The process of making Tamahagane the material for Japanese swords. The world's only female craftsman

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  • Опубликовано: 30 янв 2025

Комментарии • 156

  • @神崎晃司
    @神崎晃司 10 месяцев назад +13

    20分があっという間でした。
    魂込めた職人さんの作業行程は凄い‼️

  • @TK-yk3rl
    @TK-yk3rl 10 месяцев назад +12

    はるか昔から、この作業が行われていたと考えると感慨深いものですね!
    動画の公開に感謝します❤

  • @alexisquim4502
    @alexisquim4502 10 месяцев назад +1

    Such a slow and precise beginning is why the steel is so good. Quality can not be hurried.

  • @mindsurf13
    @mindsurf13 10 месяцев назад +7

    I remember this family...
    Old video whit babe in workplace...
    I like traditional technics.
    Thank you

  • @WilliamGibble
    @WilliamGibble 10 месяцев назад +5

    I love the charcoal they use.. very good quality!!!!😊

  • @Artes-Silva-02
    @Artes-Silva-02 10 месяцев назад +4

    Parabéns pelo trabalho!!! Muito talento e dedicação à arte!!!

  • @WilliamGibble
    @WilliamGibble 10 месяцев назад +6

    Japanese go full on work ethic with everything they do, especially trades ❤ extremely dedicated culture 😊

  • @nopelindoputraperkasa5869
    @nopelindoputraperkasa5869 10 месяцев назад +5

    素敵な共有ビデオ...とても便利で役に立ちます 素晴らしい ..インドネシアの伝統的な金探鉱者からのご挨拶 🇮🇩🌼👍👍

  • @ernestopenha
    @ernestopenha 11 месяцев назад +5

    Que coisa maravilhosa essa menina seguindo a tradição da Família no fabrico do aço ancestral! DEUS Abençoe essa menina e sua família!🙏🙏🙏👍👍

  • @北野敏夫-u4f
    @北野敏夫-u4f 2 месяца назад

    奥様が窯にマッチで火を入れる瞬間の映像は、本当に印象的で絵になりますね!

  • @Serenity_Dee
    @Serenity_Dee 11 месяцев назад +3

    Extra style points for lighting the charcoal!

  • @akbartman2902
    @akbartman2902 11 месяцев назад +1

    Great job. Is there plans out there for your style of Tatara furnace? We a Tatara melt last summer and are for a better furnace style then what we used.

  • @TimJohnson-x1o
    @TimJohnson-x1o 10 месяцев назад +5

    just shows you how primitive these traditional steels really are for those who just don't understand and insist on ascribing nonsensical mythological properties to a material that is exceeded in most ways by something you can get in a dollar store these days. thank you, science and technology.

    • @LilMissMurder3409
      @LilMissMurder3409 10 месяцев назад +4

      Thank you. The ignorance out there runs deep. Japanese iron has always been scarce and of poor quality - these techniques, including the folding and refolding of sword blanks don't impart some mythical prowess to the steel or the soul of the blade maker or whatever horseshit people come up with - it's simply to improve the steel and turn what is essentially pig iron into something usable for a blade. It's also annoying when people criticize the use of power hammers etc as not "traditional" or not "befitting the ethos" of Japanese blade making. The fact of the matter is that blacksmiths of old would have used any labour-saving device available if it had been invented at the time.

    • @grnsouth1204
      @grnsouth1204 9 месяцев назад

      @@LilMissMurder3409 Very much so. Power hammers have been around for a few thousand years, they were just powered by water. And smiths who weren't fortunate enough to live near water power had manual power hammers... aka strikers/apprentices. Our ancestors were very good at doing their jobs, and just as creative as we are today, just different mediums.

  • @terrydelorme
    @terrydelorme 10 месяцев назад +5

    Interesting process. Thank you for sharing this.

  • @duskbean886
    @duskbean886 10 месяцев назад

    Knife making with tamahagane please, love the japanese way of making knife and katana.

  • @mrdynamic8678
    @mrdynamic8678 10 месяцев назад +6

    Me at my desk pushing papers and slowly dying in front of my computer
    I want to make swords, the steel is calling me…

    • @maxq3372
      @maxq3372 10 месяцев назад

      We share the same problem...

  • @pedroacuna7790
    @pedroacuna7790 10 месяцев назад +1

    Buen trabajo .. gracias por compartir 💪🇨🇱👍

  • @사이클타는꼰대
    @사이클타는꼰대 10 месяцев назад

    Thank you for that video. So interesting.

  • @sachinrv1
    @sachinrv1 9 месяцев назад

    These people are extra ordinary. Working next to furnace for 8 hours is hell. Its melting me while I watch this video.

  • @wkjeeping9053
    @wkjeeping9053 9 месяцев назад +1

    The charcoal is used for the carbon to add to the iron sand. Coal was the original way carbon was added to steel.

  • @NetVoyagerOne
    @NetVoyagerOne 10 месяцев назад +1

    Masterful skill, incredible beauty.

  • @arnhemseptember2009
    @arnhemseptember2009 10 месяцев назад

    Amazing.
    Its a really big job to produce this...

  • @埼クロン
    @埼クロン 10 месяцев назад +16

    昔の人が機械無しで名刀作ってたのとか、凄すぎて意味分からん。

    • @DJYAMAME
      @DJYAMAME 4 месяца назад

      本当ですよね。こんなに優れた日本人の子孫は「意味わからん」と言って思考停止するほどに退化してしまったのが残念でなりませんね。

    • @ことら-k3w
      @ことら-k3w 3 месяца назад +2

      ​@@DJYAMAMEいや、コメ主の言う事もわかる。実際先祖が持っていた技術をどういうものか解明しようとして、科学者も歴史のプロも「意味わからん(´;ω;`)」っていうくらい。

    • @yurajjjji0425
      @yurajjjji0425 26 дней назад

      @@DJYAMAME
      コメ主も本当に意味がわかってないわけじゃないと思うよ😅
      言葉のあやってやつ
      汲んでやれよ

  • @williamsjeff9048
    @williamsjeff9048 3 месяца назад +1

    性善説で物を考えられる日本に作り上げて下さった先人達に感謝、です。

  • @brimstonefootsteps4332
    @brimstonefootsteps4332 10 месяцев назад

    Such an amazing process that I have never even considered how it was made. I have SO many questions lol. I was shocked at how HARD the material was when it was still up to forging temperature by how difficult it was to cut, even with the power hammer! I would love to purchase a piece of the slag (impurities) known it was made during this process and by this beautiful craftsman. If that is possible, please let me know :)

  • @JRussomjr
    @JRussomjr 10 месяцев назад +1

    It's a thing of beauty!!

  • @rbha539
    @rbha539 9 месяцев назад

    SUPER!!!!!
    Harte Arbeit💪💪💪💪👍👍👍👍

  • @rsa420
    @rsa420 10 месяцев назад

    awesome loved that thanks for sharing

  • @cassiusclay7482
    @cassiusclay7482 10 месяцев назад

    Merci pour le partage de la vidéo

  • @markopolo5695
    @markopolo5695 11 месяцев назад +1

    Thats extremely labour intensive work, how do they make that pay?

  • @blason9787
    @blason9787 10 месяцев назад

    🇫🇷🙏🙏🙏👏👏🇯🇵
    Très honoré de partager votre savoir-faire ancestral et de pouvoir le transmettre aux générations futures

  • @cx144
    @cx144 11 месяцев назад

    de france, un très difficile travail venu du fond des ages, ls Japonais sont très méticuleu et un grand savoir-faire !

  • @emildraxineanu7037
    @emildraxineanu7037 10 месяцев назад +1

    Lots of respect for Japan and Japanese people and their cultural values love them . But I found it a bit hard to watch the lady doing all the heavy lifting and hard work while he was
    2:28 just wandering around. And I know he's the master Smith but still. Again not a complaint I respect the master Smith but he should realise that when they are done with the Smithing work she probably has to cook dinner to lol😅

    • @Dorian-hx3xv
      @Dorian-hx3xv 10 месяцев назад

      I somehow get the impression this isn’t her”regular job”.

    • @grnsouth1204
      @grnsouth1204 9 месяцев назад +1

      She wants to make steel. Why should he treat her any different than any other apprentice?

  • @jefsplt1973
    @jefsplt1973 9 месяцев назад

    Merci pour cette vidéo et ce morceau de vie avec vous…

  • @simonphoenix3789
    @simonphoenix3789 9 месяцев назад

    I thought tamahagane was made in that square shaped furnace called a tatara? This looks more like a regular bloomery furnace. Yes it uses iron sand, but in the end, that's just a source of magnetite isn't it?

  • @maxq3372
    @maxq3372 10 месяцев назад +1

    Very cool, thanks for sharing with us!!😊

  • @alibolala6
    @alibolala6 10 месяцев назад +1

    Any differences of quality tamahagane made by modern furnace compare to traditional furnace?

    • @antoniosbar
      @antoniosbar 10 месяцев назад

      just the personal touch the tradition

  • @supperwelder
    @supperwelder 10 месяцев назад

    That was a giant thing of beauty ❤❤

  • @SakuraSnow-
    @SakuraSnow- 8 месяцев назад

    女性の村下ってかっこよすぎる・・!

  • @AlanMitchell-v6g
    @AlanMitchell-v6g 10 месяцев назад

    How many swords can be made from that run of the furnace?

  • @benwinkel
    @benwinkel 10 месяцев назад +1

    When they separate the ironsands with the magnet, does the 'waste' product contain precious metals like gold?

    • @antoniosbar
      @antoniosbar 10 месяцев назад +1

      yes it could be, and de depuration liquid too

    • @benwinkel
      @benwinkel 10 месяцев назад

      @@antoniosbarHolding on to traditions is very inefficient.

    • @antoniosbar
      @antoniosbar 10 месяцев назад +1

      @@benwinkel yeaah! i agree! but a tradicional made things always incrase the price like a famous phrase "hand made" inscription, also make thinks one by one, become in a "special item" for the customers and increase a perception of have a "unique" item [sorry about my english] but yeah in resume you have the reason specially from the point of view of the industry or massive production cost, and eficience

    • @2fathomsdeeper
      @2fathomsdeeper 10 месяцев назад +1

      Most gold will be left behind, but there's always some that gets caught between grains. That's why it's best to pan any black sands a couple of times before magnetically separating it. Depending on the grade, the magnetite sand will permanently magnetize if a strong magnet gets near it.

    • @grnsouth1204
      @grnsouth1204 9 месяцев назад +1

      @@benwinkel lol, they aren't holding onto it to try to be competetive with modern steel manufacturing. They make steel for traditional swordsmiths and other tradition japanese cutlery makers/smiths. And it is economically worth it, check out the prices for a traditionally made nihonto from tamahagane. They're making their money.

  • @take-0616
    @take-0616 9 месяцев назад

    以前タタラ見たけど、より身近でハガネの工程見れた
    😊

  • @2fathomsdeeper
    @2fathomsdeeper 10 месяцев назад

    Right now I have 300 lbs of magnetite sand that's been magnetically cleaned out 4 times. Would love to have a sword made!

  • @odysseyorchids9507
    @odysseyorchids9507 10 месяцев назад

    Awesome video and I wish I had a 13th century katana. But I am no Samuri nor rich man. How much does a knife made with your steel cost ?

  • @leonidas231
    @leonidas231 7 месяцев назад +1

    can be done by anyone if you have the time and recourses

  • @Consequator
    @Consequator 10 месяцев назад

    This is exactly the same as how primitive technologies does it too, minus the skimming of impurities.

  • @Rukun_Budoyo_Sakti
    @Rukun_Budoyo_Sakti 10 месяцев назад

    Halo kami hader menyimak seluduhnya 🙏👍👍👍❤

  • @carloko08
    @carloko08 10 месяцев назад +1

    It surprises me that despite the respect and responsibility that the japanese have in their jobs, none of these workers had safety shoes or thick leather gloves that are BASIC in forging and foundry work, nor did they have dust masks or goggles or they didn't have facial deflectors either, nor did they have helmets on, I mean, were they never instructed about the importance of using PERSONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT? very interesting job, even more so that a lady is taking charge of a job like this, but WHAT ABOUT THE MANDATORY PERSONAL SAFETY ELEMENTS THAT EVERY WORKER MUST HAVE AND USE? That's why I told that it seemed strange to me.

    • @grnsouth1204
      @grnsouth1204 9 месяцев назад

      Good lord. Pop OSHA's teet out of your mouth.

  • @candam4648
    @candam4648 9 месяцев назад

    炭で製鉄するんですね。
    前の仕事で電気炉で溶かしていたのでこんなに時間がかかるんですね。

  • @grifftech
    @grifftech 11 месяцев назад

    Love it

  • @reza090282
    @reza090282 11 месяцев назад

    a job full of patience and calculation....

  • @atom4747
    @atom4747 11 месяцев назад +53

    たたらで出来るのは鉧(けら)と呼ばれる大きな塊です
    その中の一部に炭素含有量の少ない良質の玉鋼が含まれてます
    したがって、動画テロップで33kgの砂鉄から13kgの玉鋼が」できたというのは
    間違った認識です

    • @YOPISO-g2n
      @YOPISO-g2n 10 месяцев назад +14

      島根県の吉田村で玉鋼を造った事が有ります。仰るようにこれは玉鋼では有りません。これを見てこんなに簡単に出来ると思われるのが悲しいです。日刀保が怒りますね。正しいコメントをありがとぅございました。

    • @odysseyorchids9507
      @odysseyorchids9507 10 месяцев назад +1

      ⁠@@YOPISO-g2n does anyone still produce using the old ways ? And is there a video demonstrating the process ? You say easy but this looked difficult. I can only imagine how hard the other way is.

    • @popoLeon001
      @popoLeon001 10 месяцев назад +3

      日刀保とこちらの作る規模が違うだけで作り方は同じ事をしてると思います。あとはテロップをつけた方の知識不足で13kの玉鋼としてしまったのが間違いとは言えますが、この後の工程もが省かれてるだけでは?、

    • @atom4747
      @atom4747 10 месяцев назад +2

      @@popoLeon001
      何が言いたいのかさっぱりわかりません
      規模や工程などには一切言及してはいないはずですがなぜそこに言及されるのかが私には理解出来ません

    • @たくさんのら
      @たくさんのら 10 месяцев назад +2

      いわゆるたたらではないですね。

  • @陸奥八雲-m9t
    @陸奥八雲-m9t 11 месяцев назад +5

    職人してる女性って本当にかっこいいと思う

  • @elverdugoblade
    @elverdugoblade 11 месяцев назад +1

    5:13 esta tomando mate?

  • @roeberdt-bT.1021
    @roeberdt-bT.1021 11 месяцев назад

    "to burn the sun for the fools amusement... Go ask the thunder.,...
    My heart is too old for here."

  • @СосланБузоев-ъ8й
    @СосланБузоев-ъ8й 10 месяцев назад

    Тамахаганэ (яп. 玉鋼, «алмазная сталь») - разновидность японской стали, известная с древности и используемая для изготовления клинков мечей и ножей. Производится из железа, добываемого в префектуре Симане на западе Хонсю. Оно добывается в форме чёрного песка, точнее чёрного пескообразного магнетита (Fe3O4) - сатэцу (яп.

  • @mecha_ozi
    @mecha_ozi 11 месяцев назад +6

    キュポラとたたら、やってることは同じなのになんでたたらは鋼になってキュポラは鋳鉄なんだろう? 原料の違いはあるけど鋳鉄ってどうやって最初つくったのか疑問に思った。炭素の含有量を調整できるのかな?

    • @sean2540
      @sean2540 11 месяцев назад +10

      炉の形は似ていますが銑鉄生産は低温でケラを作るのでは無く、より高温で鉄を溶解させてより炭素量を高める事によって銑鉄を作る事を目指します。ケラであるハガネと銑鉄の違いは炭素量が少ないか多いかの違いだけですが、銑鉄は溶解しているのでケラより多くの不純物を含みます。例えば砂鉄に含まれるチタンや銅、硫黄、マンガンなどもケラより多く溶け込みます。最近の研究では銑鉄を下ろして鋼に変えるとこの不純物が介在して相州伝の地金に近いものが出来るというものがあり、銑押し法で日本刀の制作にチャレンジしている刀匠さんもいるそうです。特にチケイ、イナズマ、スナガシ、などの刀身のにある働きはチタン介在物によるものではないかと言われており、地金が柔らかいのにチケイが出るのは固いマルテンサイトによって現れるのでは無く、チタンの介在を伺わせます。

    • @501戦闘統合航空団
      @501戦闘統合航空団 11 месяцев назад +1

      他のチャンネルの宣伝になるけど
      刀剣を作ろうで「たたら」の回があるのでそこをご覧になると分かりやすいかも

    • @СергейФролов-ы9ш
      @СергейФролов-ы9ш 11 месяцев назад +1

      Примерно по такой же технологии производили железо славянские племена. Из глины делалась круглая печь, в которую загружать железную руду собранную на болотах. Руда перемешивалась с древесным углем. В печи зажигался огонь, и мехами продувался воздух. Когда печь оставалась её разбивали, и извлекали крицу, и так же проковывали, чтобы уплотнить металл, и выгнать из него растворённый воздух.

  • @梅莊刀劍
    @梅莊刀劍 4 месяца назад +1

    請教前輩們...經過流放的鐵汁...是去除不必要的雜質嗎? 謝謝

  • @栗仙人
    @栗仙人 10 месяцев назад +1

    凄く熱いんだろうな

  • @chaiwatpotichanid
    @chaiwatpotichanid 11 месяцев назад

    Just kupchak trse 🧲different Luther natural meetings very much 🌋thanks 🥰🥰👍

  • @トシ-c5m
    @トシ-c5m 10 месяцев назад

    初めて見ました。

  • @franciscomartiboigues4342
    @franciscomartiboigues4342 10 месяцев назад

    El magma ,acero wotz,Damasco varias culturas utilirazaron esas tolvas con mineral de hierro en polvo i csrbon vegetal

  • @フクロウ-u2t
    @フクロウ-u2t 10 месяцев назад +2

    玉鋼って自然界に存在する石だと思ってた

    • @unecochan
      @unecochan 10 месяцев назад

      鋼玉との混同もありそう

  • @mpetersen6
    @mpetersen6 11 месяцев назад

    Wait until Crom finds out they have discovered the Riddle of Steel.

  • @ahmadtvkoli2708
    @ahmadtvkoli2708 2 месяца назад

    او مرد خوشبختی هست که چنین همسری دارد که پا به پای او تلاش می‌کند ❤ من از این زن تشکر میکنم،😍🥰👩‍❤️‍👨⚒️🛠️❤️💪🏼💪🏼💪🏼👍🏼👍🏼👍🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼

  • @lawriealush-jaggs1473
    @lawriealush-jaggs1473 10 месяцев назад

    Gosh! I haven't been so bored for ages. A little editing might not go astray.

  • @iplanes1
    @iplanes1 9 месяцев назад +1

    How can you have a craftsman who is a woman? She is a craftswoman or an artisan.

  • @otaniari1652
    @otaniari1652 11 месяцев назад

    Здравствуйте Подскажите что за железный порошок вы используете спасибо за ответ.

    • @Chugunov_Igor
      @Chugunov_Igor 11 месяцев назад +1

      Это местные железосодержащие пески. Не японцам можно расслабиться. Штука достаточно уникальная

  • @анатолийновиков-ж8д
    @анатолийновиков-ж8д 10 месяцев назад

    Процесс природы/постепенность/
    Лишь ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ смогла/
    Единственная/непременно/
    Не подведёт Миг/никогда!//

  • @jobbinggarden735
    @jobbinggarden735 26 дней назад

    コメントが日本刀かっけー
    程度で溢れてて受ける

  • @KSCPMark6742
    @KSCPMark6742 9 месяцев назад

    Basically, they have to go through these elaborate steps because the ore is low grade crap, right?

  • @TonyFromSydney
    @TonyFromSydney 11 месяцев назад

    She is beautiful.

  • @jimpartridge9634
    @jimpartridge9634 10 месяцев назад

    It looks like Godzilla eczema when finished.

  • @MasahikoInoue
    @MasahikoInoue 27 дней назад

    昔はコンプレッサーの代わりに人力フイゴ、水圧ハンマーの代わりに鎚でこの作業をやってたんだよねえ。🤔

  • @jianyang6281
    @jianyang6281 11 месяцев назад

    制作高碳钢?

  • @BACKGROUNDMUSICSTUDIOROOM
    @BACKGROUNDMUSICSTUDIOROOM 11 месяцев назад +2

    女性の方も村下ができるんだな

  • @qiwang9486
    @qiwang9486 11 месяцев назад

    Nice job. Beautiful girl

  • @lupinthe3rd629
    @lupinthe3rd629 29 дней назад

    近くに刀鍛冶住んでるんだっけ?

  • @udod342
    @udod342 11 месяцев назад

    Nice work. But the be bore job.

  • @dp.tube-jp
    @dp.tube-jp 10 месяцев назад

    (・_・D フムフム  興味深い!!!

  • @YouTubeeeerigalovka
    @YouTubeeeerigalovka 9 месяцев назад

    Давно уже проспали все свои плюшки,ширпотреб лепят с умным хлебалом!

  • @hakuto6814
    @hakuto6814 10 месяцев назад

    Гарна робота

  • @gyoden01
    @gyoden01 11 месяцев назад +2

    たたら製鉄見てていつも思うんだけど、炉の上部で燃えてるCOガスを送風口に戻せば熱効率上がるし燃料効率も上がるから良いはずなんだけど
    送風口にジェットポンプ付けて出口ガスを一部取り込めば構造は複雑にならないし
    流量調節すれば酸素量の可変も出来て炉のコントロールも出来る

    • @tolosa.provincia
      @tolosa.provincia 11 месяцев назад +3

      って意見してきたらどーすか?

  • @zeromemory7684
    @zeromemory7684 10 месяцев назад +1

    最初のマッチで着火するシーン、めちゃくちゃカッコいいけどあれ多分一酸化炭素ですよね。怖すぎる。

  • @takoyakiosm
    @takoyakiosm 11 месяцев назад +2

    大変なお仕事ですね。
    ( ;´Д`)熱そう

  • @theallseeingmaster
    @theallseeingmaster 10 месяцев назад

    This video show us the very definition of a 'long, hot, grueling day of work'. Good job, young lady. It was a pleasure watching the process.
    このビデオは、まさに「長く、暑く、過酷な一日の仕事」の定義を示しています。 頑張ったよ、お嬢さん。 その過程を見るのは楽しかったです。

  • @megalepivolos
    @megalepivolos 10 месяцев назад

    are you sister of Itsuki Hirata the MMA fighter?

  • @ralfrosenkranz1417
    @ralfrosenkranz1417 10 месяцев назад

    The Japanese get on my nerves a little, they make everything a science, even when splitting charcoal they pay attention to precision, as if that would have any impact on the end product. You can also exaggerate everything.

    • @grnsouth1204
      @grnsouth1204 9 месяцев назад

      Well in this case it does have an effect on the end product. The charcoal needs to be properly sized for sufficient airflow, slag drain, and iron contact. Too big and the iron sand falls to the bottom, too small and you have crap airflow, slag doesn't fall properly and the iron doesn't get enough heat to melt and take on carbon to become steel.

  • @poppawolf26
    @poppawolf26 9 месяцев назад

    I follow them on Instagram....

  • @edsoncarrasco6804
    @edsoncarrasco6804 11 месяцев назад

    No processo tradicional o forno e de barro (tatara)

  • @cillyede
    @cillyede 3 месяца назад

    ❤👍👍👍🇩🇪

  • @corvavw6447
    @corvavw6447 28 дней назад

    Geloof niet dat een vakman zijn geheim prijsgeeft😂.
    Zou tegen alle regels van het gilde ingaan.
    Hoe de echte meester werkt krijgt een amateur NOOIT te zien.

  • @norkhach1715
    @norkhach1715 11 месяцев назад

    Cutting charcoals…BS dude BS

  • @茶とら-w4e
    @茶とら-w4e 10 месяцев назад +2

    炭をいじる時はマスクしないと
    鼻の穴が真っ黒になるよ😸

  • @501戦闘統合航空団
    @501戦闘統合航空団 11 месяцев назад +1

    この夫婦はヒルナンデスで取り上げられていました。

  • @マロ-y1n
    @マロ-y1n 9 месяцев назад

    目線より上の作業、そしてこのような場所への子供の誘導は恐ろしい、

  • @randdresearch
    @randdresearch 10 месяцев назад

    why don't they wear mask?

  • @same_head
    @same_head 9 месяцев назад +2

    むらげ!?

  • @moitoi3226
    @moitoi3226 9 месяцев назад

    Rien ne vaut un Hatori Henzo.....

  • @snufkinN_trail_razor
    @snufkinN_trail_razor 11 месяцев назад

    東京で作ったものも玉鋼っていうのか