Summarizing Germanic grammatical shifts

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  • Опубликовано: 5 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 201

  • @chriflu
    @chriflu Год назад +42

    Great video. As a Swiss German native speaker living in Vienna, I would add that if you look at German as a dialect continuum rather than a standardized language, you still find some archaic features in different dialects.
    The pronouns and verb forms in the second person plural in most Bavarian dialects derive from the Proto-Germanic dual forms. E.g. "eank" instead of "euch" in Tyrolean or "es hobts" instead of "ihr habt" in Viennese. The interesting thing is that while the dual pronouns ("es", "eank") are considered dialectal, the verb ending "ts" (instead of "t", e.g. "ihr machts" instead of "ihr macht") is omnipresent in spoken Austrian Standard German (even though it would be considered a mistake in writing).
    The dialects of the Swiss canton of Valais (in a lot of respects the most archaic dialects of German) on the other hand still have different verb conjugation classes (including different infinitive endings) as well as the declension of predicative adjectives. (It also kept the third person plural verb ending "-nt".)
    I find it fascinating how these dialects have, in some instances, features of Old German or even Proto-Germanic that the standard variety lost more than a millennium ago ...

    • @xernerac
      @xernerac 8 месяцев назад +1

      Was just about to jump into the comments to "add a note about swiss german", and here you are about 20 steps ahead of me...

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад +2

      They also have a full vowel noun declension as zunga, zungo, zungon etc.

  • @stevenschilizzi4104
    @stevenschilizzi4104 Год назад +52

    Great video and really interesting… but why speak so quickly and show those tables so fast we can’t even stop on time to look at each one?
    Because those coloured tables are fabulous - no, really they are. You’ve put in a lot of hard work into this! Þúsend þökk! Tusen takk! Det här är allt underbart! Du bist eine Legende.

    • @craigentinny2
      @craigentinny2 Год назад +10

      Yeah, you could make five separate, very interesting videos out of this one by slowing down and going through the material that you've assembled.

    • @p00bix
      @p00bix Год назад +4

      I watch most educational videos at 1.25x or 1.5x speed. For this channel I never go above 1x and often find myself going back and listening to a section multiple times, since it goes so dang fast. Please pause a bit between sentences WYL!!

  • @williamliamsmith4923
    @williamliamsmith4923 Год назад +9

    1:00 Early Germanic, Early Ancient Greek, Tocharian, Anatolian, Hittite, all Indic, Avestan, Middle and modern Iranian are primarily S-O-V. Some languages were flexible (Latin, Sanskrit but primarily SOV), others like Greek and German changed to SVO as time went by.
    These are ancient languages, some going back to a split from Indo European as early as 6000 BCE (See Paul Hegarty et al , Science, 2023).
    Prevalence of SOV in ancient languages spoken in far away lands tells me PIE must have been SOV.

  • @Paul_Ernst
    @Paul_Ernst Год назад +11

    So much good info in this video (as in previous videos). But its sooooooo hard to follow when its goes so fast.

  • @fritzp9916
    @fritzp9916 Год назад +8

    German "nicht" always goes before what is being negated, not "after the verb". However, when negating the V2 verb, "nicht" stays at the end of the clause as if the word order were verb-final. More generally, German word order is essentially this: lay out everything as if it were verb final, but in main clauses, after everything is positioned, move the topic and the finite verb to the beginning. Subordinate clauses simply stay verb final without any shifting around.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      Actually not. It is used as an adverb, since nicht is actually a noun, and nichts is the genitive of nicht. Ich mache das nicht, Here the nicht is after the finite verb. In late Old High German or Early Middle German you see the double negation as in French standard, ich ni/ne mache das nicht.

  • @erentoraman2663
    @erentoraman2663 Год назад +11

    Standard Dutch still retains a masculine-feminine distinction when using pronouns to refer to nouns (Eenzaamheid; zij is wreed). But in modern Dutch it's very rare for speakers to do this and if it is used it's mostly by southern Dutch speakers or with abstract nouns with clear feminine endings (like -heid). There are still Dutch dialects with a three gender distinction in the articles, because when the case system collapsed, they preferred the accusitive form of the articles (den, de, het) so the gender distinction got maintained.
    Cases are also not completely gone from Dutch, the genetive in particular is still in use, either in titles (Woordenboek der Nederlandse taal) or when trying to avoid using "van"(of) too much (de zoon van de leider der voetbalvereneging)

    • @Treinbouwer
      @Treinbouwer Год назад

      In het oosten maken ze nog het zelfde onderscheid tussen mannelijk en vrouwelijk wat je ook in oude teksten vindt. Ze hebben de naamvals n behouden.
      Het zuiden gebruikt voor mannelijk een n als het woord wat erop volgt begint met een klinker of bepaalde medeklinkers. (t,d,h en g geloof ik. Ik doe het als ik met bepaalde mensen spreek ook, maar dat is onbewust.)

  • @buurmeisje
    @buurmeisje Год назад +87

    I really appriciate that you transcribe Dutch words ending with 'en' as just [ə], for some reason a lot of people still insist that it should be transcribed as [ən], when this hasn't been the pronounciation for the majority of Dutch speakers for decades. Usually if I hear a person speaking Dutch (not a Low Saxon dialect, which have retained the final [n], like German just across the border) and they pronounce the final [n], I assume they're not native speakers, because it sounds very unnatural to me.

    • @purple_purpur7379
      @purple_purpur7379 Год назад +21

      i mean there are millions of speakers that do still pronounce it that way, especially in belgium

    • @Actify143
      @Actify143 Год назад +29

      @@purple_purpur7379 counterpoint: belgium doesn't exist

    • @Copyright_Infringement
      @Copyright_Infringement Год назад +12

      It may not be [ən], but many argue that it is at minimum /ən/, as the final vowel is nasalized for many speakers, necessitating some sort of nasal element

    • @Treinbouwer
      @Treinbouwer Год назад +12

      Ik spreek de n uit als er een klinker op volgt of als er bepaalde medeklinkers op volgen. Ik heb familie in het zuiden die dat ook doen, maar ook familie in het oosten die alleen de n uitspreekt en in het westen die alleen de e uitspreekt.
      De 'standaard' is een vorm van een Hollands dialect met wat compromissen zoals het voor het zuiden behouden van het verschil tussen g en ch en het voor het oosten behouden van de ei en ij en de ou en au.

    • @Hwelhos
      @Hwelhos 11 месяцев назад +3

      In my accent, which is influenced a lot by gronings, the schwa is los. stops become glottal stops, with the nasal assimilation:
      lopen > lo'm [ɫɒʔm̩]
      laken > laˈng [ɫɑʔŋ̩]
      lassen > lass'n [ɫɑzn̩]
      lachen > lag'n [ɫɑꭓɴ̩]

  • @SchmulKrieger
    @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад +1

    I would have said that »ekki/ikke« etc were from enkein formerly nihein < nihw ainaz, where the final n in Old Nord got omitted just like the nasal befor h > k e(n)kki(n), that would also explain Frisian negative particle ek and also Swabian chei. 🤔 And it would explain to some extend Swedish inte.

  • @smittoria
    @smittoria Год назад +19

    9:55 the object pronoun also replace the subject in Dutch: Gij had u as an oblique form and this has become the new formal 2nd person subject pronoun, maintaining the T-V distinction as jij/je vs u

  • @anonymus2782
    @anonymus2782 Год назад +4

    I think the use of the words "strong" and "weak" when talking about verb and adjective inflection comes from whether or not certain forms of the words tend to end in a "strong" (stressed) syllable or a "weak" (unstressed) syllable. "Strong" verbs have past tense forms where the final syllable (for singulars at least) is stressed, while the corresponding forms of "weak" verbs end with an unstressed syllable. Indefinite adjectives (unless formed with suffixes) also end "strongly" (in the singular), while all definite adjectives end with a "weak" (unstressed) syllable. Well, at least this holds for Swedish, Danish and Norwegian.

  • @Frahamen
    @Frahamen Год назад +18

    "niet een" always becomes "geen" and "uitgang" doesn't mean "outro". It means specifically exit, as in the exit of a highway for example. Also it means suffix in language context. as in "de uitgang in genitief nominaties is -us"

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      geen is a version of German kein, which comes from Germanic nihw(e) ainaz, the hw(e) means and as in Latin -que.

    • @YourCreepyUncle.
      @YourCreepyUncle. 6 месяцев назад +2

      @@SchmulKrieger It's not a "version of German kein".

    • @SilenceOase
      @SilenceOase 4 месяца назад

      @@YourCreepyUncle. How do they differ then?

    • @demi3115
      @demi3115 2 месяца назад

      @@SilenceOase how are they thet same?

  • @belgianvanbeethoven
    @belgianvanbeethoven Год назад +6

    In Dutch, the masculine and feminine are not merged. Masculine and feminine words are still referred to with gendered pronouns in Standard Dutch and in many dialects there is inflection on the indefinite article, adjectives and possesive pronouns that differes between masculine and feminine.

  • @martinhartecfc
    @martinhartecfc Год назад +6

    I think the consensus is that German is still mostly SOV, it just seems SVO in simple sentences because of V2. You can see this clearly in subordinate clauses (e.g. "I know not why *I this not understand can*.") I think I read somewhere that Dutch is too, but might be wrong.

    • @EvanC0912
      @EvanC0912 Год назад +4

      It's the same in Dutch but it is much more common to say "I know not why I this not *can understand*"
      Ich weiß nicht, warum ich das nicht verstehen kann.
      vs
      Ik weet niet waarom ik dit niet kan verstaan.
      "... waarom ik dit niet verstaan kan" is possible but less common.

  • @wordsreflection
    @wordsreflection Год назад +17

    Thank you, great video! I was wondering how the "ge-" verb prefix came about for the past participles (e.g. in German "gemacht", "gegangen")

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +10

      It comes from the Proto-Germanic prefix *ga-, to indicate completeness (which is why the past participles use it. Unfortunately I’m not sure beyond that point. At least according to Wiktionary it comes from PIE *ḱom “with”, which would make it cognate with the prefix co-, from Romance languages. But I’m not sure if I believe this bc it’s a violation of Grimm’s law, it should’ve become *ha-. Maybe it did that bc it’s a prefix?

    • @marjae2767
      @marjae2767 Год назад +1

      It used to mark when verbs referred to complete actions, regardless of tense.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      ​​@@watchyourlanguage3870 AS far as I know ge-has three meanings in German, while one just being dialectal, ge- in present tense indicative shows duration of the action as in geleiten, gefrieren, gewinnen, gebären, the other dialectal one is to indicate the beginning of an action as having future aspect, ich will das gemachen, always with auxiliary verbs and the last is perfective as already finished actions.
      Also glauben, gleichen, where the vowel is lost because of l.

  • @mezameku
    @mezameku Год назад +5

    omg FINALLY! Ive been waiting whole week for it. I believe in Watch your Language supremacy 🙏

  • @computergician
    @computergician Год назад +6

    1:35 Interesting seeing your recommendations recommend the RUclipsrs that I and other linguistics fans watch

  • @pm-finskii
    @pm-finskii Год назад +6

    Thank you!!! I am trying to make a germanic conlang and this is very helpful!

  • @harrialasalmi6596
    @harrialasalmi6596 Год назад +2

    The topic is interesting and I like the fact that there is no music in the background. :-)
    And the very fast speaking I can compensate by slowing down the speed.

  • @tachalorah
    @tachalorah Год назад +4

    1:36 you mentioned the k -> /x/ shift, and now it's really happening.
    edit. He said 'it seems most li/x/ely'

  • @rachelblaquiere9134
    @rachelblaquiere9134 2 месяца назад

    9:27 Old Norse still had ið - the famous edda quote "deyja sjálfr ið sama" in modern Icelandic would be "deyja sjálfur þið sama"

  • @highgroundproductions8590
    @highgroundproductions8590 Год назад +2

    The great vowel shift is much discussed, but there are two things about middle english that I can hardly get any info on. I'd like to know when these features disappeared.
    1. The silent e being pronounced
    2. Infinitive verbs ending in -en

  • @JayFolipurba
    @JayFolipurba 2 месяца назад

    Interesting note about 3. Person plural in modern german: dei and they to sie doesn't look like it makes much sense, and you learn "wir, ihr sie", but in reality it's very common to say "die" when referring to a multiple of people , rather than sie

  • @deldarel
    @deldarel Год назад +1

    I didn't know of je lieden. We basically say 'yall' then

  • @devrolijkekoster
    @devrolijkekoster Месяц назад

    14:30
    There’s still an adverbial suffix used in Dutch in some cases, and in German too. Compare zachtjes (softly) with zacht (soft), foutievelijk (erroneously) with foutief (erroneous). Some can be hogelijk vereerd (highly honoured), but a *hogelijk gebouw (highly building) does not exist. German uses -lich for an adverbial suffix.

  • @JohnSmith-of2gu
    @JohnSmith-of2gu 5 месяцев назад +1

    I love this video! There are lots of channels that talk about Indo-European sound changes, but this is the only video I've seen that summarize how GRAMMAR changed from a proto-language to its descendants. It's great to see how and why the structure, rather than just the sounds, of languages changed to get our modern forms. Do you plan to do videos like this for other families in the future?

  • @johanpeturdam
    @johanpeturdam 6 месяцев назад +1

    Hi again. Probably not that much to say about Faroese in this video as we tend to be similar to the others.
    First off, the genitive is all but completely dead in Faroese, having merged with the accusative and dative. The exact rules for which is a bit complex but in general verbs and prepositions governing it switched to governing the accusative with a few using the dative instead. So the verb sakna which in ON takes the genitive now takes the accusative while the preposition til meaning also takes the accusative; although many constructions with the genitive still live on but these can be seen as frozen genitives.
    The loss of the genitive becomes especially clear when looking at adjectives and words that inflect like adjectives like pronouns and articles. Using eins (genitive of ein, a/one) would be so weird, so I would probably move Faroese over to the Yiddish column.
    You mention how in some forms of German wir becomes mir; well, as you mentioned it also happens in many dialects of Norwegian where me is the 1st person plural pronoun. Interestingly, in an early 15th century document in medieval Faroese, we can see this start to happen aswell but this must have died out quickly as in Faroese the 1st person plural pronoun is still vit.
    13:29 In Icelandic AND Faroese. Those tables you see there? Yup, very similar story in Faroese. Again pardon for this not being in a table but here goes: 1st row: mjúkur [ˈmjʉu:kʊɹ], mjúk [ˈmjʉu:k], mjúkt [ˈmjʏʰkt], mjúkir [ˈmjʉu:tʃɪɹ], mjúkar [ˈmjʉu:kaɹ], mjúk; 2nd row: mjúkan [ˈmjʉu:kan], mjúka [ˈmjʉu:ka], mjúkt, mjúkar, mjúkar, mjúk; 3rd row: mjúkum [ˈmjʉu:kʊn], mjúkari [ˈmjʉu:kaɹɪ], mjúkum, mjúkum, mjúkum, mjúkum; 4th row (genitive so all are in brackets): (mjúks [ˈmjʏʰks]), (mjúkrar [ˈmjʉu:kraɹ]), (mjúks), (mjúkra [ˈmjʉu:kra]), (mjúkra), (mjúkra); 5th row: mjúki [ˈmjʉu:tʃɪ], mjúka, mjúka, mjúku [ˈmjʉu:kʊ], mjúku, mjúku; 6th row: mjúka, mjúku, mjúka, mjúku, mjúku, mjúku.
    You missed one adverb form; the cognate adverb form for English -ly is -liga in Faroese. It probably also exists as -lega in Icelandic. So the Faroese cognate to quickly is kvikliga.
    To indicate the future, in Faroese we know very often use the verb "at fara" which means to go. There is a tendency in Danish to use the word "komme" (to come) for future tense and it is spilling over into Faroese more and more. I am catching myself using it from time to time.
    Old Norse ekki becomes ikki in Faroese, and yes, with a preaspiration geminated affricate [ˈɪʰtʃ:ɪ].

  • @stevenoviedo541
    @stevenoviedo541 Год назад +7

    Fantastic video. I was curious as to why the Nordics used a negative word with K while English and German and dutch used one with N. My doubt was solved. Thanks.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      German does have a negative with k, it is keine- used to negate nouns and stands before those negated nouns.

  • @figbud5288
    @figbud5288 Год назад +1

    The sequel we've all been waiting for

  • @RowanAckerman
    @RowanAckerman Год назад +2

    German still has strong and week verbs, which still means ablaut and suffix. I got embarased at a Linguistics camp once, when I assumed strong and week meant the same thing, but apparently they're switched.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      German also have the mixed declension from strong and weak.

  • @joshuabradshaw9120
    @joshuabradshaw9120 Год назад +5

    I think Latin had a mostly SOV word order too. It's actually a very common word order worldwide. Also can you do your videos in segments and slow down? You do a good job explaining the subject but try to compress too much information in too little time.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад +1

      German has three different types of word order depending on the function of the clause. Subordinate clauses always have SOV, main clauses have SVO(V) and question clause have VSO, it also has OVS(V) AS a variant of those. And it can also have VSO(V) when usesing dependant clauses, bin ich dich zu schüchtern, sie anzusprechen.

  • @andyarken7906
    @andyarken7906 10 месяцев назад

    Swiss German seems to keep old tense traditions: One past form (perfect), one present form, no future, that's it. A form with the auxiliary "werde(n)" exists, but it's not future tense, but rather a mood that means "I think it is like this": "es wird rägne" does not mean "it will rain", but rather, "it must be raining".
    Unfortunately, Standard German influence makes some people switch to using the auxiliary for future instead, nowadays.

  • @mikaelbohman6694
    @mikaelbohman6694 Год назад +2

    Didn’t know German had any grammatical evolution 😅😂 seems to have kept all possible features intact. As opposed to Scandinavian, Dutch or English.

  • @samoniononion1407
    @samoniononion1407 Год назад +2

    14:30 I might add that low german distuingishes adverbs from adjectives by hanging an final -e on them, if possible. Infact many german speakers in north germany still do that, for example "Das ist lang" vs "Lang*e* nicht mehr gesehen"

    • @andyarken7906
      @andyarken7906 10 месяцев назад

      We don't do that in Swiss German, however, "long" has two such distinct uses as an adjective or as an adverb that there are also two forms: "das isch läng" (size) vs. "lang nümm gseh" (temporal).

    • @Ennocb
      @Ennocb 7 месяцев назад

      I use lange for temporal length specifically and lang for physical length (also temporal). When used temporally lange most certainly always is an adverb, however.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      That is what I do in Hessian. Lange nicht gesehen, ich habe dich gerne, I sometimes do that with usually longer words such as freundliche, ich grüße dich freundliche. 😅 But I also use some of the feminine noun declension which is obsolete in Standard such as die Ebene, but der Ebenen, in Singular, Not Plural. Ich befand mich auf der Ebenen 4.

  • @AnulaibazIV
    @AnulaibazIV Год назад +2

    18:48 It went from 'naught' and then to 'not'.

  • @LewisHector
    @LewisHector Год назад +1

    Your videos just bring me so much joy. 😊

  • @jinengi
    @jinengi Год назад

    I wish there were videos like these about the Romance languages

  • @Treinbouwer
    @Treinbouwer Год назад +1

    9:55 Dutch has a distinction between formal u and informal je/jij or Gij for certain dialects. That in belgium they chose u as a non nominative form of gij is slighly confusing, but in dialects it usualy is an other vowel like oe in the Dutch part of Brabant or ou in some regions of Belgium.

  • @Tukulti-Ninurta
    @Tukulti-Ninurta Год назад +5

    Look interesting, but I’m afraid I had to give up after two minutes. I just can’t follow somebody speaking at that speed about such a complex topic.

  • @garl7927
    @garl7927 Год назад +6

    Excellent video

  • @williswameyo5737
    @williswameyo5737 6 месяцев назад

    English did have words of Old Norse origin like knife, skill, from many others since the Vikings dwelled in England in the region called the Danelaw, some of Old Norse Words got into English

  • @cyganskadywizjapiechoty
    @cyganskadywizjapiechoty Год назад +2

    at 13:58 you said your not a fan of the order of the cases but I just wondered why that was? since when talking about Polish we order N.G.D.A.I.L.V. and it works just fine.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +2

      It’s mostly that the accusative belongs second, in my mind at least. For one, the direct object is a very important role and seems like it should naturally come right after the subject, especially considering that they often look the same. Speaking of this and Polish, the fact that Slavic languages sometimes have the accusative look like the nominative, and sometimes like the genitive, makes it very logical to make the order N.A.G. I’m not too picky about whether the genitive or dative should go first in the Germanic languages, but they should both definitely go after the accusative

    • @cyganskadywizjapiechoty
      @cyganskadywizjapiechoty Год назад +2

      @@watchyourlanguage3870 What you've said makes a lot of sense, thanks for replying.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +1

      @@cyganskadywizjapiechoty no problem, I enjoy ranting about this kinda stuff lol

  • @MoLauer
    @MoLauer Год назад +2

    My dialect of North Frisian "Sölring" actually still has dual pronouns.
    SG: ik, dü, hi/jü/hat
    DU: wat, at, jat
    PL: wü, i, ja

  • @izhe-azu
    @izhe-azu Год назад +1

    the legend is back

  • @Ennocb
    @Ennocb 7 месяцев назад

    -weise is an adverbial suffix in Standard German, but not mandatory and only applied to certain words. When applied however, the word cannot act as an adjective anymore.

    • @Ennocb
      @Ennocb 7 месяцев назад

      Examples are:
      normal - usual/normal
      normalerweise - usually
      verständlich - understandable
      verständlicherweise - understandably
      bekannt - known/famous
      bekannterweise - as is widely known/understood
      This is cognate to the -wise found in "likewise" but interestingly not found in the German equivalent "gleichfalls"/"gleichermaßen".

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад +1

      In fact it's actually a nominal phrase as in an absolute case, here Genitive absolute. Normaler Weise, unaufhörlicher Weise actually. It is a coincidence that we write some of them as one word.

    • @Ennocb
      @Ennocb 6 месяцев назад +1

      @@SchmulKrieger Interesting. Thank you for the insight. I guess it is a potential candidate for a future suffix then, should it ever undergo grammaticalization.

    • @tomaswildanger5238
      @tomaswildanger5238 18 дней назад

      ​@@EnnocbThese are exactly my thoughts, too, yeah!! 👍 👍 😃 😃
      I'm pretty sure "-weise" is the "Nachfolger" auf "-lich" which is - according to my experiences and my understanding so far - not only a suffix for adjectives but also for adverbs!! E. g. where I come from (northern Austria extremely close to the Czech Republic) we say "elendigLICH krepieren" instead of "elendig krepieren!! 😉
      And in the Middle Ages, our most famous poet from that times, Walther von der Vogelweide, wrote" Es wart noch gelachet innigLICHE" instead of "Es wart noch gelachet innig" in his work "Under der linden"!! 😉 😃 😃 But this poem, I guess, is written in MIDDLE High German and not new in New High German, of course!! 😁 😁 😁

  • @kingbeauregard
    @kingbeauregard Год назад +3

    Personally I totally buy the idea that English lost its grammatical fussiness so that Aethelwulf could say to Olaf, "HELLO OLAF, I HAVE PLOUGH, YOU CAN USE MY PLOUGH WITH YOUR BULL. MY SON ALFRED LIKE YOUR DAUGHTER HILDEGARD." The only question is why the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles maintain all the complex grammar, and my answer for that is, it was something like how there was the Latin of the churches and then there was the Latin of the people that became Romance languages like French.
    Speaking of French, one might wonder why German didn't get extra-simple out of contact with neighbors, and my speculation is, French served as the lingua franca (literally) that people spoke with visitors. Thus, German wasn't changed.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад

      Definitely makes sense, I saw on Langfocus once that some ppl think written OE stayed complex out of prestige, even if the spoken language of the time had deflected a lot, just like you describe with Vulgar Latin

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      ​@@watchyourlanguage3870the German Standard stayed complex because of it's early written use, and while implementing it on the people in the different German lands, as their Lingua francs, while the dialects could have been as simply as Middle English.

  • @AnulaibazIV
    @AnulaibazIV Год назад

    17:35 The conditional auxiliary is also 'mundi'. The form 'myndi' derives from 'mundi'.

  • @duynguyen0303
    @duynguyen0303 Год назад

    Wow this video is packed with information. If don't have prior knowledge about cases, and gender, you'll completely be lost 😂😂😂

  • @anotherelvis
    @anotherelvis Год назад +4

    Great video, but please don't switch slide all the time. Is really hard to watch it at full speed.

  • @wilhelmseleorningcniht9410
    @wilhelmseleorningcniht9410 Год назад +4

    The case situation with Yiddish is also reflected in many dialects of High German, to add some extra info. Pennsylvania Dutch is much the same, losing the genitive entirely, but also merges the nominative and accusative everywhere but pronouns.
    Within the language some varieties specifically those used by the sectarian speakers i.e. the Amish have lost the dative case as well and only have a nominative/accusative split in pronouns, and no other case distinctions outside that. (dative pronouns replaced by accusative pronouns, dative adjective endings no longer used, resulting in adjectives only being inflected for grammatical gender and number, of which they've 3 rather than 4 categories as other Pa Dutch varieties don't merge the feminine singular and plural like Standard German or these dative-less forms of Pa Dutch)

  • @MrKaleon
    @MrKaleon Год назад +4

    Meen Kopp deit weh😅

  • @axisboss1654
    @axisboss1654 6 месяцев назад

    There’s some Dutch dialects that have 3 genders although since Dutch is debatably just a Low Germanic dialect and the what counts as Dutch vs Low German can be very unclear it’s why it could be said to have the 3 genders remaining. Standard Low German and Limburgish however keep Der/Die/Dat. Same can be said about the case system which exists in Limburgish and the Groningen accent.

  • @AmazingAwesomeAlaska
    @AmazingAwesomeAlaska 11 месяцев назад +2

    Luxembourgish uses “Mir” instead of “wir”

  • @xolang
    @xolang 6 месяцев назад

    İn my father tongue we often use OSV and the adjective genrally comes after the noun

  • @AnulaibazIV
    @AnulaibazIV 9 месяцев назад

    17:55 The imperative in Icelandic is also ‘ver’, as in ‘Ver þú góður’ ((literally) Be thou good), and ‘Ver góður’ when the personal pronoun is omitted . The form ‘vertu’ is enclitic and the suffix being ‘-tu’. Every Icelandic verb has at least two imperative singular forms. The enclitic suffixes are: ‘-du’, ‘-tu’ and ‘-ðu’ such as in: ‘hvíldu’, ‘gettu’ and ‘freistaðu’, while their non-enclitic forms being: ‘hvíl’, ‘get’ and ‘freista’.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад +1

      The enclitic phenomenon is also a thing in German, that's why second singular person has -st, instead of -s. gehste for gehst du.

  • @ViviNorthbell
    @ViviNorthbell 10 месяцев назад +5

    the only way to really understand every sentence, is to slow down the speed of the video. Too bad, otherwise interesting.

    • @patrickhodson8715
      @patrickhodson8715 5 месяцев назад +1

      Oh good I thought I was the only one lol

  • @mitchconq
    @mitchconq 6 месяцев назад

    This is soooo good but really hard to follow at this speed 😭

  • @katakana1
    @katakana1 Год назад

    2:22 Yes, speak personally I this way.

  • @hglundahl
    @hglundahl 6 месяцев назад +1

    19:17 "inte" is not an alteration for "icke", it's a replacement for it, a sloppy prounciation of "intet" which is an old fashioned word for "ingenting" ...
    Replacing "not" with "nothing" is sth English did too, since "not" = "naught" ...
    Replacing "nothing" with "not a thing" is also a thing, like "intet" replaced by "ingenting" and "naught" replaced by "nothing" ... the forms that are similar to and etymologies of the negation are in both languages considered archaic and solemn.

    • @hglundahl
      @hglundahl 6 месяцев назад

      And "icke" is a separate word. It's not usually used as a prefix.
      In Lewis Carroll, you can find "non-birthday" (I suppose) translated as "icke-födelsedag" but the usual prefix of negation is "o-" corresponding to "un-" ...

  • @AnulaibazIV
    @AnulaibazIV Год назад +1

    9:32 The 'þ-' in 'þér' and 'þit' might have come from '-ð' such as in hafið. This is a pervasive sandhi effect.

    • @dan74695
      @dan74695 9 месяцев назад +1

      That's how "ér" and "it" became "de" and "did" in Norwegian.

  • @studymusicforkaren
    @studymusicforkaren Год назад

    Danish does use skal/skulle as an auxiliary verb though, for future tense and should. "Jeg vil spise is" is different from "jeg skal spise is" are both future tenses but vil has more of the sense that its a thing you want to do, but skal is more you have to or its set in stone

    • @-_pi_-
      @-_pi_- Год назад

      I want vs I shall basically (will in English become more and more synonymous with shall over time)

  • @AnulaibazIV
    @AnulaibazIV Год назад

    9:21 Icelandic also has the plural pronouns nom. 'vér', acc. 'oss' dat. 'oss' gen. 'vor', which were sometimes used in the 19th century, especially in patriotic speech. The plural pronouns are rarely use nowadays.

  • @yackaquacker7992
    @yackaquacker7992 11 месяцев назад

    English still has a subjunctive, but it is rarely used.

  • @JHenryEden
    @JHenryEden Год назад

    what i never understand is how a word can be ended with its gendered form (-iz, -az and ô) and sometimes a noun is just "Spreki" instead of Sprekiz.

  • @y11971alex
    @y11971alex Год назад

    I guess from a Graeco-Latin comparative perspective, Germanic strong verbs are more regular than weak verbs.

  • @davidlins5689
    @davidlins5689 2 месяца назад

    I have a question ab english. Would English be considered to have a "nominative" and "objective" case since there are distinctions between pronouns like they and them, who and whom, I and me, etc.?

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  2 месяца назад

      @@davidlins5689 Not really, a language is considered to have cases just based on what its nouns can do. The pronouns, which are far more common, follow their own rules, often following a more historical pattern than the nouns

  • @Lingua-qv6ym
    @Lingua-qv6ym Год назад +1

    good we should research

  • @danielbriggs991
    @danielbriggs991 Год назад

    At 4:15 we see pair of lorries from Scania leaving the inflected Italian pronoun behind at a merger. Brilliant.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +1

      I’ll let you keep thinking I put that much thought into that image 😅

  • @kaasblok28
    @kaasblok28 Год назад +1

    At 10:18 you say: "Je is still used casually for all second-person pronouns," but I can't imagine not using 'jullie'. Did I misunderstand?

  • @kevincsellak296
    @kevincsellak296 4 месяца назад +1

    7:57 I just wanted to say that the Dutch phrase you use here isn't really correct. I've never seen or heard "want" get used the same way as "omdat" or "gezien" as it is here. You probably either meant "gezien/omdat het als 't woord *het* klinkt, moeten we ze hetzelfde schrijven!" ("seen as it sounds like the word *het*, we should write them the same way!") or "want als het als 't woord *het* klinkt, moeten we ze hetzelfde schrijven!" ("because if it sounds like the word *het*, we should write them the same way!") I actually hadn't noticed this facet of the want-omdat distinction before myself!

  • @jakegarvin7634
    @jakegarvin7634 Год назад +1

    Oh my God Dutch then why did you contract it in the first place??!?!

  • @williamhoffman9493
    @williamhoffman9493 5 месяцев назад

    Didn't proto germanic have 3 numbers? Anglo Saxon and Gothic both have the dual number. So it had to have a dual in proto germanic for that to happen.

  • @justyn_n
    @justyn_n Год назад

    can u do the same thing you have done with the sound and grammar shifts for slavic languages?

  • @thatcynomys7501
    @thatcynomys7501 Год назад

    I wonder how Afrikaans would fit in here? Would it be redundant as an example of 'simplification' considering that English is far more well known?

  • @AnulaibazIV
    @AnulaibazIV Год назад

    9:25 In early Old Norse the second person dual pronoun was 'it' and the second person plural pronoun was 'ér'.

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      As Early Old High German dual 2nd person git and er for 2nd person plural.

  • @mariiris1403
    @mariiris1403 Год назад +5

    Way too fast! I switched to 0.75 speed, but there are no pauses in your script reading, so still almost impossible to learn anything. I think you have been told this before? You know so much, and have made so much visual content, but unfortunately you keep throwing it all at us, and then instantly remove again, instead of presenting it. Why?
    Please slow down, present the visual content, explain things, don't just rush through a script! And put in breathing pauses!

  • @Schlabbeflicker
    @Schlabbeflicker 6 месяцев назад

    To borrow a word construction from other Germanic languages, "forlongsume" - slow down! This is very interesting but it is difficult to absorb both what you are reading and the beautiful charts you make.

  • @y11971alex
    @y11971alex Год назад

    Nice video, but I don't think your long and short vowels in the final sample were very distinct.

  • @TheSwordofStorms
    @TheSwordofStorms Год назад +6

    Subjunctive mood is "archaic" in English??? Do you say "if I was," cause that sounds like nails on a chalkboard to my ears. Not trying to be a prescriptivist, maybe it's just surviving to a greater extent in Northern US dialects

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +2

      I do say “if I was”, yes

    • @TheSwordofStorms
      @TheSwordofStorms Год назад +3

      @@watchyourlanguage3870 That's strange, "If I were" sounds quite grammatically mandatory to my ears, I would never conjugate it any other way and I'm 24 years old lol.

    • @figbud5288
      @figbud5288 Год назад +2

      I've noticed that the subjunctive is surviving more in the North as well. As a young new yorker I'm likely to use either but would probably opt toward "If I were"

    • @samuelhammons2528
      @samuelhammons2528 Год назад +6

      @@watchyourlanguage3870 still use the subjunctive. While it is archaic in some dialects, in others it is still a mandatory part of verb conjugation, even clearly contrasting with the indicative. An example would be how “it’s important that he’s here” and “it’s important that he be here” mean two completely different things. I speak a form of Midlands American English just for reference.

    • @samuelhammons2528
      @samuelhammons2528 Год назад +4

      I have a pretty interesting anecdote about English subjunctive from my high school Spanish class. When we were learning about subjunctive in Spanish, it became really clear who used subjunctive in English as they understood the Spanish subjunctive with minimal instruction. It didn’t help that our teacher also used the subjunctive in English so when trying to explain how to use the subjunctive in Spanish she kept giving English subjunctive examples which confused the students more.

  • @Treinbouwer
    @Treinbouwer Год назад

    5:16 strictly seen dutch does not have a common gender. Although in the very dominant randstad area and some parts of the north there is no distinction, in standard dutch words of that so called common gender still have to be called by he or she and a very large part if not the majority of the dialects makes the distinction in conjugasions, although the ways they do are different. It has to do with the murging of the nominative and accusative case. The north and west started usung only the nominative, the south only the accusative and the east kept the old distinction.

  • @Treinbouwer
    @Treinbouwer Год назад

    2:44 That sentence does not make sense. uitgang means exit as in a door to exit or ending in the context of conjugation.😂
    Also niet een has to be geen, but I would suggest something slightly different.
    "Ik kan het einde niet in deze taal doen." (I can not do the end in this language) Would not have the exact same meaning, but would be a way better translasion and actually be understood.

  • @qekqbeen
    @qekqbeen Год назад

    P3?

  • @ArturoStojanoff
    @ArturoStojanoff Год назад +1

    I thought Proto Indo European was believed to have an SOV word order. Where did you read it was SVO? I'm really curious.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +2

      What this means is that your sources may have been biased towards that. I didn’t read directly that PIE was SVO, what I read (on Wikipedia) is that there’s a big debate about PIE’s syntax. What I did, was I analyzed the relevant modern IE languages, looked at which features were likely given to them by other languages in the area (allowing me to isolate the features that were likely native), and made my own decision based on that data.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +2

      I honestly could’ve included this in my previous video about contentious topics in linguistics

    • @danielbriggs991
      @danielbriggs991 Год назад +2

      But since Hittite and Tocharian are both predominantly SOV and adjective-noun...? Both split off very early, and the Tocharian languages seem to have had very little influence from any other language.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +1

      @@danielbriggs991 I’m not really convinced that those languages are exemplary of PIE syntax. Both of them were influenced by surrounding SOV languages, namely Tocharian being around Turkic languages and Hittite being around Kartvelian languages (especially if you believe in the Kurgan hypothesis, like I do), both of which are famously head-final

    • @SchmulKrieger
      @SchmulKrieger 6 месяцев назад

      ​@@watchyourlanguage3870what about Latin?

  • @artifactU
    @artifactU 10 месяцев назад +2

    im pretty sure some english dialects still have thou pronouns

  • @andyarken7906
    @andyarken7906 10 месяцев назад +1

    The advantage of recording a video so fast is that you can be hard to understand at 1x speed for being too fast, while also being hard to understand at 0.75x speed due to slowing artifacts. Congrats.
    But interesting video otherwise.

  • @NeedsEvidence
    @NeedsEvidence 10 месяцев назад

    Who is Sanchez?

  • @aloedg3191
    @aloedg3191 Год назад +2

    🙂

  • @mariiris1403
    @mariiris1403 Год назад +1

    In Norwegian, 'utgang' means exit, when you walk out from a building or similar. If you drive out, it would be ' utkjørsel'. Not outro.

  • @bernardfinucane2061
    @bernardfinucane2061 7 месяцев назад

    Th German future auxiliary is wird, not wirt.

  • @Ptaku93
    @Ptaku93 Год назад +1

    9:45 Polish doesn't use the T-V distinction, it's actually a russicism that commies had imposed on our language after WW2

    • @pawel198812
      @pawel198812 Год назад

      What Polish has is still a type of T-V distinction, but it uses other means to express non-familiarity/formality. Among the major Romance languages, only French uses its 2ndPl pronoun and verb forms to express formality, yet all have a T-V distinction

    • @F_A_F123
      @F_A_F123 Год назад

      That distinction of formality/informality using 2Pl pronouns for 1 person came in Russian from French

  • @windazonthewrld
    @windazonthewrld Год назад +1

    BABE WAKE UP WATCH YOUR LANGUAGE IS TALKING ABOUT PROTO-GERMANIC AGAIN

  • @JesperMilling
    @JesperMilling Год назад +2

    Slow down!

  • @TSGC16
    @TSGC16 Год назад +3

    I'd consider myself a prescriptivist but i think 'y'all' is actually a natural and good development

  • @stevenoviedo541
    @stevenoviedo541 Год назад +2

    Hey i have some questions. You've probably stated this before, but you are studying linguistics right?.
    What literature would you recomend to me in order to deepen my knowledge about the topic?
    I really like your videos but sometimes the concepts and definitions of certain gramatical elements go way over my head. Thanks in advanced.

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад +5

      I unfortunately don’t read much in terms of like “literature”, I find it hard to grasp. I normally just use Wikipedia and Wiktionary, as well as other RUclips channels. For Wikipedia pages, I especially like Indo-European sound laws, that’s probably my favorite. Also Phonological History of English, which is slightly more relevant for this video in particular. Sorry if you were looking for like books, but hopefully this helps!

  • @clanDeCo
    @clanDeCo Год назад

    There are dialects of english with thou and thee, there are dialects of mainland scandinavian that still have cases and gender (in fact it is the norm outside of standard languages). Wish you'd be more nuanced. Also utgång is not an outro, it's an exit in a building

    • @watchyourlanguage3870
      @watchyourlanguage3870  Год назад

      Out of curiosity how would you say outro

    • @clanDeCo
      @clanDeCo Год назад

      @@watchyourlanguage3870 just outro, i GUESS you could say avslut but it's not a perfect match

    • @smittoria
      @smittoria Год назад +1

      Same with dutch, uitgang means exit. We'd mostly just use outro as well.

    • @Aerostarm
      @Aerostarm Год назад

      What dialects of English have thou and thee?!?!

    • @clanDeCo
      @clanDeCo Год назад

      @@Aerostarm Northumbrian ones

  • @carlstein9278
    @carlstein9278 Год назад +1

    about adverbial suffixes. German does have one -lich. i mean i am no linguist so might just not getting it, but i feel like all german word ending in -lich are adverbs. or at least are used in sentences in combination with "sein" (to be) and its various versions. "Ich bin glücklich" (i am luck/happyness-ly) for example. also another thing i found intereisting a friends daughter during her early life often made constructions with "-lich" to discribe how she did things, which suggests to me that her brain somehow associated a adverbial feeling to -lich.
    again maybe this is just my lack of linguistics knowledge speaking.

    • @pawel198812
      @pawel198812 Год назад +1

      -lich is a derivational suffix, making adjectives from nouns and verbs

    • @andyarken7906
      @andyarken7906 10 месяцев назад

      If it's used in combination with "sein", that's a good hint that it's an adjective rather than an adverb.

  • @ronaldderooij1774
    @ronaldderooij1774 Год назад +3

    This video would be good if it was 10 times slower.

  • @buurmeisje
    @buurmeisje Год назад

    Really good video, very informative!

  • @J11_boohoo
    @J11_boohoo Год назад

    Hello

  • @MultiSciGeek
    @MultiSciGeek Год назад

    Yo mah dude, been a whole!

  • @gavinrolls1054
    @gavinrolls1054 Год назад

    uh proto germanic didn't have 3rd person personal pronouns? what about *iz?