Me on the first day: Wtf 3 scripts? Me after learning Hiragana: wtf now I have to relearn it with Katakana? Me after learning Katakana: okay.. here comes kanji... wish me luck Me after learning some Radicals and Kanji: Okay I don’t think it’s that har- *Kunyomi reading appears* Me: WTF Me after accepting thats there are two readings: *Multiple onyomi and kunyomi readings appears* 💀 i will kamikaze myself
Right? Like what is the point of keeping two readings for the same thing? It adds complexity with no added clarity. You could just use Kun for everything
@@looneymar9153 I sort of agree. Although I think synonyms are more useful than kun yomi and on yomi because you can use synonyms to convey different tones based on the intensity of the different words. With kun yomi and on yomi... well I don't see any use in having both.
If you put exceptions in English perspective, you will see that there are also many exceptions to proper English pronunciation. It is just much easier for you because of overexposure.
So "san" is the ON reading of the word for mountain. I was confused when it sounded like Japanese characters in Monster movies and anime were calling Mt. Fuji "Mister Fuji."
@@al-c321 Thank you, I have been so confused and your comment made all the bits of comment section info connect. I haven't watched anime in awhile, brought it allll back.
I've had so SO SO SO much trouble wrapping my head around this and you finally made it so clear! Thank you so much for this explanation, it did what other instructors couldn't.
Videos like this are part of the reasons why I absolutely LOVE JapanesePod 101 and throw money at them every chance I get. Thank you SO Much for this video! This was a really serious struggle for me!
I have been studying Kanji for a pretty long time, and I am still confused (lol) whether I should literally memorize both kun and on readings along with the Kanji itself, or if I should just try to remember the kun reading along with the words that include the Kanji. Or both? It's easy when there are two readings, but when there are 15, they make my head spin :D
In my experience, its better to learn the context of the word. Memorising the 3 different pronunciations for 山 by itself is harder than if the word is 富士山. I just remember the phrase it's used in, but Chinese is my mother tongue so it might be different for you.
You mean you just memorize the words rather than the readings on their own, right? I'm really inclined to do that as well, it seems to make much more sense. Thank you for your advice! :)
Chinese is not my mother tongue, and I completely agree, I think that's the way to do it. With each new Kanji find a word containing it and study the word. You'll start to naturally pick up on some of the readings. Don't learn the readings just for the sake of knowing, learn new readings as they appear in new words. You can make lists of the words and when studying you'll increase both your vocabulary and knowledge of Kanji.
J.K. “kun” is an honorific that is usually used to express endearment toward males, just as “chan” is usually used the same way for females. Then there are the “kun” and “on” readings of kanji
Kun reading: when the word is made up of just one kanji; when is made of one kanji and hiragana. On reading: when the word is made up of more than one kanji.
I studied japanese at university for four years, bridging college for 2 before tht and lived in Japan for a couple years. This is the first time I’ve seen such a simple, clear explanation 😭😍🤪
So now we've got a rule that one single kanji reads as "kun" and more than one kanji reads as "on". But it doesn't always work. Sometimes a single kanji may also read as "on" such as 急(kyuu)(means"hurry"), and kanji in a compound word may also read as "kun" such as 弓矢(yumi-ya)(means "bow and arrow").
Read almost 100 articles about kun and on. But maybe im into visualization, because the video made me understand how to use these forms =) thank u, greetz from germany
I love this, this helps a lot! Thank you for that! One question though: What if you have multiple kanji AND hiragana? As in 冥助あり Do you use all on-readings? That would be "meijoari" All kun-reading? (WAY too many options there..) Or is 冥 read in on-reading and 助 in kun-reading? And what does it mean, when there is a period between the hiragana for the kun-reading of a kanji? Like this: 益 -> kun-reading: ま.す
先生!さすが!長い間日本語勉強しているやけど。。。この動画の説明が一番分かりやすい!!!ホンマにありがとうございます!!!!助かります!Finally the best ever explanation!!! Must take note! Thank you so much! I clearly need to check out your other videos!
Sometimes, a kanji compound also has kun readings involved. An example would be a common japanese surname of 田中 "tanaka" た "ta" is the kun reading of 田, while なか "naka" is the kun reading of 中. Also, most japanese surnames and japanese cities/towns uses the kun reading. Also, some kanji compounds also have a mix of kun and on readings, which makes it hard... Sorry guys lol. an example would be 仕事 しごと "shigoto" し "shi" is the on reading of 仕, while ごと "goto" (こと "koto" is also another way of reading 事, pronunciation sometimes changes) is the kun reading of 事. Yes kanji is hard, but pure memorization will make you remember the kanji. Just a cool info i would like to share.
You made it so easy to understand like 123 and abc. I understand this is not always the case though, and so you're right! We must stick with this while learning as a beginner. Thank so much!
There are some cases that doesn't follow the general rule: 毎年 Sometimes I found this read as まいとし、 and some other times I find it read as まいねん、how can I tell which reading is used in each situation? I would appreciate your help very much, ☺️
ありがとうございます!However, just like you said there are exceptions. Just like how one, two three,.. are read: 一 is read as イチ 二 is read as 二 三 is read as サン Which are おん (onyomi)
OMG so many days have gone..Now I got this video and I'm all clear... I'm really regretting for not knowing about this video before... Thank you sooooo much 😢😢🙏🙏🙏
This video will be helpful to any new kanji learners. As one, myself, I did not know about the rule for single or multiple kanji. I merely learned both on and kun forms and thought there would be words that used either form. Anyways, I prefer reference sites that give you all sounds, and then examples. Because there can multiple on or kun readings.
This is amazing, I was confused wether it would be ON reading if it was to the right of a kanji, but no, it's both directions! Thank you! Arigatougozaimasu! (I know that is romaji)
As far as I understood the context plays an important role in which one you have to use. for instance kanji kanji kanji (a word or a phrase) = Chinese version, one kanji alone or kanji hiragana hiragana (another phrase or word) = Japanese version. so if you see a block of kanjis your brain has to click and change to the Chinese pronunciation, if you see one kanji alone or in a block with another hiragana symbols, that's the signal for the Japanese pronunciation... In conclusion, you need to learn both lol
Thank you for the general rule for the On and/or Kun reading of the Kanji - it was driving me nuts as I couldn't figure it out and it wasn't really explained to me at all.
What about when you are speaking? Do you speak in on- and kun- readings? Or... What? I've been learning Japanese using different apps and textbooks but I'll find that I know that the Kanji 人means person but when I good to read it I'll find that it can be pronounced as nin, hito, and Jin. Does each pronunciation have a different meaning or tense?
I know this person asked three years ago but I'd still like to know if someone has an answer to this because I was wondering the same. Are the different words with the same meaning just used in different contexts? Also like the pronunciations "yama" and "san" for 山. I do get that one is for on-yomi derived from Chinese pronunciation and one is for the kun-yomi for the Japanese word. But do Japanese people use both words interchangeably?
For me I want to be able to read kanji when they appear in written form. When you can read it, you can speak it. Since we are learning Japanese you will want to use the kun readings whenever possible. I made the mistake of only understanding On readings but now I am switching my mind to use Kun readings when possible. As Hiroku said, use the ON readings for multiple kanji character usage along side combinations of kanji and hiragana characters, for singular use kanji, read them with Kun readings since we eventually want to comprehend Japanese.
@@Schilddruse I don't think so, Japanese people will use the Kun readings because it translates back to hiragana. This is how foreigners like us can use it to read kanji, this is what I will be doing now. There will be exceptions where you have to use On readings though.
many thanks for this, it make senses now. I didn't know why sometimes kanji read differently with different sounds like Mt Fuji is Fuji-san rather than Fujiyama. I always thought Fujiyama sounded like the more native reading of it. Same with Shin Osaka station and why not Atarashi Osaka station. thank you for sharing this useful information to everyone.
very useful! but one follow up question, actually more like 2: what if you have more than 1 on and kun readings? which one do you pick? And what if the kanji is used by itself, what reading should one pick (if more are available)?
Thank you so much! This confused me so much and I thought learning how to read and write kanji would be impossible 😭 Now I have found a more effective way of learning, so again, thank you very much
great explanation thx! question: is an exception, brand names. iv noticed businesses tend to use compound kanjis with kun reading eg AOYAMA use, 青山 oh and 日本 :)
花火[はなび] and 花粉[かふん] what is everything! I will just be aware of the diverse readings and learn the kanji meaning but I will not memorize any of the readings and just focus in vocabulary
I'm literally tearing up. 😢 this is the best explanation I've seen.
Makeba Andree same !
I totally agree!
You are right about that. I didn’t know it was so simple.
I've been studying studying Japanese quickly and discovered a fantastic resource at Fergs Magic Blueprint (check it out on google)
That’s pretty excessive for just learning how kanji pronunciation works
Every time I feel like I am getting the grasp of things ... it keeps getting more complicated ...
Nothing easily obtained is worth it.
mad respect to foreigners who pass the N1
I thought the video made this pretty easy
Me on the first day: Wtf 3 scripts?
Me after learning Hiragana: wtf now I have to relearn it with Katakana?
Me after learning Katakana: okay.. here comes kanji... wish me luck
Me after learning some Radicals and Kanji: Okay I don’t think it’s that har-
*Kunyomi reading appears*
Me: WTF
Me after accepting thats there are two readings: *Multiple onyomi and kunyomi readings appears*
💀 i will kamikaze myself
Don’t forget grammar rules
Ah i see the onyomi is written in katakana because it was from china and the kunyomi is written in hiragana as it is from japan
Thats what o wnated to ask owo
That is correct
Wow 😲, so that makes sense 🙂
Woww now I understand!
なるほど。
it's fun because it's needlessly complicated o_O
Right? Like what is the point of keeping two readings for the same thing? It adds complexity with no added clarity. You could just use Kun for everything
This comment matches your avatar perfectly
@@regressiveparty in the other hand - this is pretty similar to what synonyms are, but with same spelling
@@regressiveparty also there are kanji w/o kuns or with several of them
@@looneymar9153 I sort of agree. Although I think synonyms are more useful than kun yomi and on yomi because you can use synonyms to convey different tones based on the intensity of the different words. With kun yomi and on yomi... well I don't see any use in having both.
This helped me so much. But of course... there HAD to be exception words that don't follow the rules... ugh.
Actually there is no rule u can pronounce anywah
Right as if it isn’t hard enough 😪
@@Kailz ikr😩
If you put exceptions in English perspective, you will see that there are also many exceptions to proper English pronunciation. It is just much easier for you because of overexposure.
If you don’t know kun or on just read in on yomi
So "san" is the ON reading of the word for mountain. I was confused when it sounded like Japanese characters in Monster movies and anime were calling Mt. Fuji "Mister Fuji."
Thats what i thought too... i thought because they respect mount fuji and call it fuji with さん instead of 山 XD
same jajajajaj
lolol at first I thought of that too, Fuji-san literally meant Fuji Mountain
@@al-c321 Thank you, I have been so confused and your comment made all the bits of comment section info connect. I haven't watched anime in awhile, brought it allll back.
Jujutsu kaisen?
Why, Japan?
@tatsuki ogawara ...ok
Try learning English from scratch, and you'll find out Japanese is a lot easier.
@@indigofenrir7236 lmao, English is my third language and it doesn't even begin to compare to the difficulty level of Japanese.
@@indigofenrir7236 lmfao, i learned english without even trying
@@viniciusalexandre898 Lol, you're saying you didn't get even slightly frustrated at irregular verb conjugation, noun pluralization, pronoun usage, modifier placement, idioms, sentence length, punctuation, and proper pronunciation and spelling? Yeah right.
Wow, I’ve been looking everywhere for a digestible explanation to onyumi and kunyumi and this cleared it up 100%. ありがとうございます!
I've had so SO SO SO much trouble wrapping my head around this and you finally made it so clear! Thank you so much for this explanation, it did what other instructors couldn't.
Videos like this are part of the reasons why I absolutely LOVE JapanesePod 101 and throw money at them every chance I get. Thank you SO Much for this video! This was a really serious struggle for me!
This explanation was exactly what i was looking for. Thank you.
I have been studying Kanji for a pretty long time, and I am still confused (lol) whether I should literally memorize both kun and on readings along with the Kanji itself, or if I should just try to remember the kun reading along with the words that include the Kanji. Or both? It's easy when there are two readings, but when there are 15, they make my head spin :D
In my experience, its better to learn the context of the word. Memorising the 3 different pronunciations for 山 by itself is harder than if the word is 富士山. I just remember the phrase it's used in, but Chinese is my mother tongue so it might be different for you.
You mean you just memorize the words rather than the readings on their own, right? I'm really inclined to do that as well, it seems to make much more sense. Thank you for your advice! :)
Anna Kravtsova Yup, that's what I mean, didn't know how to phrase it properly, haha.
4SidedStar You phrased it just fine! Thanks!
Chinese is not my mother tongue, and I completely agree, I think that's the way to do it. With each new Kanji find a word containing it and study the word. You'll start to naturally pick up on some of the readings. Don't learn the readings just for the sake of knowing, learn new readings as they appear in new words. You can make lists of the words and when studying you'll increase both your vocabulary and knowledge of Kanji.
What about chan reading?
ok you may eliminate me now. im sorry.
😂😂😂😂
lol
how about OFF READING
oh god
ねーねー gyg
J.K. “kun” is an honorific that is usually used to express endearment toward males, just as “chan” is usually used the same way for females. Then there are the “kun” and “on” readings of kanji
ありがとう😊
Clear, concise and well-explained! ありがとうございます!
Kun reading: when the word is made up of just one kanji; when is made of one kanji and hiragana.
On reading: when the word is made up of more than one kanji.
So in short, we have to know both readings OMG
Yep lol😂
Yep lol 😂
Love you people. this was simple, easy to understand and well put. Thank you so much.
I studied japanese at university for four years, bridging college for 2 before tht and lived in Japan for a couple years. This is the first time I’ve seen such a simple, clear explanation 😭😍🤪
Excuse me, Miss? How do you know which kun reading you apply seeing this or that kanji, if you know??
Me too, i think im ready to go back to nihonggo class
what about 生? it has 17 kun-reading and 2 on-reading
One person said to learn the word in context rather than just learning it all at once.
Don't waste your time learning them all, learn the ones that are most used.
@@crabby6617 Learn the ones that are most used first, then the ones that are used more sparingly.
wait what?!?! I thought kanji characters only had one kun and one on readings 0-0
@@leyabelay8081 Lol, no. That would make way too much sense. Some kanji can have literally dozens of different readings. It's a nightmare.
Thank you so much. Finally got the basic gist of it. This channel is so helpful.
Thank you so much😢❤
THANK YOU SO MUCH MA'AM THIS HELPED ME SO MUCH
So now we've got a rule that one single kanji reads as "kun" and more than one kanji reads as "on". But it doesn't always work. Sometimes a single kanji may also read as "on" such as 急(kyuu)(means"hurry"), and kanji in a compound word may also read as "kun" such as 弓矢(yumi-ya)(means "bow and arrow").
finally!! I understand it!! thank so much :)
なるほど!Now i get it! ありがとうございます🙇🙏
Read almost 100 articles about kun and on. But maybe im into visualization, because the video made me understand how to use these forms =) thank u, greetz from germany
Thank you , you solved what was like a big problem for me .Arigatou Hiroko Sensei.
It's crazy! That's why I like it!
If it challenges me, I Persist Until I Succeed.
Dec.08,2018.
how's it going?
eyy its been 2 years hows it been?
THE MAN PUT THE DATE 😭😭 HE PERSISTENT
HOW ARE YOUR RESULTS???
So basically if 2 kanji are together it's on reading and when it's just one kanji it's kun
日本語はむずかしい。Japanese is really difficult for me; however, I'm going to keep studying!!
THIS IS JUST THE BEST EXPLANATION! SIMPLE BUT PRECISE!
5 YEARS GUYS. 5 GODDAMN YEARS FORE THIS TO BE CLEARLY EXPLAINED. You've done fabulously!! Have a blessed new year
This makes a lot of sense because I am learning Japanese, thank you!
So simple and helpful! Thanks
Thank you sm this was so helpful!!!
I love this, this helps a lot! Thank you for that!
One question though: What if you have multiple kanji AND hiragana? As in 冥助あり
Do you use all on-readings? That would be "meijoari"
All kun-reading? (WAY too many options there..)
Or is 冥 read in on-reading and 助 in kun-reading?
And what does it mean, when there is a period between the hiragana for the kun-reading of a kanji? Like this: 益 -> kun-reading: ま.す
先生!さすが!長い間日本語勉強しているやけど。。。この動画の説明が一番分かりやすい!!!ホンマにありがとうございます!!!!助かります!Finally the best ever explanation!!! Must take note! Thank you so much! I clearly need to check out your other videos!
I'm assuming that if there is only one kanji you use Kun reading, and the on reading if there is more than one. True?
I love how no one answered to this
Yup. True. Btw it’s been 3 years, hows your Japanese now?
didnt tought a 3 min video would teach me so much
This helped so much!!! I have a more clear understanding, I'm so happy!!
Let’s say I make a new word out of kanji like 「大土虫」, how do I know what the reading is? Because it could be だいどちゅう or たいとちゅう, etc
finally something that easy to understand!
ありがとうございます!I've been studying kanji for months now and these general rules really help!
shortest and best explanation I have seen on youtube!
Sometimes, a kanji compound also has kun readings involved. An example would be a common japanese surname of 田中 "tanaka" た "ta" is the kun reading of 田, while なか "naka" is the kun reading of 中. Also, most japanese surnames and japanese cities/towns uses the kun reading.
Also, some kanji compounds also have a mix of kun and on readings, which makes it hard... Sorry guys lol. an example would be 仕事 しごと "shigoto"
し "shi" is the on reading of 仕, while ごと "goto" (こと "koto" is also another way of reading 事, pronunciation sometimes changes) is the kun reading of 事. Yes kanji is hard, but pure memorization will make you remember the kanji. Just a cool info i would like to share.
Thank you for clarification💓
You made it so easy to understand like 123 and abc. I understand this is not always the case though, and so you're right! We must stick with this while learning as a beginner. Thank so much!
This makes so much Sense!!!! ありがとうございます
Best explanation ever. To the point, no nonsense, thank you!
This is just what I was looking for! All the basic rules of which reading to use in which scenario explained in a short and crisp manner. Thank You!
There are some cases that doesn't follow the general rule: 毎年
Sometimes I found this read as
まいとし、 and some other times I find it read as まいねん、how can I tell which reading is used in each situation? I would appreciate your help very much, ☺️
日本人です
毎年 まいねん と読めますがほぼ「まいとし」と読みますので、気にしなくて大丈夫です😂
ベストな答えを出せなくてごめんね😢
This explanation...with examples...clearing every single drop of confusion....I'M CRYING.....THANK YOU SO MUCH..
ありがとうございます!However, just like you said there are exceptions. Just like how one, two three,.. are read:
一 is read as イチ
二 is read as 二
三 is read as サン
Which are おん (onyomi)
wow. studied japanese for a long long time but no one ever explained it so simply. or ever explained it like this
Thanks for this video. It helped me a lot. ありがとうございます
HALLELUJAH! The first video in hundreds that has an explanation I can apply. Thank you thank you thank you!
thanks for teh help
OMG so many days have gone..Now I got this video and I'm all clear... I'm really regretting for not knowing about this video before... Thank you sooooo much 😢😢🙏🙏🙏
“I hope this makes sense to you”.What the- that was the best explanation I’ve ever heard in my life
Very well explained. Finally I found crisp and clear simplification.
Very well-explained. I was having so much troubles learning Kanji and this helped me a lot. ありがとう😅
It took me a while to realize that this question that has been lingering in my mind has a video of someone explaining about it. Thank you so much
This video will be helpful to any new kanji learners. As one, myself, I did not know about the rule for single or multiple kanji. I merely learned both on and kun forms and thought there would be words that used either form. Anyways, I prefer reference sites that give you all sounds, and then examples. Because there can multiple on or kun readings.
This is amazing, I was confused wether it would be ON reading if it was to the right of a kanji, but no, it's both directions! Thank you! Arigatougozaimasu! (I know that is romaji)
My brain never felt so screwed up.
It is very a very complicated system, but this video has helped me get a basic understanding, fantastically done. Thanks for the quick clear up.
Great explanation, now i finally get it 😅 ありがとうがざいます!
This was a blessing. I just started learning kanji and was perplexed by the different readings of each character. Thanks
As far as I understood the context plays an important role in which one you have to use. for instance kanji kanji kanji (a word or a phrase) = Chinese version, one kanji alone or kanji hiragana hiragana (another phrase or word) = Japanese version. so if you see a block of kanjis your brain has to click and change to the Chinese pronunciation, if you see one kanji alone or in a block with another hiragana symbols, that's the signal for the Japanese pronunciation... In conclusion, you need to learn both lol
Thanks a million. This really helped!
This was so helpful! Thank you so much, you explained it so clearly, and so quick!
Thank you for the general rule for the On and/or Kun reading of the Kanji - it was driving me nuts as I couldn't figure it out and it wasn't really explained to me at all.
this is so helpful and clearly explained , thank you so much.
best explanation here. This simple an easy to understand. Some other videos confused me bc they were so long in the explanations
THANK YOU SO MUCH
This helped a lot thank you so much :D
A very good explanation for on and kun readings
I had trouble with them, now it is very clear
Great explanation. Doesn't change the fact that learning all of these kanji is absolutely insane. But fun too in a crazy sort of way.
Learning 1000-2000 kanji is enough to use and understand the language in daily life but damn thats still hell of a lot
@@jekesan4221 they say learning about the 214 radical characters help but... Bruh.. I dunno... 🤣🤣🤣
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR MAKING THIS
This explanation was absolutely flawless. I really needed to learn the difference between on and kun so thank you so much!
What about when you are speaking? Do you speak in on- and kun- readings? Or... What? I've been learning Japanese using different apps and textbooks but I'll find that I know that the Kanji 人means person but when I good to read it I'll find that it can be pronounced as nin, hito, and Jin. Does each pronunciation have a different meaning or tense?
I know this person asked three years ago but I'd still like to know if someone has an answer to this because I was wondering the same. Are the different words with the same meaning just used in different contexts? Also like the pronunciations "yama" and "san" for 山. I do get that one is for on-yomi derived from Chinese pronunciation and one is for the kun-yomi for the Japanese word. But do Japanese people use both words interchangeably?
it gets different because of the context
For me I want to be able to read kanji when they appear in written form. When you can read it, you can speak it.
Since we are learning Japanese you will want to use the kun readings whenever possible. I made the mistake of only understanding On readings but now I am switching my mind to use Kun readings when possible.
As Hiroku said, use the ON readings for multiple kanji character usage along side combinations of kanji and hiragana characters, for singular use kanji, read them with Kun readings since we eventually want to comprehend Japanese.
@@Schilddruse I don't think so, Japanese people will use the Kun readings because it translates back to hiragana. This is how foreigners like us can use it to read kanji, this is what I will be doing now. There will be exceptions where you have to use On readings though.
I've been trying to get this for so long!! This was so helpful!!!
This was so easy to understand.... Great Video!!
many thanks for this, it make senses now. I didn't know why sometimes kanji read differently with different sounds like Mt Fuji is Fuji-san rather than Fujiyama. I always thought Fujiyama sounded like the more native reading of it. Same with Shin Osaka station and why not Atarashi Osaka station. thank you for sharing this useful information to everyone.
Wow! I was so confused about this one... I should have looked up on that earlier! :D
The best explanation i ve been looking for
Danke schone madame!!!ありがとうございます
extremely useful and well simplified. thank you.
very useful! but one follow up question, actually more like 2: what if you have more than 1 on and kun readings? which one do you pick? And what if the kanji is used by itself, what reading should one pick (if more are available)?
Beautifully plainly explained! Finally I understood the diff b/w kun and on.
Should put into practise now!
Arigato💕
Holy crap I finally understand. Thank you soooo much!!! This is gonna make reading sentences and Kanji so much easier!
This was amazing! I feel so much more at ease now knowing this. Kanji is a lot less intimidating now. Thank you so much and God Bless!
Thank you so much! This confused me so much and I thought learning how to read and write kanji would be impossible 😭
Now I have found a more effective way of learning, so again, thank you very much
先生ありがとう, this video really helped me
Great Video. I had confusion regarding this topic. But now it has solved. Arigatougozaimasu,sensei❤️
my language school doesn't teach me this 😢 thanks u for the good explaination I am better at kanji🙇♀️
great explanation thx! question: is an exception, brand names. iv noticed businesses tend to use compound kanjis with kun reading eg AOYAMA use, 青山 oh and 日本 :)
This video is so precious! It's so gooooooood
花火[はなび] and 花粉[かふん] what is everything!
I will just be aware of the diverse readings and learn the kanji meaning but I will not memorize any of the readings and just focus in vocabulary
Ohhh muchas gracias. Me sirve bastante esta información. Ahora lo difícil es aprenderse los varios On de un solo KANJI.