich and powerful.
@@Konzor Especially on the east nobility had mercenaries counted in thousands like a private army with many castles.Poland declined due to deluge and looting of the Swedish army.Poland and Sweden were at constant war .Swedes didn't event look at Russia nothing to loot there .However history has changed first declined Poland after weakened Swedes were defeated by Russia and we had a birth of Russia Empire .Cossack believed that Swedes helped them with Russia ,however Sweeds were defeted after the battle of Poltava .As a trivia I want to mention that Sweeds even reached east France Alsace looted their castle in 30 year war .Poland was catholic and Sweden was protestant an excellent excuse to rob.
It's really fun that you are covering lesser known moments in history.
I hope some day you Will make a dedicated video about the rise of grand Dutcy of lithuania
We really don’t get much coverage, a pagan nation late into the Middle Ages is kinda nuts tho
Probably when Russians invade you. You will have preferential status on K&G.
Svidrigailo uprising!
I have never seen any video about this war. Would be cool
Very happy to see the video about that part of my Motherland's history. Thanks
🇷🇺👍🏻
It would be interesting if you would cover the Deluge, a turbulent time in Polish-Lithuanian history, tightly intertwined with Cossack Hetmanate.
Hmm I from Ukraine and haven't heard of it, I'll give it a try ;)
@@Andriy_Moskalenko When Poland, Russia, Tatars, Cossacks fought each other, changing alliances multiple times, with most of Poland being occupied at one point. It was a total mess
@@Maus_Indahaus
Very tight cover! I like!!
Yeah, and what happened to the animals when the ark was finally on solid ground
Wonderful presentation and explanation. I knew none of this. Thank you!
An interesting thing, completly ommitted, was the fact that Khmielnitsky was meeting often with then Polish king (Vladislaus IV) in preparation for a war with Tatars and Turkey (which would be very beneficial for Cossacks, especially increasing their autonomy). Vladislaus was seen as friendly to Cossacks, but his plans for war were ultimately rejected by the parliament. There are sings that he was actually at least verbally supportive of the planned uprising - he publically told to Cossacks complaining about their rights "don't you have sabres at your side?" while the parliament was by far more oppressive ("you are like nails to be cut").
There is little historical evidence, but it could be that Khmenitsky hoped for support of Vladislaus IV of some sort. Khmelnitsky did allegedly have a royal banner and a sign of hetman office from king. Vladuslaus died however just as the uprising begun and had no chance to do anything.
I'm pretty sure Sienkiewicz made up "don't you have sabers at your belt".
But generally that was true
@@MyPrideFlag Nope, this comes from Władysław Czapliński "Władysław IV i jego czasy"
@@AlcaturMaethor ok good to know
Yep, King wanted to create alliance between Commonwealth and Russia and together destroy Crimea Khanate and later strike at Ottomans, but this plan failed miserably
@@MyPrideFlag I heard the story, that Chmielnicki's wife was kidnapped, and he went to the king for help, and the king told him "don't you have a saber yourself?"
Campaign on Istanbul (1615) - sea campaign of the Zaporozhian Cossacks led by hetman Pyotr Konashevich-Sagaidachny to the capital of the Ottoman Empire. In May 1615, the Zaporozhian Cossacks on eighty seagulls (ships), each of which accommodated about 50 Cossacks, set off on another campaign to Turkey. By mid-June, they managed to swim across the Black Sea and land on the shore near Istanbul. After that, the Cossacks destroyed and set fire to the part of Istanbul called Scutari (now Uskudar), then the ports of Mizevna and Arkhioka. Having taken the booty, the Cossacks went home.As a Ukrainian, I really love Hetman Petro Konashevich-Sagaidachny
For those interested in random facts, check online for the history of the city Donetsk. It was first industrialized by a British industrialist John Hughes who invested money into discovery and development of coal mines and factories in the region. Donetsk used to be called Yuzovka (Hughes ovka, get it?). Later when the British left, it was called Donetks for a brief time. Then when Stalin was in charge it was called Stalino. After the scumbag Stalin croaked, it became Donetsk again.
I am very sad to see the region of my origin be taken over by Putin's army. Among them are many of the so called Don Cossacks. They are essentially a paramilitary group who does dirty things Putin doesn't want his military to do openly, although the latter has shown to be barbaric already with the way they destroyed many obviously civilian targets and people. These Don Cossacks are the Russian version of extreme Christian fundamentalists. At least they project that image. They usually openly advocate for restoration of absolute monarchy in the modern world. At the 2014 Sochi Olympics their people used a whip to attack musicians from Pussy Riot showing how uncivilized they are. They are claimed to have committed horrible war crimes in South Ossetia, Georgia, in Chechnya, and they were the ones who essentially stole a piece of land from Moldova known as Transnistria in English (Prednistrovie) in Russian.
Ok, random information sharing over.
"so called Don Cossacks" They're called that because they literally are Cossacks of the river Don, they've fought for the Russian empire for centuries and were infamous for enforcing the Tsar's will and leading the conquests of Siberia.
funny how their "Christian fundamentalism" doesn't incorporate the fundamental non-violence teachings of Christ!
@@Threezi04 I specifically used the term “so called Don Cossacks”. to indicate that the people in their organization are using the name for some sort of status and pride but they do not genuinely hold authentic views of the Don Cossacks. Of course they were is banned group between the 1930s and early 90s, but before and after they are known for doing very horrible things. They are a modern paramilitary mercenary group without morals who hide behind the label. That is why “so called”
@@chestermosburger3113 I don’t know if you are familiar with Christian Orthodox, but in modern Russian context they are mostly a hyper conservative group rather than sincere Christians. They will like the orthodox icons, go to the church, and maybe pray, but this is very superficial and almost transactional. It is like that among different Christian groups/sects but more so in their case IMHO. I think they value their nationalist and racist views more than the authentic Biblical teachings. The Russian Orthodox Church is very much almost entirely defined by nationalism as it was under the tsars. In fact as you may know, most counties with an Orthodox population has their own patriarchate, but most consider the universal patriarch to be the one who is currently in Istanbul in Turkey and his name is Patriarch Bartholomew.
Russian Orthodox reject that and claim they are the universal and “true church” by argument that “We have the largest Orthodox population so accept our authority”.
That is my impression of state of things.
@@StopFear it would be surprising if there existed a religious establishment which actually did promote peace instead of the furtherance of its own authority. The Quakers, possibly...
The history of the people who always fight against overwhelming odds and emerge victorious.
Asked Been waiting for a Cossack video! Be awesome if you could do a series on them.
My grandma family were Cossacks!
💕
This one was really cool. Helps to understand the roots. Great work!!
Great work. I really enjoyed this documentary
Was not expecting „Hey Sokoly“ in the opening, but ist is truly welcome :)
Awesome video! Thank you! Looking forward to the next one
Thank you for this history. I am both ethnically Polish and Ruthenian (as well as Croat), and this is fascinating.
guys really good job, so cool illustrations and so easy well told history details
you should do a video or two on the migration of the south and west slavs, there are a lot of historical sources with some really interesting stories.
It’s necessary to correct that only in 1721 tsar Peter proclaimed the Moscow kingdom by the Russian empire, so that population was called Moscovites
This video makes me interested in seeing a video on the Deluge as a whole.
Great examination of a fascinating and volatile region!
Great video! Top content as always!
I would like mentioning of the fact that Cossacks also served as mercenaries in Thirty Years War. And many of these well armed and experienced veterans joined Khmelnitsky uprising in 1648.
It should be noted that attempts were made to make the Cossacks a third partner in the union along the Polish crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania but as Ukraine was overtaken by Russia it didn't come to be.
Hetman Ivan Vygovsky who fought against muscovites (the next hetman after Khmel) turned to Poles to sign nice agreement to end conflict between us, but despite initial agreement being okayish (it was very good except that polish kings should have appointed next hetmans and that the hetman status should've been perpetuate. This two things were against cossack democratic traditions, it would've been better that we elect hetman and then king appoints him or refuses to do so), so, despite initial agreement being understandable, Polish Seym approved version without any autonomy (
We were only fighting muscovites
I suspect (and hope) it will be covered in a future video.
not was overtaken, they wanted to join grand duchy of Moscow after Chmielnicki who take offense at Polish crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, becouse of his personal enemy Daniel Czapliński and lack of protection/justice from Polish Crown; after his uprising he was afraid of his life so he convinced Cossaks that under protection of Moscow they are going to have better life... and now we know how it ended.....
Unpopular opinion but that is bullshit. Cossacks and Orthodoxy were strongly related to each other. A Cossack state under a catholic ruler was impossible. That’s why Khmelitkzky fought in the first place as he identified himself as the direct descent of orthodox Kiewan Rus.
Poles and Cossacks were archenemies during that time, there is no way of denying that.
@@KonzorWell, somehow Ukraine existed 200 years with this requirement.
So you're telling me Mandalorians were straight up just space cossacks?
Good comparison, didn't think of it.
and in "Dune" settlements called "sietches", its how cossack's settlements were called: "sitch"
Thank you for this video. Very good explained. Finally I can hear my history in English, for people all over the world.
Listening to the history, it seems they were very individual and brave. They fought bravely and long, not willing to put up with others trying to rule them. They have a long long history much longer than the US. They also fought for freedom of religion. In 1642 the Ukrainian people emerged as the first free Ukrainians.
This story of the Kossacks that became the Ukraine people were their own boss.
They are fiercely independent, and we were much like them. We must help them keep their country.
Awesome video as always!!
The reference in the beginning is beautiful!
wow , that was interesting! and ended on the intriguing part. can't wait to see next episode.
I think my dad's ancestors were Cossacks. Family comes from the neighborhood, loves horses, doesn't lock his door, black hair at 84.
sounds like a cossack
Love seeing Circassia on the maps
Cossacks were a valuable army in the service of Poland in the times of its strength. Unfortunately, in the middle of the 17th century, when the Commonwealth weakened, the Cossacks were played by Russia and Turkey ... to the loss of Poland😥
Good
To the loss of the Commonwealth.
No the king of Poland did not see Ukrainians as equals. Has he given them the same rights in commonwealth ad Lithuania (3 crowns) all would be fine
@@Hhushrk12 but you have to keep in mind, they thought they were. They gave their regional rulers the same leeway that they gave their own. I mean it was technically a Republic. So when the Cossacks didn't like their leadership because it was to "polish", there was nothing to do. The polish commoners had the same government and serfdom.
Cossacs wanted freedom or equality. Were Polish not trying to be masters, but allies, things would have gone much smoother, just like nowadays. It was a great error in such approach.
But, as a Ukrainian, I am glad that today we finally have peace and friendship with Poland and with Lithuanians.
Cool video! Thanks from Ukraine💛💙
I want to notice that Lithuania at the time was a bit like a joined state and not exactly abusive towards Ukrainians/Ruthenians to the extent later Poland was. It was called Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia for some period. Finally Ruthenia dissapeared from titles after Lublin when Poland and Lithuania became the two main nations.
Religion was a major thing in determining identity back than. The catholics and the orthodox were not on a good terms and considered each other heretics. That's why the Ruthenians (predominantly orthodox) were oppressed in the PLC
Actually, one of the titles of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania was "King of Russia". The word "Ruthenia" did not appear in his title, at least not in the Lithuanian and Russian-language forms of that title.
@@michaelmills5984 😂
I've been waiting for a video like this for 2 years❤
The Ukrainian Cossacks inspired from Turkic nomadic military democracy. South and East Ukraine was inhabited by Turkic tribes such as Turks, Pechenegs, Kumans. Cossack, Ataman - Turkic words. Legendary founder of Cossacks - Mamay was a Turk.
Mamay wasn't a legendary founder of Cossacks. It was a picture of a Cossack that appeared in the 17th century. Also, the first enemy of Cossacks was Crimea, so it is hard to believe that there was a Tatar who created Cossacks to fight against Tatars. But a true thing that there were Tatars among Cossacks.
@@meflux495 It is a Ukrainian folk hero, which was popular among the Ukrainian Cossacks of 17th century. Obviously, it appeared earlier, obviously it needs time to spread among people as oral sayings. The cossack Organisation is a Turkic way of Organisation of society. Therefore the organisational vocabulary is originated from Turkic language. It means the Cossacks were Turkic at its foundation or at least mixed (Turko-slavic) society.
0:03 hej sokoly!!
The song I'm addicted to recently !!
Just wanted to you to make a video on this topic !!
K&G always seems to put a bit of emphasis on the catholic church and its "crimes" when the church is no more guilty than any other organization or religion.
I suppose the video is explaining briefly the points why Ruthanians were unhappy with the Polish government. There are many more explanations of how Cossacks appeared, what they did, how they ruled, what their problems were with Poles, Tatars, Moskovites, etc. It is a composite phenomenon that will require more time to explain than 20 min.
Fantastic video keep it up your doing amazing job
There's actually a really nice Polish movie from the 90', "With Fire and Sword", well known both in Poland and in Ukraine (it depicts both quite nicely both sides of the 1648 civil war) that can be found on youtube with english subtitles:
ruclips.net/video/UME_FMc4_RI/видео.html
The quality isn't perfect, but I'm sure it can be found elswhere, too. For people from the "region" who at least hear the difference between the languages, it may be even more interesting as it's 50-50 in Polish and in Ukraininan and the changes of the language that the characters use add an extra layer to the movie, but the movie should be clear to anyone anyway.
It depicts Ukrainians nicely, but it is total parody of both Polish ducal courts and Polish military tactics.
Love that TV show
Great film...thankyou.
@@kefirmroku4494 It is a Polish movie however, and no it did not depict Ukrainians nicely either.
Mount & Blade: With fire and Sword is also a fun game set in this period
Thank you for the work you do.
Thank you for doing this, my grandfather was a Cossack in the Ukraine
Thats not possible when you are not 250 yesrs old
Thank you for this video!
Just a smal note in Polish history Jadwiga is not queen she is titled king. I understand that in translation some meanings may be lost but in "polish" logic queen is strictly wife of king
Usually in English the distinction is made with Queen regnant (ruler in her own right) vs Queen consort (wife of king).
Great video!
I'm from Zaporizhzhya. Most of my relatives are from Zaporizhzhya or Dnipro. Although I have some polish, belarus and other roots I do believe I have some cossack blood as well.
Братику, тримайтеся там. Львів із вами! Ми вас не кинемо!
Zaporizhzhya це definitely Україна
Козацькому роду нема переводу! Я іноземець, але розмовляю вашою мовою, яка є справді дуже гарна мова. Вітання з США! Ви маєте сильна, неймовірна нація! Все буде Україна
@@Blastnikov Thanks. We rely on your country's help, if you can speak about Ukraine's needs in social media, do it. USA's help is different from Afghanistan, it really helps, but we need more. You can't imagine how it can help. By my understanding we lost 10000 military at least, and maybe same number or 2-3 times more of civillians. One dollar USA and EU spends on Ukraine's army will save you 10 dollars, which USA and EU will spent on refugees. Thank you!
AMAZING !!! THANK YOU FOR THE GREAT LESSON OF HISTORY !!!
The Battle/Campaign between Lithuania and the Golden horde would be interesting!
8:50 Hey guys, I have to point this one out: I doubt that they had rifles in this period, as those were a later invention. They would have used old gunpowder weapons which were available at the time.
Cossacks used arquebuses (15th century)
Had the Polish nobles paid the registered Cossack, as promised, those registered Cossacks would have remained loyal to the Commonwealth and kept the rebellious elements at bay in the 1640's.
@@santepaulus Not convinced the Cossacks had any "ambitions of own state"...the very definition of the Cossacks in that period was of a semi nomadic people loyal to their Hetman who himself was allied in a loose confederation of other local leaders. The reason the rebellion itself ended in servitude to Russia was the lack of any overall vision.
conflict wasn't about those payment (not entirely), Commonwealth also was late with payment for polish nobleman who mostly fought as husaria and had to pay for horses and equipment by themselves, it was about being recorded in cossacs register, so they could have all same rights as nobelmans in other case they would be just pesants who must work for Nobelman Landlord, that's why they were escaping to Sicz
@@ryszardnowak485 Only registered cossacks had the right to fight for those who had to pay for their services
for some period of time or till their assistance was not required and yes they were not paid.
@@dcb5176Well, somehow in 1710 they already signed a constitution, which requires long history of state institutions to create.
In 1710 the Cossacks were still reeling from the destruction of Mazepa's capital after his short rebellion and alliance with Charles XII, and were firmly under the control of Peter the Great. Not sure what "constitution" was signed at that point, other than one that pledged their loyalty to the Russians.@@sircatangry5864
That was interesting! Waiting for the next episode)
Thank you for great content! Full name of the state: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Zhemaite. Lithuania is Modern Belarus (including Smolensk) and part of modern Lithuania. Zhemaite is Lithuania, Rus is modern Ukraine.
Bit of a XIX century nationalistic perspective on the matter since the "Polish Catholic oppressors" were in reality also Ruthenians/Ukrainians that adopted Sarmatian (old Polish Commonwealth) identity but still kept using the Ruthenian language, political terms and language. Natione Polonus, gente Ruthenus, of Polish nationality, of Ruthenian ethnicity. The most famous anti cossack noble that's even seen as a hero by some ultranationalists, Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (note that Jeremi is a Ukrainian name) was raised Orthodox and only later on did he convert to Catholicism.
One thing missing. In 1620s king Wladyslav the IV of house Vasa wanted to round 60k poles , 35k Lithuanians, and around 200 k cossacks registered and March on constantinople. Everything went well but polish nobility chickened and said no . So the king has sent letters to cossacks leaders to rebel and stand against polish nobility. Those letters reached zaporoze and rebellion erupted in 1648...
This is the time of my history which rips my heart.
Oh, to dobrze że chociażby ktoś z Polaków przyznaje że to król umówił Chmielnickiego na powstanie. Bo ogólnie polska propaganda o tym milczy
@@oksanamazur2123 to prawda. Nie jest to wiedza historyczna która jest odpowiednio rozpowszechniana w Polsce. Już jako dziecko oglądając "ogniem i mieczem " nie mogłem zrozumieć o co tak naprawdę chodzi. Prawdziwymi buntownikami to była Polska szlachta . Król i Kozacy mieli rację.
Slava 🇺🇦
13:13 Well, Cossacks were raiding Turks, nearly bringing Poland into war with Ottoman Empire few times, this behaviour also caused eventual pacification of Cossacks.
Just mentioning this as omitting actions of Cossacks that earned them the described in the video perception from the Polish crown is not painting full image.
I just wanted to underline that the biggest magnates in Commonwealth were not polish but ukrainian, byelorussian or lithuanian origin (Wiśniowieccy, Radziwiłłowie etc.), and it is not true, that ukrainian peasents were under polish magnates, because in the reality they were ukrainian magnates, who just accepted polish culture. Furthermore, they very often ruled polish colonizers who arrived from greater poland or mazovia.
Technically the Commonwealth was a version of a republic, so that would make alot of sense. They just had an issue with their local rulers (who were culturaly very polish). But you also have to keep in mind that a large part of their society were fleeing from other nations... which means they themselves were often just depatriated poles.
In reality there is no difference between polish, Ukrainian and Russian dna also Hungarians and Croatia are in the Eastern European genetics too,
they were of ukrainian, lithuanian, bielarussian descent by they were completely polonised so I would just refer to them as Poles
@@czowiektutejszy6241 Polish was 'la lingua franca' for the PL Commonwealth
If they polonized they were no longer ukrainians.
Is no one else going to notice that the opening words are the first lyrics in 'Hej Sokoly'?
I couldn't help but sing it, even if I am not a Ukrainian
"Crimean Khanate considered the steppes of Ukraine to be theirs, as they previously belonged to the mongol khans"
Well blimey, looks like that argument is still in use in modern era. Either that, or somebody brings medieval logic to modern day politics)
Amazing video. Well done. Greetings from Germany
The roots of Cossacks lay even more deep in history.
There were East Slavic tribes Ulichs and Tivertsi who inhabited the land between lower Danube and lower Dnieper. They became victims of nomadic Turkic invasions and many of them resettled to the north. However some of them remained on original lands and came to some agreement with Cumans. By that time they were known as Berladnici and Brodnici. Berladnici had the prototype of Sich - the military camp in Berlad where people from Rus' fled, including even some princes. Brodnici sided with Mongols in the battle of Kalka river. When papal legate travelled from Crimea to Sarai (Golden Horde capital) he witnessed two different groups of people who inhabited Azov Sea coast area - nomadic Cumans and settled Rusyns (Brodnici). Those Rusyns lived from salt trade, fishing and controlled the fords (river crossings) and gathered taxes there. According to papal legate Rusyns lived and made trade all the way to Volga river. Of course, those people did not disappear and became the base for future Cossacks. They borrowed many things from Cumans - military tactics in the steppe, basic things about steppe life, etc.
You can read more here - www.quora.com/Who-were-the-Cossacks-in-Ukraine/answer/Anton-Danylchenko-1
Nice, a video about the Cossacks
З Днем Української Державності вільне панство!
Росіяни кажуть нас не існує і ми штучний народ, але хіба люди так палко воюють за штучні цінності? Ми переможемо, Слава Україні!
Happy Ukrainian Statehood Day free gentlemen!
Russians say our identity is artificial, that we dont exist. But when did ever humans fought so fiercely for anything artificial? We will win, Spava Ukraini!
@@konstantinriumin2657 Well I would disagree since the majority of people I know volunteered for service and only the quarter of them on the front, half of them go through military exercises and last quarter wait their tern. I don't deny that there are cases of force mobilization but I personally know about two cases: first, two contracts servesmen that deserted and went in hidden; second THAT idiot get drunk and went on walk only it's ending up in the fight and he was arrested, after he was ordered to go through military medical commission, he run away like the coward.
@@otamanvasyl9949 furthermore its just simply manipulation (I did not reply to a guy on purpose, he is a bot). Like 99% of wars in human history were fought with conscripts. In many cases that does not make them any less motivated (See USSR in WW2)
@@fungunsun1 Maybe, Maybe not. Sadly, many believe those words and began to spread the rumors that it isn't the war for Ukrainian freedom and self-determination but another hybrid war between The West and The East that Ukrainians just were forced into and don't care who would rule over them.
@@fungunsun1 Pretty sure the russians were motivated by their officers shooting them if they took a step back ... Not much has changed with the russian army it seems , although they do steal a lot of toilets now for some reason .
Heroyam Slava!
12:41 actualy it was king Sigismund II that introduced registry of cossacks. King Stephan Batory (1576-1586) introduced łans infantry, maybe u had this one in mind. Also it is worth notice of Ruthenian Uniate Church and Union of Brest (1595) that inflicted more Polish-Cossacks animosity.
Nice video tho, Chmielnicki uprising whas one of worse event in Polish history, it shouldnt happend it only bring long range fall to us (Poland) and Cossack, only Russia gaine anything from it.
Slava Ukrainie!
Polish szlachta nobles went ruthless upon Zaporozhians, especially over Orthodox Christianity beliefs, so that's why Zaporozhians rebelled. Even Muscovites were closer to them at this point than Poles.
We in Ukraine don't believe that we were mistaken when uprising against you. We have finished forming as a political nation, but actual thing was that you could just let Orthodox representatives in the Seym and create another autonomous Knyazivstvo Ruske with the cossack form of rule. We would have then just stopped and idzhme biyme moscals together as basically all the problematic questions between you and us would've been resolved. Waging exhausting war end of which no one have seen forced us to go under the moscow rule as we thought we could live under Orthodox tzar without oppression and so we can live easily as we lived robbing ottomans. That's it, we were ready for compromise as basically weaker side, but not yet brain-enslaved one
@@theowlx7_alex245 In Poland I haven't seen anyone with knowledge of the period who would say that you were in the wrong that time. Like 90% of people will tell you either that they don't really know or that it was pointless war because enlarging cossack registry was in our own interest and other terms wouldn't change much in the country. Guess it happened because of the same reasons like in more moments in our history. Lack of good comunication, lack of sober thinking and abundence of Russian intermingling
@@theowlx7_alex245 Commonwealth authorities definitely mishandled the issue. The problem was that at that point the power of the magnates was already too strong, they were above the law and started oppressing the common folk not only in the east. The formerly egalitarian union turned into oligarchy.
It's a shame because if this was handled correctly, everyone could benefit.
@@theowlx7_alex245 But Orthodox representatives were already in both the Sejm and the Senat during that time.
4:32. 1559 Year, it's too early to call Muscovy Russia.
You were very bright and competent on this.