THE THEORETICAL, SIMPLE, ULTIMATE, CLEAR, LINKED, BALANCED, AND EXTENSIVE MATHEMATICAL UNIFICATION OF PHYSICS/PHYSICAL EXPERIENCE IS PROVEN, AS E=MC2 IS F=MA: Very importantly, outer "space" involves full inertia; AND it is fully invisible AND black. Energy has/involves GRAVITY, AND ENERGY has/involves inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE. The perpetual motion of THE PLANETS in RELATION to WHAT IS THE SUN is the result of the fact that gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, as this IS proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. GREAT !!!! ACCORDINGLY, a given PLANET sweeps out equal areas in equal times; AS GRAVITY IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY. THEREFORE, this NECESSARILY represents, involves, and describes what is MOTION AND NO MOTION IN BALANCE. SO, THE SPEED OF LIGHT (c) IS THEN understood as a POINT; AS the SPACE that envelopes THE EARTH IN BALANCE IS the MIDDLE DISTANCE in/of SPACE. E=mc2 IS F=ma, AS time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves that electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. (BALANCE and completeness go hand in hand.) Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. Indeed, gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked AND BALANCED opposites; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. Again, E=mc2 IS F=ma. OVERLAY what is THE EYE in BALANCED RELATION to/with WHAT IS THE EARTH. NOW, LOOK at what is the translucent, semi-spherical, AND BLUE SKY. THE EARTH is ALSO blue. SO, objects fall at the SAME RATE (neglecting air resistance, of course); AS E=mc2 IS F=ma; AS electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Great. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. This is proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. Indeed, a PHOTON may be placed at the center of THE SUN (as a POINT, of course); as the reduction of SPACE is offset by (or BALANCED with) the SPEED OF LIGHT (c). GREAT. ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy IS gravity. This is proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. "Mass"/energy involves balanced inertia/inertial resistance consistent with/as what is BALANCED electromagnetic/gravitational force/energy, as electromagnetism/energy is gravity. Gravity AND electromagnetism/energy are linked AND balanced, as electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ACCORDINGLY, gravity/acceleration involves balanced inertia/inertial resistance; as gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. Objects fall at the SAME RATE (neglecting air resistance, of course), AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. E=mc2 IS F=ma. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. Carefully consider what is THE EYE along with the falling man. "Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. This is proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. (E=mc2 is directly and FUNDAMENTALLY DERIVED FROM F=ma, as ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. That is where Einstein got it from.) This NECESSARILY represents, involves, AND describes what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE. THOUGHTS are invisible. Very importantly, the ability of THOUGHT to DESCRIBE OR RECONFIGURE sensory experience is ULTIMATELY dependent upon the extent to which thought is SIMILAR to sensory experience. SO, BOTH equations apply to, represent, AND perfectly describe the MIDDLE DISTANCE in/of SPACE as invisible AND VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC/GRAVITATIONAL SPACE in FUNDAMENTAL equilibrium AND BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. The BALANCE of being AND EXPERIENCE is essential. "Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Consider THE MAN who is standing on WHAT IS the EARTH/GROUND. Touch AND feeling BLEND, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. E=mc2 IS F=ma. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. It ALL CLEARLY makes perfect sense. Take careful notice of WHAT IS THE ORANGE SUN. Beautiful. Now, carefully consider the role and RELATIONAL significance of what is the eyelid. Consider what is lava. The viscosity of lava is BETWEEN that of what is water AND what is the Earth/ground. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. E=mc2 IS F=ma. ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. Time DILATION ALSO ULTIMATELY proves that GRAVITY IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY. E=mc2 IS F=ma. Indeed, this not only explains the term c4; but it ALSO explains the significance of the fourth spatial dimension. GREAT !!! Notice that THE DOME of a person's EYE may also be visible. THINK. IT IS CLEARLY PROVEN. "Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. INSTANTANEITY is thus FUNDAMENTAL to what is the FULL and proper understanding of physics/physical experience, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. E=mc2 IS F=ma, AS gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE; AS the rotation of WHAT IS THE MOON matches it's revolution. Moreover, objects fall at the SAME RATE (neglecting air resistance, of course); AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. INSTANTANEITY is thus FUNDAMENTAL to what is the FULL and proper understanding of physics/physical experience, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. Ultimately and truly, time is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. (E=mc2 IS F=ma.) This NECESSARILY represents, INVOLVES, AND describes what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. The INTEGRATED EXTENSIVENESS of thought (AND description) is improved in the truly superior mind. THINK. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. Time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves that electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY, AS E=mc2 IS F=ma. The full distance in/of SPACE is thus LINKED and BALANCED with what is the middle distance in/of SPACE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. E=mc2 IS F=ma. GREAT !!!! The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. SO, stellar clustering ALSO proves that electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Carefully consider what is A GALAXY. (BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand.) By Frank DiMeglio
0:00 Nuclear angular momentum 2:52 Magnitude quantization of the nuclear angular momentum 3:32 Direction quantization of the nuclear angular momentum 4:19 Example: I=3/2 7:18 Determine nuclear spin (quantum number) for the ground state of a given nucleus. Pairing effect
Excellent video! I like how the video cuts forward when you are drawing the diagrams so they pop up instantly. The diagram and the physical cardboard representation does a great job of giving a reasonably simple demonstration of a complicated sounding topic.
Hat's off to you sir .you are really amazing and the way you were delivering your lecture was outstanding .No words for it .you deserves a lot more than this 🔥
Thanks a lot, sir! I really like your style and used this lecture to solve of sub-question in Quantum mechanics class for the Ph.D. level course at my University in the USA. Please keep up.
Thank you sir you are giving very well explanation about spin angular momentum i have cleared 3 time net exam and 1 time gate really you are great sir maine sir pehle bhi app se baat ki hai ji thank you sir
Thanks for the beautiful video sir. But due respect sir, I think that for ODD-EVEN and ODD-ODD nuclei cases, the values of Spin as explained by you are inconsistent with the Shell Model due to the fact that nucleons also have Orbital Angular Momentum giving the value of nuclear spin of nuclei (J or say I) much greater than 1/2 and 1. For example: for Al nuclei with A=27 and Z=13, the value for spin is 5/2 according to the Shell Model.
Nicely explained! However, the last part of your video is misleading. In the odd-odd and odd-even cases, the nuclear spin generally is not I=1/2 and I=1, respectively. Instead, it is usually significantly higher. As you mentioned in the start of your video, the protons and neutrons also can have an orbital angular momentum, which contributes as well.
@@yacc1706 We have to use the nuclear shell model to know the total angular momentum, and we usually call it total spin even if it includes the sum of the spin and orbital angular momentum
As a grad student in particle physics U done a very Good Job in explaining these concepts. As a suggestion you could refer the materials that you used. 👍👍👏
Can you clear my doubts 1.) In nucleus what is revolving is this Nuleons Or nucleus itself 2.) Earth is revolving around the sun it is its orbital angular momentum then nucleus is revolving around whose? 3.) Is this visual animation of Nucleus Orbital motion and spin notion like planetary diagram Or is this just a hypothesis or imagination Please reply sir
It's not hypothesis nor imagination. It's classical thinking. For instance: a He-4 nucleus, and alpha particle. Two singlet (spin-0) protons in an L=0 state and same for the neutrons J = L + S = 0 + 0 = 0. That means the nucleus is a perfect sphere, and if you understand quantum mechanics, you'll understand that a sphere cannot rotate. It means nothing. Nothing you can do to it can make it rotate. (Basically the rotation operator is equivalent to the number 1, and left multiply by 1 does nothing to a state). The other thing to understand is, it has 4 nucleons in it. A spin up proton, a spin down proton, likewise for the neutrons. Now pick a single particle from that nucleus, what is it? It's an entangled mixture of all 4. It part spin up, part spin down, part proton, part neutron. Understand that, and you're on your way to figuring out quantum anybody states.
Just fantastic 😀😁. Sir please help bsc physics honours students by your beautiful lectures. Please cover mechanics and optics problems as early as possible.
Thank you sir for this video. For odd nuclei, it is the unpaired nucleon (p or n) that determines the spin I of the nucleus. It is not always I=1/2 as you say. The same reason for odd-odd but the two unpaired nucleons (n and p) that determine the spin I of the nucleus. That's right?
why does the unpaired nucleon's orbital angular momentum not contribute to total I? surely it will have some orbital angular momentum that isn't necessarily 0, as you suggest, or maybe I have not understood something.
But for an even-odd configuration spin value is not only 1/2 it can also be 3/2 5/2 and so on.. that is obtained from shell model. so what about this..
Although my subject is not physics but I fully understand because of your amazing explanation. Sir, I have a question, why we are interested in Z-component of angular momentum and not the x or y component. And what's the physical significance of this Z component?
why not I=0 case happens? when we take an odd-odd nucleus , why the single leftover proton and a neutron pair up in an opposite spin state and makes the Total spin angular momenta of nucleus zero.
Very clear good job mate you are saving many students haha. Video flickered occasionally don't know if that was deliberated editing but it was slightly annoying just for your attention.
The quadrupole moment tells you how prolate or oblate the nucleus is. If it has L=2 components to the wave function, it can have a quadrupole moment. E,g, the deuteron. It is J=1, which is mostly L=0 and S=1, but it has some L=2 and S=1 (with the two parallel spins opposite the L=0 direction). That's it. It's just like with the Earth (the so called J2 term), describes the gravity field for a flattened Earth from rotation.
Sir, you defined for even even nuclei, I=0 For odd even nuclei, I=1/2 For odd odd nuclei, I=1. Then for which case spin angular momentum of a nucleus is, I>1?
Great explanation! But I would agree with college who said you didn't take in acount orbital angular moment for even-,odd and od-od case to determine total angular moment.
NOT SO EASY TO FIND SOMEONE aware that a single unpaired proton is the "LEVER" of control on the entire nucleus. You can use that technique to control inertia. **HERE'S WHAT I DID** I turned on my small rotary sander tool (for sanding sheetrock or wood). I set its rotating shaft in the Z axis *only* -- straight upward. The rotating shaft is inside the housing of the tool; the sandpaper is attached to one end of the shaft. I then attempted to re-orient the vertically-positioned shaft of my rotary sander to a horizontal orientation. I felt a LOT OF RESISTANCE! Why? Because I was fighting against its axis of rotation. Because I was fighting its angular momentum. So I put the tool's shaft back to the vertical position. I then LIFTED THE TOOL STRAIGHT UPWARD, ie. along a line draw through the axis of its rotation. I lifted it up vertically while the rotating shaft was vertically positioned. I NO LONGER FELT THE RESISTANCE that I'd felt when I tried to turn the tool from vertical to horizontal. I then turned the sander off and waited for the vertical shaft to stop rotating. I then, again, attempted to re-orient the vertically-positioned shaft to a HORIZONTAL orientation. There was no longer any resistance. It was easy. WHAT CHANGED? Why so much resistance while the tool was on and the shaft was spinning? ANGULAR MOMENTUM. **AS LONG AS I MOVE A SPINNING GYRO, OR SPINNING ROTARY TOOL, ALONG A LINE THROUGH ITS AXIS OF ROTATION -- there is no resistance.** As you point out, the axis of rotation is moving for the nucleus of atoms -- the axis of the nucleus' spin/angular momentum is MOVING. Recall that the nucleus has 99% of the mass of any atom. I submit that if I oriented the axis of rotation of all atoms in an object, its inertia would decline. And if you create an object made of 1/2 spin nuclei -- say, using Bismuth -- you could use the unpaired proton as a "LEVER" to orient all its atoms in one direction, and reduce its inertia. As long as you 1) align all the atoms of the object in direction D 2) then move the object in direction D .........it would have less inertia. Just like my rotary sander offered no resistance if I pushed it along its axis of rotation. Here's a patent that does exactly that. The inertia effect is described on page 12, left side, bottom paragraph. See page 5, Figure 7. That is a spherical crew compartment made of Bismuth (a pie-shaped cutout of the sphere is shown in the diagram). His patent aligns the atoms using the "LEVER" of the unpaired proton to control inertia by aligning all atoms in the Bismuth. Bismuth is mentioned on page 13, left side, 2nd paragraph. If you created a joystick or steering wheel to 'steer' the alignment, the polarization of the atoms, you could reduce inertia during turns. Want to turn left? 'Steer' the alignment mechanism to polarize the atoms leftward. And so on. The inventor was a scientist who worked in the space program and aerospace industry in the 1960s-70s. patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3a/e1/0a/cdda5bf4825fb1/US3626605.pdf I've been looking for anyone who is aware of the "unpaired nucleon" and how it determines the angular momentum and spin of its entire nucleus, and have found no one else who is aware of it -- kudos to you. The fact is, NMR and MRI machines already implement this technique (aligning the nucleus using an unpaired nucleon). So the tech already exists. It would probably have to be modified for something other than the atoms of body hydrogen. . . .
Excellent lecture, thank you sir. What is not clear to me is: how the protons stick together with neutrons considering their charge. How the neutron hold the proton attracted to it?
can spin/total angular momentum be zero? what kind of pairing are we talking about, to cancel out the net spin effect the bodies must be in same spin and direction (classically), why pairing is only between the similar kind and not between p-n
See the alpha particle (He-4 nucleus). It is L=0, S=0, I=0: a perfect sphere. The deuteron has paired neutron and proton spins (both parallel), but an individual particle is in an entangled state (pn - np)/sqrt(2), so it lacks identity as a neutron or proton. That p's and n's usually pair with each other is not exact, and the quantum number called isospin adds a rather large twist. Under isospin symmetry, the proton and neutron are identical particles with different I3 quantum numbers. The neutron is isospin (1/2, -1/2) and the proton is (1/2, +1/2). It's a little weird, and has no classical analog.
it's called "isospin invariance". The neutron and proton are the two I=1/2 (I is isospin, not total angular momentum, that should be called J) eigenstates with eigenvalues -/+ 1/2. The strong force has an isoscalar term I1 dot I2, which is invariant under rotations in isospin space, i.e., operations that mix protons and neutrons.
@@FortheLoveofPhysics so the total angular momentum = angular momentum(due to orbital motion of nucleons) + spin angular momentum(due to spin of nucleons) SO how are the nucleons orbiting in the nucleus...any classical picture similar to atomic orbitals
@@csigcar Yes, they are in orbitals that look like spherical harmonics....just like atomic electrons. But I would not call that "classical". Note that even in an atom, when we say, "The 3rd electron in Lithium fills the 2S1 orbital" were a speaking colloquially, as each of the 3 electron is partially in the 2S1 orbital. It's the nature of identical particles, and it purely quantum mechanical. (see: Slater Determinant").
I think because of orbital angular momentum of proton and neutron. As total spin or angular momentum is given by I = l + s like for l = 2, I will be 5/2
in your last lecture, you said the nuclear field is uniform in nature, that is, there is no nuclear central force. But, here you are saying that potential is central. How can nucleus have central potential but have no central force?
the experiments to measure the radius have found that the charge radius is equal to matter radius, indicating nuclear force a non-central force. If the experiments verify the existence of non-central nuclear force, that means there should be no central potential, and thus no angular momenta of individual nucleons should exist.
In case of even even nuclei the angular momentum quantum number is always even why. And also when we use shell model to calculate the spin of nucleus which has 20 protons and 19 neutrons we get spin as 3/2 why??
J=1. The photon is a _vector_ boson. Vector means "spin 1". Coherent light with spins (anti)aligned along propagation are circular polarized light. Note that because it is a massless gauge boson, the m=0 state is forbidden. Also, classical electrodynamics in Minkowski space is completely defined by a the 4-vector field (phi, Ax,Ay, Az) where phi is the electric potential and A's are the magnetic vector potential.
This and the previous video together (I don't really understand them but they are very clear and easy to follow) are a very helpful explanation - like a more detailed version of the Bohr Atom. I anticipate finding out how well it all works further on here. Is there actually angular momentum inside the atom and nucleus, nucleons and electrons , or is that just a helpful analogy do visualize the quantum dynamics? Is "spin" just a name for intra-particle angular momentum?
Thanks.. All particles like electrons, neutrons, protons have a spin - angular momentum which is very real. It might not be the same as classical 'spin', but it has a magnetic moment associated with it, and other properties
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Look up all my videos on Nuclear and Particle Physics in the following playlist : ruclips.net/p/PLRN3HroZGu2n_j3Snd_fSYNLvCkao8HIx
kindly make a video on nucleon nucleon scattering...............
THE THEORETICAL, SIMPLE, ULTIMATE, CLEAR, LINKED, BALANCED, AND EXTENSIVE MATHEMATICAL UNIFICATION OF PHYSICS/PHYSICAL EXPERIENCE IS PROVEN, AS E=MC2 IS F=MA:
Very importantly, outer "space" involves full inertia; AND it is fully invisible AND black.
Energy has/involves GRAVITY, AND ENERGY has/involves inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE. The perpetual motion of THE PLANETS in RELATION to WHAT IS THE SUN is the result of the fact that gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE, as this IS proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. GREAT !!!! ACCORDINGLY, a given PLANET sweeps out equal areas in equal times; AS GRAVITY IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY. THEREFORE, this NECESSARILY represents, involves, and describes what is MOTION AND NO MOTION IN BALANCE. SO, THE SPEED OF LIGHT (c) IS THEN understood as a POINT; AS the SPACE that envelopes THE EARTH IN BALANCE IS the MIDDLE DISTANCE in/of SPACE. E=mc2 IS F=ma, AS time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves that electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. (BALANCE and completeness go hand in hand.) Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. Indeed, gravity AND ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy are linked AND BALANCED opposites; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. Again, E=mc2 IS F=ma. OVERLAY what is THE EYE in BALANCED RELATION to/with WHAT IS THE EARTH. NOW, LOOK at what is the translucent, semi-spherical, AND BLUE SKY. THE EARTH is ALSO blue. SO, objects fall at the SAME RATE (neglecting air resistance, of course); AS E=mc2 IS F=ma; AS electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Great. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy.
ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. This is proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. Indeed, a PHOTON may be placed at the center of THE SUN (as a POINT, of course); as the reduction of SPACE is offset by (or BALANCED with) the SPEED OF LIGHT (c). GREAT.
ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy IS gravity. This is proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. "Mass"/energy involves balanced inertia/inertial resistance consistent with/as what is BALANCED electromagnetic/gravitational force/energy, as electromagnetism/energy is gravity. Gravity AND electromagnetism/energy are linked AND balanced, as electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ACCORDINGLY, gravity/acceleration involves balanced inertia/inertial resistance; as gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. Objects fall at the SAME RATE (neglecting air resistance, of course), AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. E=mc2 IS F=ma. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. Carefully consider what is THE EYE along with the falling man. "Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY.
ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. This is proven by F=ma AND E=mc2. (E=mc2 is directly and FUNDAMENTALLY DERIVED FROM F=ma, as ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. That is where Einstein got it from.) This NECESSARILY represents, involves, AND describes what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE. THOUGHTS are invisible. Very importantly, the ability of THOUGHT to DESCRIBE OR RECONFIGURE sensory experience is ULTIMATELY dependent upon the extent to which thought is SIMILAR to sensory experience. SO, BOTH equations apply to, represent, AND perfectly describe the MIDDLE DISTANCE in/of SPACE as invisible AND VISIBLE ELECTROMAGNETIC/GRAVITATIONAL SPACE in FUNDAMENTAL equilibrium AND BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. The BALANCE of being AND EXPERIENCE is essential.
"Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Consider THE MAN who is standing on WHAT IS the EARTH/GROUND. Touch AND feeling BLEND, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. E=mc2 IS F=ma. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. It ALL CLEARLY makes perfect sense. Take careful notice of WHAT IS THE ORANGE SUN. Beautiful. Now, carefully consider the role and RELATIONAL significance of what is the eyelid. Consider what is lava. The viscosity of lava is BETWEEN that of what is water AND what is the Earth/ground. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. E=mc2 IS F=ma. ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity.
Time DILATION ALSO ULTIMATELY proves that GRAVITY IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY. E=mc2 IS F=ma. Indeed, this not only explains the term c4; but it ALSO explains the significance of the fourth spatial dimension. GREAT !!! Notice that THE DOME of a person's EYE may also be visible. THINK. IT IS CLEARLY PROVEN. "Mass"/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky. INSTANTANEITY is thus FUNDAMENTAL to what is the FULL and proper understanding of physics/physical experience, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY.
E=mc2 IS F=ma, AS gravity/acceleration involves BALANCED inertia/INERTIAL RESISTANCE; AS the rotation of WHAT IS THE MOON matches it's revolution. Moreover, objects fall at the SAME RATE (neglecting air resistance, of course); AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy.
INSTANTANEITY is thus FUNDAMENTAL to what is the FULL and proper understanding of physics/physical experience, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy is gravity. Ultimately and truly, time is NECESSARILY possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE; AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. (E=mc2 IS F=ma.) This NECESSARILY represents, INVOLVES, AND describes what is possible/potential AND actual IN BALANCE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY.
The INTEGRATED EXTENSIVENESS of thought (AND description) is improved in the truly superior mind. THINK.
Gravity IS ELECTROMAGNETISM/energy. Time DILATION ULTIMATELY proves that electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY, AS E=mc2 IS F=ma. The full distance in/of SPACE is thus LINKED and BALANCED with what is the middle distance in/of SPACE, AS ELECTROMAGNETISM/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. E=mc2 IS F=ma. GREAT !!!! The stars AND PLANETS are POINTS in the night sky.
SO, stellar clustering ALSO proves that electromagnetism/ENERGY IS GRAVITY. Carefully consider what is A GALAXY. (BALANCE AND completeness go hand in hand.)
By Frank DiMeglio
Ok
From today I will follow ur channel sir ......so impressive explanation and concept
Highest quality content in physics on RUclips
Sir with level of confidence and excellent way of teaching skills and presenting lectures...you deserve to be physics faculty in top 10 premium IIT's.
0:00 Nuclear angular momentum
2:52 Magnitude quantization of the nuclear angular momentum
3:32 Direction quantization of the nuclear angular momentum
4:19 Example: I=3/2
7:18 Determine nuclear spin (quantum number) for the ground state of a given nucleus. Pairing effect
One of the best teacher having best teaching skill
Amazing way of explaining... best video seen till now on physics
What a good explanation sir....it's really interesting
there can't be any best teacher other than you. Thank you Sir..
Best for all bsc and MSc students'
Thanks sir
Excellent video! I like how the video cuts forward when you are drawing the diagrams so they pop up instantly. The diagram and the physical cardboard representation does a great job of giving a reasonably simple demonstration of a complicated sounding topic.
Hat's off to you sir .you are really amazing and the way you were delivering your lecture was outstanding .No words for it .you deserves a lot more than this 🔥
Thanks a lot, sir! I really like your style and used this lecture to solve of sub-question in Quantum mechanics class for the Ph.D. level course at my University in the USA. Please keep up.
your way of teaching is amazing, love from pakistan
Sir..You explain much better than anyone .. You are different 😄😊
Thank you sir you are giving very well explanation about spin angular momentum i have cleared 3 time net exam and 1 time gate really you are great sir maine sir pehle bhi app se baat ki hai ji thank you sir
Best 10 Minutes I had in this topic! Thank you a lot!
Thanks for the beautiful video sir.
But due respect sir, I think that for ODD-EVEN and ODD-ODD nuclei cases, the values of Spin as explained by you are inconsistent with the Shell Model due to the fact that nucleons also have Orbital Angular Momentum giving the value of nuclear spin of nuclei (J or say I) much greater than 1/2 and 1.
For example: for Al nuclei with A=27 and Z=13, the value for spin is 5/2 according to the Shell Model.
Speech delivery is great.
Thank you sir for such a basic,comprehensive & detailed lecture.
Thank you so much sir 😊
What a fantastic teaching way 🙏🙏
Nicely explained! However, the last part of your video is misleading. In the odd-odd and odd-even cases, the nuclear spin generally is not I=1/2 and I=1, respectively. Instead, it is usually significantly higher. As you mentioned in the start of your video, the protons and neutrons also can have an orbital angular momentum, which contributes as well.
As I understood, he is referring to TOTAL SPIN, not total angular momentum
@@yacc1706 We have to use the nuclear shell model to know the total angular momentum, and we usually call it total spin even if it includes the sum of the spin and orbital angular momentum
Thanks!
so helpful, the diagrams are great
thank you!!
Awesome explanation sir👍 👍
nice lecture,I love it.Keep on
As a grad student in particle physics U done a very Good Job in explaining these concepts. As a suggestion you could refer the materials that you used.
👍👍👏
what is your thesis topic?
@@DrDeuteron New Searches in Particle Physics
@@justin.p.oommen Good luck, we need a new particle.
@@justin.p.oommen from which university you are studying physics?
Thanks for this....sir😇
Really supr explanation sir
Back to back videos 😎😎
Can you clear my doubts
1.) In nucleus what is revolving is this Nuleons Or nucleus itself
2.) Earth is revolving around the sun it is its orbital angular momentum then nucleus is revolving around whose?
3.) Is this visual animation of Nucleus Orbital motion and spin notion like planetary diagram
Or is this just a hypothesis or imagination
Please reply sir
It's not hypothesis nor imagination. It's classical thinking. For instance: a He-4 nucleus, and alpha particle. Two singlet (spin-0) protons in an L=0 state and same for the neutrons J = L + S = 0 + 0 = 0. That means the nucleus is a perfect sphere, and if you understand quantum mechanics, you'll understand that a sphere cannot rotate. It means nothing. Nothing you can do to it can make it rotate. (Basically the rotation operator is equivalent to the number 1, and left multiply by 1 does nothing to a state).
The other thing to understand is, it has 4 nucleons in it. A spin up proton, a spin down proton, likewise for the neutrons. Now pick a single particle from that nucleus, what is it? It's an entangled mixture of all 4. It part spin up, part spin down, part proton, part neutron. Understand that, and you're on your way to figuring out quantum anybody states.
Just fantastic 😀😁. Sir please help bsc physics honours students by your beautiful lectures. Please cover mechanics and optics problems as early as possible.
Nicely done. Very informative. Thank you.
Thank you sir for this video. For odd nuclei, it is the unpaired nucleon (p or n) that determines the spin I of the nucleus. It is not always I=1/2 as you say. The same reason for odd-odd but the two unpaired nucleons (n and p) that determine the spin I of the nucleus. That's right?
Sir in 1:28 you have written spin amgular momentum= L+S. Is it correct?
why does the unpaired nucleon's orbital angular momentum not contribute to total I? surely it will have some orbital angular momentum that isn't necessarily 0, as you suggest, or maybe I have not understood something.
Damn that answers a lot of questions thank you
But for an even-odd configuration spin value is not only 1/2 it can also be 3/2 5/2 and so on.. that is obtained from shell model. so what about this..
Best explanation ever
Very nice lecture Sir
amzingly explained.Thank you
Super explain u r deserve it
When does the nucleus change direction to fulfill quantization?
this is a great video, thank you very much!
Although my subject is not physics but I fully understand because of your amazing explanation. Sir, I have a question, why we are interested in Z-component of angular momentum and not the x or y component. And what's the physical significance of this Z component?
why not I=0 case happens? when we take an odd-odd nucleus , why the single leftover proton and a neutron pair up in an opposite spin state and makes the Total spin angular momenta of nucleus zero.
Vera mari😎
Thanks sir for such nice explanation
8:13 you told total angular momentum is zero for even even nuclei but according to shell model there is nonzero angular momentum for some nucei
Very clear good job mate you are saving many students haha. Video flickered occasionally don't know if that was deliberated editing but it was slightly annoying just for your attention.
Very nice explanation sir please make vedios on other parts of physics also
Are nuclear isomers a consequence of a spinning nucleus?
very well explained!
Very well explained!!
how can the nucleons have orbital angular momenta? do they orbit around something?
sir how the spin of Boron11 is 3/2 and for oxygen17 it is 5/2,
Excellent
wouldn't the precession of the orbit generate a seperate angular momentum?
Well explained
Sir make lecture series on classical mechanics and electricity and magnetism
sir, plz upload the video on electrical quadrupole moment of nucleus..
The quadrupole moment tells you how prolate or oblate the nucleus is. If it has L=2 components to the wave function, it can have a quadrupole moment. E,g, the deuteron. It is J=1, which is mostly L=0 and S=1, but it has some L=2 and S=1 (with the two parallel spins opposite the L=0 direction). That's it. It's just like with the Earth (the so called J2 term), describes the gravity field for a flattened Earth from rotation.
Sir, is it not possible that in odd-odd case nuclear spin has value 0?
Sir, you defined for even even nuclei, I=0
For odd even nuclei, I=1/2
For odd odd nuclei, I=1.
Then for which case spin angular momentum of a nucleus is, I>1?
I have the same doubt
Great explanation! But I would agree with college who said you didn't take in acount orbital angular moment for even-,odd and od-od case to determine total angular moment.
Sir in which Case The value of I will be 3/2, 5/2 or so.........?
So when the spin will be 3/2 or 2 or 5/2 etc?????
Please make vedio on quark model in nuclear physics
Where from energy for spinning comes?
NOT SO EASY TO FIND SOMEONE aware that a single unpaired proton is the "LEVER" of control on the entire nucleus. You can use that technique to control inertia.
**HERE'S WHAT I DID**
I turned on my small rotary sander tool (for sanding sheetrock or wood). I set its rotating shaft in the Z axis *only* -- straight upward. The rotating shaft is inside the housing of the tool; the sandpaper is attached to one end of the shaft.
I then attempted to re-orient the vertically-positioned shaft of my rotary sander to a horizontal orientation. I felt a LOT OF RESISTANCE!
Why? Because I was fighting against its axis of rotation. Because I was fighting its angular momentum. So I put the tool's shaft back to the vertical position. I then LIFTED THE TOOL STRAIGHT UPWARD, ie. along a line draw through the axis of its rotation. I lifted it up vertically while the rotating shaft was vertically positioned. I NO LONGER FELT THE RESISTANCE that I'd felt when I tried to turn the tool from vertical to horizontal.
I then turned the sander off and waited for the vertical shaft to stop rotating. I then, again, attempted to re-orient the vertically-positioned shaft to a HORIZONTAL orientation.
There was no longer any resistance. It was easy. WHAT CHANGED? Why so much resistance while the tool was on and the shaft was spinning? ANGULAR MOMENTUM.
**AS LONG AS I MOVE A SPINNING GYRO, OR SPINNING ROTARY TOOL, ALONG A LINE THROUGH ITS AXIS OF ROTATION -- there is no resistance.**
As you point out, the axis of rotation is moving for the nucleus of atoms -- the axis of the nucleus' spin/angular momentum is MOVING.
Recall that the nucleus has 99% of the mass of any atom.
I submit that if I oriented the axis of rotation of all atoms in an object, its inertia would decline.
And if you create an object made of 1/2 spin nuclei -- say, using Bismuth -- you could use the unpaired proton as a "LEVER" to orient all its atoms in one direction, and reduce its inertia. As long as you
1) align all the atoms of the object in direction D
2) then move the object in direction D
.........it would have less inertia. Just like my rotary sander offered no resistance if I pushed it along its axis of rotation.
Here's a patent that does exactly that. The inertia effect is described on page 12, left side, bottom paragraph.
See page 5, Figure 7. That is a spherical crew compartment made of Bismuth (a pie-shaped cutout of the sphere is shown in the diagram). His patent aligns the atoms using the "LEVER" of the unpaired proton to control inertia by aligning all atoms in the Bismuth. Bismuth is mentioned on page 13, left side, 2nd paragraph.
If you created a joystick or steering wheel to 'steer' the alignment, the polarization of the atoms, you could reduce inertia during turns. Want to turn left? 'Steer' the alignment mechanism to polarize the atoms leftward. And so on.
The inventor was a scientist who worked in the space program and aerospace industry in the 1960s-70s.
patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/3a/e1/0a/cdda5bf4825fb1/US3626605.pdf
I've been looking for anyone who is aware of the "unpaired nucleon" and how it determines the angular momentum and spin of its entire nucleus, and have found no one else who is aware of it -- kudos to you.
The fact is, NMR and MRI machines already implement this technique (aligning the nucleus using an unpaired nucleon). So the tech already exists. It would probably have to be modified for something other than the atoms of body hydrogen.
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Its really amazing
Excellent lecture, thank you sir. What is not clear to me is: how the protons stick together with neutrons considering their charge. How the neutron hold the proton attracted to it?
Nuclear force read strong n weak interactions in particle physics
Sir what is the meaning of I =0 for even even nucleus .
That there is no spin in the entire nucleus ?
@ 1:11 You wrote "spin angular momentum", but you meant "total angular momentum".
he's just testing if you're looking at his drawings
@@justagenosfan Hahaha
Best video Thanks
very nice
great explanation, thank you
For odd -odd nuclei there is rule to calculate I
Called northein rule
For Nitrogen z = 7 ,N=7 means odd nuclei I =0
Please check
Sir did u forget M = 0 possibility???, In the quantization of direction of the nucleus
How the spin of nuclei effected by nuclear force?
Thank you so much sir 🙏🙏🙏
can spin/total angular momentum be zero? what kind of pairing are we talking about, to cancel out the net spin effect the bodies must be in same spin and direction (classically), why pairing is only between the similar kind and not between p-n
See the alpha particle (He-4 nucleus). It is L=0, S=0, I=0: a perfect sphere.
The deuteron has paired neutron and proton spins (both parallel), but an individual particle is in an entangled state (pn - np)/sqrt(2), so it lacks identity as a neutron or proton. That p's and n's usually pair with each other is not exact, and the quantum number called isospin adds a rather large twist. Under isospin symmetry, the proton and neutron are identical particles with different I3 quantum numbers. The neutron is isospin (1/2, -1/2) and the proton is (1/2, +1/2). It's a little weird, and has no classical analog.
What is the reason behind this the nuclear force is charge independent?
it's called "isospin invariance". The neutron and proton are the two I=1/2 (I is isospin, not total angular momentum, that should be called J) eigenstates with eigenvalues -/+ 1/2. The strong force has an isoscalar term I1 dot I2, which is invariant under rotations in isospin space, i.e., operations that mix protons and neutrons.
very nice thank you sir ji
excellent
is angular momentum of nucleus due to orbital motion of nucleons as is in the case of electrons in atomic orbital
angular momentum. Please Reply
There's contribution of both orbital motion and individual spin of nucleons
@@FortheLoveofPhysics so the total angular momentum = angular momentum(due to orbital motion of nucleons) + spin angular momentum(due to spin of nucleons)
SO how are the nucleons orbiting in the nucleus...any classical picture similar to atomic orbitals
should it be Total SPin angular momentum instead of Total angular momentum in my above statement. Please REply
@@csigcar Yes, they are in orbitals that look like spherical harmonics....just like atomic electrons. But I would not call that "classical". Note that even in an atom, when we say, "The 3rd electron in Lithium fills the 2S1 orbital" were a speaking colloquially, as each of the 3 electron is partially in the 2S1 orbital. It's the nature of identical particles, and it purely quantum mechanical. (see: Slater Determinant").
Explain why nuclear force is spin dependent!
Please sir left the board for few seconds so we can wrote or took screen shot for learning after lecture.
Sir some of the elements have high spin and there isotopes like 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 to calculate that or how they got that value
i also have very same question, brother if you get it from somewhere please, explain here!
I think because of orbital angular momentum of proton and neutron. As total spin or angular momentum is given by I = l + s like for l = 2, I will be 5/2
Thanks Sir
Aap bahut handsome ho sir 😊
in your last lecture, you said the nuclear field is uniform in nature, that is, there is no nuclear central force. But, here you are saying that potential is central. How can nucleus have central potential but have no central force?
the experiments to measure the radius have found that the charge radius is equal to matter radius, indicating nuclear force a non-central force. If the experiments verify the existence of non-central nuclear force, that means there should be no central potential, and thus no angular momenta of individual nucleons should exist.
I think the example nuclei for "even-odd" and "odd-even" are wrong.
Sir,the angular momentum of neutrino value ...
Need answer sir
In case of even even nuclei the angular momentum quantum number is always even why.
And also when we use shell model to calculate the spin of nucleus which has 20 protons and 19 neutrons we get spin as 3/2 why??
In large nuclei, sometimes there is also contribution of orbital angular momentum that I haven't discussed in the video.
@@FortheLoveofPhysics
Ok sir thanks I have disturb u a lot sorry for that.
No worries :)
@@learnsomethingnew5316 I call this "disturbance" positive feedback. No human being is infallible ;-)
How could Nuclear spin be 3/2?
what is spin of nucleus if I=0 in case of even even nuclei?
Nuclear spin is given by the symbol I. So if I = 0, the nuclear spin is zero.
What is the value of angular momentum of photon?
J=1. The photon is a _vector_ boson. Vector means "spin 1". Coherent light with spins (anti)aligned along propagation are circular polarized light. Note that because it is a massless gauge boson, the m=0 state is forbidden. Also, classical electrodynamics in Minkowski space is completely defined by a the 4-vector field (phi, Ax,Ay, Az) where phi is the electric potential and A's are the magnetic vector potential.
Sir,Where is the orbital angular momentum ? You explained only about the spin angular momentum...
hi, sr
how can we contact to u
amazing !!
This and the previous video together (I don't really understand them but they are very clear and easy to follow) are a very helpful explanation - like a more detailed version of the Bohr Atom. I anticipate finding out how well it all works further on here. Is there actually angular momentum inside the atom and nucleus, nucleons and electrons , or is that just a helpful analogy do visualize the quantum dynamics? Is "spin" just a name for intra-particle angular momentum?
Thanks.. All particles like electrons, neutrons, protons have a spin - angular momentum which is very real. It might not be the same as classical 'spin', but it has a magnetic moment associated with it, and other properties
Niceeeeeeee sir