We especially thank the Satunnaista sotilashistoriaa channel for allowing us to use its beautiful footage. If you want to learn unique information about the history of the Finnish Defense Forces, don't miss Satunnaista sotilashistoriaa. www.youtube.com/@Satunnaistasotilashistoriaa Please click the link to watch our other Weapon Legends videos ruclips.net/p/PLEMWqyRZP_Lq9j4Wz2QHo6dptTW3-tdIo Please click the link to watch our other Russian-Soviet Systems videos ruclips.net/p/PLEMWqyRZP_LoX-Waa3Xb-clnCzQXpmcZ6 Please click the link to watch our other Weapon Legends-Land videos ruclips.net/p/PLEMWqyRZP_LqHE6H1re0NTbEd4ZnzNCgn
Thanks for the recommendation! It is always nice to cooperate with you. You're using my drone clips better than I am, I'm getting a little jealous. And big respect for trying to pronounce "Satunnaista sotilashistoriaa" 🙂
BTW if you want to experience operating this missile system yourself, along with the S-75, S-125, S-200, SA-4, SA-8 and Shilka, there's an amazing free game called SAM Sim made by a hungarian former operator; it's really great. I have a lot of hours on the S-75, it's lots of fun.
I have it, but just a heads up - be ready to do a LOT of reading :D It reminded me on some DCS modules and university days where I had to go through the night over the book.
According to Soviet doctrine, the mission of air defense is to protect a certain ground asset from airstrikes. If after the airstrike that asset was intact or could be repaired, that was mission accomplished. Shooting down an enemy aircraft is not a mission priority, according to the same doctrine. It is more than a welcome bonus, but not required... It is enough to force the enemy to abandon the attack or into a mistake and to miss the target. Imagine this: you are the pilot and approaching the target. You are lining up for bomb drop and suddenly - missile warning from your RWR. What are you going to do? Keep up the attack as if nothing happened and risk being shot down or start evading and most likely miss the target? Choices, choices... So, estimating how effective this or any other system is based on number of planes shot down is kind of off the point. If you keep in mind that Serbian ground forces were largely intact after the war was over, one might say that the Serbian air defense as well as the army in general did a good job...
Excellent point made! Plus another thing to consider: how much assets does the attacker need to allocate to supress the air defense? Serbians may have launched 188 SAMs for 3 kills but the US launched over 700 HARMs yet most of the Serbian AD survived. Also its no accident they had to use 103 Tomahawks for 8 targets in Syria!
Since when did Serbian doctrine turn into Soviet doctrine? Yugoslavia and USSR had politically split not longer after WW2, so Soviet cold-war thinking wasn't directly embraced by or pushed on Yugoslavia.
@@poppinc8145 Politics and military doctrine are not strictly related! They used the same systems, so they must have been trained by soviets according to soviet military doctrine.
Vietnam has the S-125VT - a localized version of the 2TM variant from Belarus - researched by Viettel, a state/military corporation specializing in telecommunications and defense industry. I call it the "localized version of the 2TM variant" because they are essentially 2TM but upgraded with components and software made and programmed by Viettel, instead of Belarus. The first battalion was delivered this month :3
@@thiennhan5134it is analog and simi radar homing. It is 60 years old tech bro. It would be extremely hard to do any upgrade to an analog system. vulnerable to modern jamming pod, obsolete already.
Informative ,thrilled watching 👀 video about S-125 guided missiles air defense systems designed by the USSR... video explained all characteristics of that air defense system in low altitudes and several upgraded versions in several countries around the world ...thank you ( weapon detective) channel for sharing this remarkable video about S-125 air defense system....
To be correct 2 F117 got hit but one went down during the war, third got damaged at landing. F117 pilot on podcast mentioned second event that corresponded by SAM battery war log. "One went down and 2 came home in a box".
One thing should be understood: countries will only admit aircraft losses if those cant be denied! 1 RF5 lost during peace cannot be denied. Losses during war will be minimized... 10 aircaft hit will be 4 lost ,if 6 can be repaired even if at higher cost than buying a new plane! In South Africa all F1 losses could be denied, because the planes were flown by mercs from remote bases, so no army records to account for the pilots.
In 1999, we shot down several NATO planes and damaged a lot of them, not to mention drones. s125 neva turned out to be quite an efficient system, of course with some modifications... the problem is that NATO doesn't want to admit its losses... but that's politics... greetings from Serbia 🇷🇸
@@VojislavMoranic There are losses in every war, but this does not mean that every Serbian myth is true. To begin with locators, the name of the campaign, the victory in the end, all myths.
@@BojanBojovic We do not dabble in myths we unlike you have facts and a very professional military core. Now go serve a german or hungarian some drinks be useful.
there are 2 admitted losses of F117s in Serbia. One crashed there, the other managed to return to base but was a write-off. Both were destroyed by the S125
second F-117 hit was confirmed recently on " The Drive" site in interview with pilot .that aircraft was not downed although but returned damaged .. it is no luck but clever use of manual guidance on three axis and benefits of low frequency .. .i presume that WWI SN-3 Lichtenstein radar would easily pick up stealth because of its wavelength
First of all he was part of the team which downed the F-117 and also: what is this supposed to mean "He is Hungarian, never forget that"?? The man was born in Serbia(Yugoslavia), grew up in Serbia, and was a member of the Serbian armed forces!
I worked as the Volna officer on INS Ranvijay and INS Ranjit, the Kashin class destroyers of the Indian Navy. 1996-97. Indian Air Force got the Pechoras modified by Poland in 2001 and I too took up the case for digitisation but was not encouraged to take it up for political reasons
@@mazenalsaadoun9924 غير فعالة وغير ممكن استخدامها بسبب تكلفتها وحجم الصاروخ الضخم مقارنة بحجم طائرة مسيرة صغيرة رخيصة استخدامها الأمثل ضد الطائرات المقاتلة والقاذفة وجميع الاهداف الجوية الكبيرة الحجم
Officially they admitted only three planes were shot down over Serbia and Montenegro. However, the truth is quite different. B2 was also shot down, but it hit the ground in neighbouring Croatia. British papers published that a great number of NATO planes vas seriously damaged and could not continue participation in the aggression against Serbia.
SAMs are so much cheaper than air superiority fighters. But they are tools of defense, not empire - so the US has mostly ignored their development compared to jets.
Nonsens. Air defense can cover the advance of troops in case of an attack, just like Russia invades Ukraine or just like Serbia invaded Kosovo. But nice try to paint Serbia as “defensive”. Try harder.
As mentioned in the video, you need hundreds of them to shoot down a couple of fighters. In total, surface-to-air missiles are much more expensive than fighters.
Very interesting subject of analysis. What is really worth to take notice is the intelligence and support provided by China to Serbians in order to achieve this amazing feat, but always considering the ability, professionalism and courage of the Serbian air defense troops.
I dont know if China helped with downing the F117 because the systems had short range 20km and not all had an extra P18 radar , that night escort fighters didnt fly nor the Prowler EW planes. It was alot of luck because even if the P18 sees the plane the fire control radar must lock on and they couldnt lock on the first two times but the third time the pilot just opened the bomb Bay doors so the RCS became bigger so they could lock on. But Yugoslav military intelligence did a good job and people saw when they took of from the Aviano base .A second F117 was hit and damaged but not shot down.
@@aramisone7198 The excuses such as: "the lucky shot", "the opened bomb door", "the same flight path" etc. are nothing but pure krap made up by those who simply can't come to terms with the fact that such a heavily praised piece of equipment was defeated! 1.) There is no such thing as a "lucky shot" when there's a radar which catches the target and missiles which are guided to that target! 2.) The F-117s designers weren't idhiots, the aircraft with the bomb doors included was declared stealth and it only takes a moment for the door to be opened and closed! 3.) The F-117s pilots weren't idhiots either in order to fly the exact same route & and be the only aircraft over the enemy territory at those times! Besides, NATO planes were attacking from all directions 360° to the point that at times the radar operators couldn't count them!
Priznali su zvanicno 3 komada f117. Oboren je i b2 sa istim sistemo, pao u hrvatskoj. To ne priznaju, isto kao sto 20 godina nisu priznali za jos 2 f117. Britanske novine su posle rata objavile da 2 trecine njihovih aviona nije u letnom stanju zbog ostecenja. Prevedi ovo molim te, ne pisem engleski.
Don't get angry about. The western empire is all about invincibility illusion. You can see the lies in all their wars, Arab Israeli conflict, gulf wars, Yogoslavia, and now Ukraine , and Gaza
Yes S125 Neva a Surface Air Missile or SAM a Stealth killer alright if the enemy aircraft flying high altitude and but if the enemy aircraft is flying altitude is no longer a Stealth killer and because SAM missile are radar guided missile and radar can only detect if the enemy is flying high altitude and but cannot enemy aircraft is flying low altitude cannot detected it
F-117’s a fighter in name only. Its hit was a combo of luck (bay doors opened for a sec@wrong time), a great operator + using the same flight path/time repeatedly. *_Best part:_** the pilot + SAM operator hung out after the war.*
A competent (and ambitious) officer with a highly trained and motivated crew is always a dangerous opponent. It doesn't matter if they have an old-fashioned weapon system, they will find ways to maximize the performance. There was also a healthy dose of sheer luck involved. But the soldiers know that Lady Fortuna doesn't smile for free, you have to earn it. The crew really did everything possible to maximize SA-3 performance.
A 30/40-year-old missile shoots down an ultra-stealth aircraft, given the technological backwardness, especially in electronics, of Soviet systems, the real question to ask is: Is the relative stealth of modern aircraft the panacea? Isn't an excellent electronic warfare and jamming suite more effective? Not being an aeronautical specialist, I can only ask myself the question: Is this much vaunted stealth really effective? I ask the question in all humility not having the necessary knowledge to form an objective point of view.
Well its effectiveness is being eroded. New stealth methods arise but those do not keep pace with detection developments. However its still better than no stealth because of the brutal effectivness of modern SAMs. In case of the F117 the situation was a bit different. At that time there were no other stealth aircraft, it was a special tool, truly undetectable with tech available than. Serbs (in reality the SAM commander) found a loophole that allowed detection altough no tracking... So they fired and hoped for proximty fuze.
@@danielcifuentes7198 Wonder why they went and do that considering their governements have to actually try very hard to join the alliance and then their parliaments vote on it. They must have a very good reason to desperately want to join NATO... A big mystery to me.
@@ggtt2547 one reason is the soviet invasion to Czechoslovaquia in 1968, repression to polish people in the 80s, Katyn forest massacre of the polish elite in the 1940's, population repression in 1930's with Stalin and Beria..... and the list is very but very long
We especially thank the Satunnaista sotilashistoriaa channel for allowing us to use its beautiful footage. If you want to learn unique information about the history of the Finnish Defense Forces, don't miss Satunnaista sotilashistoriaa.
www.youtube.com/@Satunnaistasotilashistoriaa
Please click the link to watch our other Weapon Legends videos
ruclips.net/p/PLEMWqyRZP_Lq9j4Wz2QHo6dptTW3-tdIo
Please click the link to watch our other Russian-Soviet Systems videos
ruclips.net/p/PLEMWqyRZP_LoX-Waa3Xb-clnCzQXpmcZ6
Please click the link to watch our other Weapon Legends-Land videos
ruclips.net/p/PLEMWqyRZP_LqHE6H1re0NTbEd4ZnzNCgn
Thanks for the recommendation!
It is always nice to cooperate with you. You're using my drone clips better than I am, I'm getting a little jealous.
And big respect for trying to pronounce "Satunnaista sotilashistoriaa" 🙂
Please add English captions. Your mic audio has always been a bit hard to understand.
BTW if you want to experience operating this missile system yourself, along with the S-75, S-125, S-200, SA-4, SA-8 and Shilka, there's an amazing free game called SAM Sim made by a hungarian former operator; it's really great. I have a lot of hours on the S-75, it's lots of fun.
I have it, but just a heads up - be ready to do a LOT of reading :D
It reminded me on some DCS modules and university days where I had to go through the night over the book.
Loved the top gun: maverick reference 😂
Damn this channel gives off a truly independent from politics, neutral and hard facts only vibe. Excellent work, keep it up!!!
According to Soviet doctrine, the mission of air defense is to protect a certain ground asset from airstrikes. If after the airstrike that asset was intact or could be repaired, that was mission accomplished. Shooting down an enemy aircraft is not a mission priority, according to the same doctrine. It is more than a welcome bonus, but not required... It is enough to force the enemy to abandon the attack or into a mistake and to miss the target.
Imagine this: you are the pilot and approaching the target. You are lining up for bomb drop and suddenly - missile warning from your RWR. What are you going to do? Keep up the attack as if nothing happened and risk being shot down or start evading and most likely miss the target? Choices, choices...
So, estimating how effective this or any other system is based on number of planes shot down is kind of off the point. If you keep in mind that Serbian ground forces were largely intact after the war was over, one might say that the Serbian air defense as well as the army in general did a good job...
Excellent point made! Plus another thing to consider: how much assets does the attacker need to allocate to supress the air defense? Serbians may have launched 188 SAMs for 3 kills but the US launched over 700 HARMs yet most of the Serbian AD survived. Also its no accident they had to use 103 Tomahawks for 8 targets in Syria!
Since when did Serbian doctrine turn into Soviet doctrine? Yugoslavia and USSR had politically split not longer after WW2, so Soviet cold-war thinking wasn't directly embraced by or pushed on Yugoslavia.
@@poppinc8145 Politics and military doctrine are not strictly related! They used the same systems, so they must have been trained by soviets according to soviet military doctrine.
Excellent video. And nice touch to Top Gun.
Vietnam has the S-125VT - a localized version of the 2TM variant from Belarus - researched by Viettel, a state/military corporation specializing in telecommunications and defense industry.
I call it the "localized version of the 2TM variant" because they are essentially 2TM but upgraded with components and software made and programmed by Viettel, instead of Belarus. The first battalion was delivered this month :3
Is Vietnam still considering buying Akash NG SAM systems?
No, it's likely that we will develop our own medium range air defense system base on the experience from upgrading the s125
@@thiennhan5134it is analog and simi radar homing. It is 60 years old tech bro. It would be extremely hard to do any upgrade to an analog system. vulnerable to modern jamming pod, obsolete already.
@@thiennhan5134 Has Vietnam considered buying T129 Atak helicopters?
Informative ,thrilled watching 👀 video about S-125 guided missiles air defense systems designed by the USSR... video explained all characteristics of that air defense system in low altitudes and several upgraded versions in several countries around the world ...thank you ( weapon detective) channel for sharing this remarkable video about S-125 air defense system....
To be correct 2 F117 got hit but one went down during the war, third got damaged at landing. F117 pilot on podcast mentioned second event that corresponded by SAM battery war log. "One went down and 2 came home in a box".
One thing should be understood: countries will only admit aircraft losses if those cant be denied! 1 RF5 lost during peace cannot be denied. Losses during war will be minimized... 10 aircaft hit will be 4 lost ,if 6 can be repaired even if at higher cost than buying a new plane! In South Africa all F1 losses could be denied, because the planes were flown by mercs from remote bases, so no army records to account for the pilots.
In 1999, we shot down several NATO planes and damaged a lot of them, not to mention drones. s125 neva turned out to be quite an efficient system, of course with some modifications... the problem is that NATO doesn't want to admit its losses... but that's politics... greetings from Serbia 🇷🇸
Serbs and their myths.
@@BojanBojovic Its literally in the Kumanovo agreement.
We are not to disclose US and NATO loses.
You dont demand that if havent lost anything.
@@VojislavMoranic There are losses in every war, but this does not mean that every Serbian myth is true.
To begin with locators, the name of the campaign, the victory in the end, all myths.
@@VojislavMoranicwhat do you mean by that?
@@BojanBojovic We do not dabble in myths we unlike you have facts and a very professional military core.
Now go serve a german or hungarian some drinks be useful.
there are 2 admitted losses of F117s in Serbia. One crashed there, the other managed to return to base but was a write-off.
Both were destroyed by the S125
True.
second F-117 hit was confirmed recently on " The Drive" site in interview with pilot .that aircraft was not downed although but returned damaged .. it is no luck but clever use of manual guidance on three axis and benefits of low frequency .. .i presume that WWI SN-3 Lichtenstein radar would easily pick up stealth because of its wavelength
Well, quite an interesting video. Thank you
It was actually a Hungarian in Serbia who shot down the F-117. His name is Soltan Dani. Never forget
First of all he was part of the team which downed the F-117 and also: what is this supposed to mean "He is Hungarian, never forget that"?? The man was born in Serbia(Yugoslavia), grew up in Serbia, and was a member of the Serbian armed forces!
Never meddle with the powder bin Balkan. They still will kill each other for bragging rights alone if "necessary".
🤺🤷😉
No
I worked as the Volna officer on INS Ranvijay and INS Ranjit, the Kashin class destroyers of the Indian Navy. 1996-97. Indian Air Force got the Pechoras modified by Poland in 2001 and I too took up the case for digitisation but was not encouraged to take it up for political reasons
Wonderful video..
I served on Polish S125 SC 24 years ago.. I thought it was obsolete back then..
I love this channel so much, I'd be interested in seeing a video of the Myasishchev M-4.
Thank u ❤
A very informative video!
انا جندي سوري سابق وعملت بالقوات الجوية السورية وكانت وحدة صواريخ سام مجاورة ☠️ وهي قديمة جدًا ولكن تم اجراء بعض التحديثات عليها لتصبح أكثر فعالية
يعيني من الممكن أن هاي المنظومة تعمل بشكل افضل اذا حدثت ؟ وهل النحديث ممكن؟ واذا حدث هل برئيك تصبح فعالة ضد الطائرات بدون طيار . وشكرا
@@mazenalsaadoun9924 غير فعالة وغير ممكن استخدامها بسبب تكلفتها وحجم الصاروخ الضخم مقارنة بحجم طائرة مسيرة صغيرة رخيصة
استخدامها الأمثل ضد الطائرات المقاتلة والقاذفة وجميع الاهداف الجوية الكبيرة الحجم
Officially they admitted only three planes were shot down over Serbia and Montenegro. However, the truth is quite different. B2 was also shot down, but it hit the ground in neighbouring Croatia. British papers published that a great number of NATO planes vas seriously damaged and could not continue participation in the aggression against Serbia.
Have you made a video on the Soviet 130mm M 46 towed howitzer?
SAMs are so much cheaper than air superiority fighters. But they are tools of defense, not empire - so the US has mostly ignored their development compared to jets.
Nonsens. Air defense can cover the advance of troops in case of an attack, just like Russia invades Ukraine or just like Serbia invaded Kosovo.
But nice try to paint Serbia as “defensive”. Try harder.
@@Grimshak81 "Serbia invaded Kosovo"
lol, lmao even
As mentioned in the video, you need hundreds of them to shoot down a couple of fighters. In total, surface-to-air missiles are much more expensive than fighters.
Never mind the likes of Patriot and THAAD, you have ignored AEGIS and the associated SM-3 missiles developed and deployed over many years.
@@abbc5156Latest news: US Invades Texas
There's a modernised version of the SA-3 Goa in production called the SA-26.
Hi, if possible and whenever convenient, please make a video on the Russo-Indian T-90S Bhishma.
The Serbs shot down way more than it is mentioned in this video...
Lethal weapon!
nice to hear it shot down
maverick plane
Uurra Russia ❤❤🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
Congratulation & Alllweys the Beast You're ❤🎉❤❤❤❤
How does the SA2 fare to the SA3 still...
Finally found the SAM that chases it target 😂
Very interesting subject of analysis. What is really worth to take notice is the intelligence and support provided by China to Serbians in order to achieve this amazing feat, but always considering the ability, professionalism and courage of the Serbian air defense troops.
I dont know if China helped with downing the F117 because the systems had short range 20km and not all had an extra P18 radar , that night escort fighters didnt fly nor the Prowler EW planes.
It was alot of luck because even if the P18 sees the plane the fire control radar must lock on and they couldnt lock on the first two times but the third time the pilot just opened the bomb Bay doors so the RCS became bigger so they could lock on.
But Yugoslav military intelligence did a good job and people saw when they took of from the Aviano base .A second F117 was hit and damaged but not shot down.
@@aramisone7198
The excuses such as: "the lucky shot", "the opened bomb door", "the same flight path" etc. are nothing but pure krap made up by those who simply can't come to terms with the fact that such a heavily praised piece of equipment was defeated!
1.) There is no such thing as a "lucky shot" when there's a radar which catches the target and missiles which are guided to that target!
2.) The F-117s designers weren't idhiots, the aircraft with the bomb doors included was declared stealth and it only takes a moment for the door to be opened and closed!
3.) The F-117s pilots weren't idhiots either in order to fly the exact same route & and be the only aircraft over the enemy territory at those times! Besides, NATO planes were attacking from all directions 360° to the point that at times the radar operators couldn't count them!
China helped Serbia to take down the F-117? I've never heard this in my life??
Its atrue legend
Pointy is good. Pointy is scary.
The truth is - more than just 3 aircraft were shot down by Serbia in 1999. You either don't know it or are biased heavily.
Priznali su zvanicno 3 komada f117. Oboren je i b2 sa istim sistemo, pao u hrvatskoj. To ne priznaju, isto kao sto 20 godina nisu priznali za jos 2 f117. Britanske novine su posle rata objavile da 2 trecine njihovih aviona nije u letnom stanju zbog ostecenja. Prevedi ovo molim te, ne pisem engleski.
Don't get angry about.
The western empire is all about invincibility illusion.
You can see the lies in all their wars, Arab Israeli conflict, gulf wars, Yogoslavia, and now Ukraine , and Gaza
Yes S125 Neva a Surface Air Missile or SAM a Stealth killer alright if the enemy aircraft flying high altitude and but if the enemy aircraft is flying altitude is no longer a Stealth killer and because SAM missile are radar guided missile and radar can only detect if the enemy is flying high altitude and but cannot enemy aircraft is flying low altitude cannot detected it
Indians retired these missiles for modern Aakash, Barak 8, Derby ,Python SAM missiles.
You used Mikoyan's footage for Aviation plant no 32… he didn't belong there though 😅
S-250 SiGa S_5
F-117’s a fighter in name only. Its hit was a combo of luck (bay doors opened for a sec@wrong time), a great operator + using the same flight path/time repeatedly. *_Best part:_** the pilot + SAM operator hung out after the war.*
A competent (and ambitious) officer with a highly trained and motivated crew is always a dangerous opponent. It doesn't matter if they have an old-fashioned weapon system, they will find ways to maximize the performance.
There was also a healthy dose of sheer luck involved. But the soldiers know that Lady Fortuna doesn't smile for free, you have to earn it. The crew really did everything possible to maximize SA-3 performance.
@@Satunnaistasotilashistoriaa Well said.
The SAM operators were Hungarians...
@@paczkoandras6448 Really?
Do you mean that the crew was ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian citizens?
@@paczkoandras6448 BULLSHIT
They shoot down 2 one of rhem crashed in croatia and one in serbia
MADE IN USSR🤘🏽
DAVAJA IN IRAQ 100000 IN LYBIA100000 IN SYRIA 100000 IN DAMASK100000 IN EGYPT 400000 KOMADA RUBLA JAS SELIM EMINI421
Pointy.
FAS-DAA NICARAGUA SAM.7
A 30/40-year-old missile shoots down an ultra-stealth aircraft, given the technological backwardness, especially in electronics, of Soviet systems, the real question to ask is: Is the relative stealth of modern aircraft the panacea?
Isn't an excellent electronic warfare and jamming suite more effective?
Not being an aeronautical specialist, I can only ask myself the question: Is this much vaunted stealth really effective?
I ask the question in all humility not having the necessary knowledge to form an objective point of view.
Well its effectiveness is being eroded. New stealth methods arise but those do not keep pace with detection developments. However its still better than no stealth because of the brutal effectivness of modern SAMs. In case of the F117 the situation was a bit different. At that time there were no other stealth aircraft, it was a special tool, truly undetectable with tech available than. Serbs (in reality the SAM commander) found a loophole that allowed detection altough no tracking... So they fired and hoped for proximty fuze.
I highly doubt it's capabilities I literally just saw a video the same rocket miss it's target... Link in the description jk
Rakhine
S125 Neva shoot down F117a,not S125 Neva Pechora because Pechora is better, learn little about that things you informed.
Rambo😂
Outdated systems
S 125 Neva 😂
Nobody cares about natos reporting name
You will surprise how former Soviet and Warsaw pact adopted NATO designation.......
@@danielcifuentes7198 Wonder why they went and do that considering their governements have to actually try very hard to join the alliance and then their parliaments vote on it. They must have a very good reason to desperately want to join NATO... A big mystery to me.
@@ggtt2547 one reason is the soviet invasion to Czechoslovaquia in 1968, repression to polish people in the 80s, Katyn forest massacre of the polish elite in the 1940's, population repression in 1930's with Stalin and Beria..... and the list is very but very long
air defence symsyms