The Reason Prescription Drugs Will Never Be Developed Fast!
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- Опубликовано: 8 мар 2022
- Hank Green talks with us about why research and development make the prescription drug development process long... understandably.
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It can potentially take decades for medications to reach pharmacy shelves, but why? We take a deep dive into the creation of a cancer treatment to explain the process.
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
www.fda.gov/news-events/press...
www.cell.com/the-innovation/p...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26739...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.amgen.com/newsroom/press-...
www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0...
directorsblog.nih.gov/2018/02...
www.science.org/content/artic...
MOLECULE STRUCTURES
Compound 12 pubs.rsc.org/image/article/20...
ARS-853 pubs.rsc.org/image/article/20...
ARS-1620 pubs.rsc.org/image/article/20...
ARS-510 pubs.rsc.org/image/article/20...
MRTX849 pubs.rsc.org/image/article/20...
Images
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www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/18/...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/ut...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/sci...
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commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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![DRAGON BALL: Sparking! ZERO - Fused Warriors Trailer [BUDOKAI TENKAICHI Series]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/84p4Lvyfyes/mqdefault.jpg)
Use code SCISHOW to get $5 off your delicious, healthy Magic Spoon cereal by clicking this link: magicspoon.thld.co/scishow_0322
This coupon is great! $45 for a single box of cereal is a much better deal than $50 a box...
Loved your explanation
It is NOT cereal since the definition of cereal is GRAIN. The ingredient label lists none and some other You Tube channels have lost subscribers by using Magic Spoon as a major sponsor.
0.o
@@petenielsen6683 if you dont shut yo 50 year old ahh up
For each of the effective molecules mentioned in this video, there has to be dozens of ineffective ones that didn't make their way through all these tests and trials
Judging by the three- and four-digit numbers at the end of the names, much more than just dozens.
Per medical compound there were about 10.000 potential molecules we call "hits"
にゃ、嬉しい
Making drugs is easy, making drugs that do what you want is hard. Making drugs that do what you want without killing people? Now that's really hard
The difference between *most* medicine and poison is dosage
And yet the covid vaccine seems to have defied all rules. Weird how that works.
@@davejones9469 It didn't defy anything. That's just ignorance talking. Covid vaccines, mostly the technology, were decades in development.
@@smurfyday Now how could that be for an unplanned "epidemic"? They wouldn't have a sample because Fauci's funding hadn't helped create it by that point. You know you need a sample of what you're fighting against or no progress can be made, right? That's how vaccines work.
PS
Having more advanced technology doesn't mean you get to skip entire testing phases. It takes decades to verify the effectiveness and safety of any drug, not just vaccines.
@@davejones9469 it's fascinating how people manage to spout all this nonsense even when THIS SAME CHANNEL made several videos explaining covid vaccines. stop being ignorant and educate yourself. ruclips.net/video/XPeeCyJReZw/видео.html
I wish more scientists and science communicators made things as clearly as you, SciShow. As a pro-science, pro-vaccine person who tries to stay on top of science news, I was shocked to learn the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were based on research that's 50 years in the making!! Many people - myself included - thought it was made "in a few months" and it took me far too long to discover the long history and careful planning behind mRNA technology. Thank you SciShow for making these complex realities easier to understand.
Except notice how the mRNA and recombinant DNA vaccine trial data is NOT available to the general public due to patent politics and FDA "recommendations" on when the data should be released. I wouldn't be so skeptical about that technology if the data surrounding the trials and the processes weren't red taped by government institutions and massive pharmaceutical companies in a bid to increase and/or maintain profits. I also heavily question the marketing campaigns behind the mRNA vaccine and recombinant DNA vaccines as they are eerily similar to the marketing behind the opioid crisis in America. All in all, we need not just time, but all the data, and pretending that 50 years of mRNA research is equivalent to having the last 3 years of mRNA and recombinant DNA vaccine trial data is exactly the kind of mindset profiteering pharmaceutical companies want complacent consumers to have, especially when they are legally shielded from all known legal liability for their vaccines.
@@GuruGodPlays not to mention its amazing at how pushed aside big pharmas transgressions are when you realize the covid vaccines have no safety liabilities. I trust them, I've gotten them, but I entirely understand people that dont
@@TheWeakMinded Why would you want safety liabilities? That wouldn't be practical or useful. Not at all amazing.
@@TheWeakMinded Note however that all commonly used vaccines have no safety liabilities for the producing companies as by necessity the society needs to foot the bill on the problems as they rise, as we as a society need those vaccines, and yet it is impossible to create a 100% safe vaccine or medicine or even a food product. So the whole argument is moot.
@@Stratosarge putting people at risk, that may not of been at risk with a mandate is not ok. If you are going to mandate something there should be individuals, companies and government held responsible.
I feel a new channel coming! I love these videos where SciShow breaks down the problem solving process in scientific developments. Anyone else want to see a channel dedicated to this?
SciShow Medical👍
Scishow health was almost made, but got outvoted by psych (which I also love). Though I do say videos from them on popular health topics would be nice, there's so much misinformation about there regarding nutrition and I'd love for them to cut through that.
For more like this, i highly recommend the blog "in the pipeline" by Derek Lowe. He really goes into depth on some of these topics and makes them (somewhat) understandable
can you share a link, please?
@@Mielisahotcake would love to, unfortunately youtube instantly deletes all my comments with links in them, so all i can tell you is to google "in the pipeline derek lowe" and click on the first thing on the "science" Website.
@@itsonlyafleshwound9024 thanks! found it
There's even more to this. Besides the efficacy and safety of the drug, there is also things to know like; how does temp, light, moisture, air affect the molecule. If the compound is amorphous, does it crystallize during manufacture thus lowering its bioavailability? What polymer does the compound bind to making it stable for transport? Drugs are combined with numerous of fillers and each combination has to be evaluated in an analytical chemistry lab for years. Thank God so much work goes into all these questions
I am 35 at the time of this comment and relatively healthy and cancer-free. I know though that most of my family has already died because of Cancer (I only had one uncle who died from a heart attack). Videos like this one give me hope that when I do get cancer in the future, I won't die as fast as my grandfather did (in a month). Maybe I won't die at all! who knows?
It's just amazing how we can analyse these tiny cells, discover (at least partly) how components work, design chemicals down to the scales we do (oh, yah, we just changed the molecular base of our drug), it's insane.
wish we would have had this stuff figured out a few years ago my dad might still be here
Reminds me of the story of mrna vaccines:) 50 years in the making and done just in time for covid! Love these types of breakthroughs in science!
I heard somewhere that the one made for COVID was originally developed for H1N1 some 20 years ago and just needed a few modifications before it could be used for the current pandemic.
@@peggedyourdad9560 i'm sure there wil be no long term side effects, and the new toe I'm growing means NOTHING...
@@painkillerjones6232 Well, if it means anything, I’ve had all three shots (and the first one when it just became available to younger adults) and have so far not had any adverse effects. I understand that this is anecdotal, but I can assure you that the vast majority of other vaccinated people can give you a similar story. That being said, I’m quite sure that there are already many cases of people having significant long term health complications after having COVID without having gotten vaccinated first.
@@peggedyourdad9560 Yea, it's a nasty little man-made virus.
@@peggedyourdad9560 Well, heck! RUclips are my comment! Let’s try again.
No h1n1 vaccines 20 years ago, but!! For two really good articles about the decades long research that lead to the current vaccines, just search the following terms in Google (RUclips has been cranky lately about posting outside links).
This is in Nature magazine: The tangled history of mRNA vaccines. This one has a nice timeline graphic in addition to the article.
This is in Speaking of Research.
Human mRNA vaccine trials in 2010s?
Edit: that should be ATE my comment. DYAC!!
As a former biology student and currrent research tech, I really like this in-depth explainer-style video! Would love to see more
So a few days ago I had an interview with a pharmaceutical company and they showed me a molecule and I was looking it up right now while listening to this video. When I heard it was about KRAS I moved it on my main screen since the RAS family is one of the main families of proteins I'm using to test the program I'm developing... ARS-1620 was exactly the molecule I was looking for, I wish this video came out a couple of weeks ago 😂
Very well explained!
Thanks!
Great video.
We need more content like this
Learned alot about cancer drig science and just medicine making in general. Just a shout out to all the people that made the KRAS med possible from the 80s to now. This is progress a d as someone who has a family history of cancer. Its nice to hear. Shout out to scishow for always keeping me informed too and giving people like the ones that work on these ground breaking meds a spotlight.
I really enjoy you guys going into the biochemical details here. When you dig deeper, it allows me to follow the logic further and keeps me more interested.
Please keep not being afraid to get technical in the way that you do, giving the detail and explaining it enough to make it understandable more people.
One of the best SciShow eps ever. Thanks for the superb edutainment!
I think with the inspirational quote from Edgar of Artifexian works here. “iterate, iterate, iterate and when you’re sick of iterate, iterate some more!”
Yes. Agreed.
Underrated channel
This was AMAZING!! It's a whole odyssey. Thank you for the detailed example
You should talk about the experimental anti depressant NSI-189 to illustrate how rigorous and beurotic the whole process is. It's main activity is increasing nerogensis in hipocampal neurons, could be extremely helpful in repairing memory either from cannabis consumption or etc. But because they don't have a diagnosis for those things they simply trialed it for depression, which it was only effective for that in 20% of patients, however extremely effective for those who it worked for.
Long story short it never got past phase 2 trials cause they miss labled what the drug was capable of treating and now we've missed out on a life changing medication for many people.
This was soo good
I want more content like this
In the words of Dr Huey Lewis, I need a new drug
We'll have that for you in 40 years.
JESSE! WE HAVE TO COOK.
Hank seemed so personally excited by this topic, it made the video such a joy to watch :)
Awesome video! I knew at the age of four that I would become a researcher after watching a Saint Jude’s telethon. So many brilliant and tenacious minds behind the development of medicines. I’ll be applying to pharmacology PhD programs this fall ⭐️💜
Oh, that's super cool! I hope it goes really well for you. :)
@@mariacargille1396 Thank you! I appreciate your kind words :)
I’m about to have my PhD viva in less than a week and I have written about the KRAS gene in my introduction and it’s involvement with cancer initiation. I even wrote about the G12C target and how it’s binding pockets are difficult. What I didn’t know was the fda approved drug!!! Now I can sound that little bit better if I get grilled on that topic
Muy interesante, falta ver si no toman otras formas las moleculas y como pasan desapercibidas por el sistema inmunitario.
man, this video suuuuuure does raise a lot of questions
Things that accelerate drug tests:
-The newness of a disease (think covid-19 vs. cancer, a new disease will have more resources poured into it)
-The number of people it infects
-The number of people it kills
-The region of the world it affects the most (europe & north america vs. Africa & the Global South)
-The demographics it affects the most (white vs. non-white).
Hank you work too hard brother love you keep it up stay strong
The last time you used the name of sotorasib which ends with 510, you put ARS on the beginning. It is Amgen that calls it AMG 510. I know 2, perhaps 3 of these drugs, I know their names very well
Also worth mentioning that the clinical trial phase takes a long time and a lot of work as well, to get all of the data and clean+ analyze it.
Very informative and a breath of fresh air compared with the politically motivated misinformation flooding social media.
Right, democrats have been so pushy lately
@@hater_owen6049 You don't have to bring politics into this.
Where can I follow breakthroughs in medical science like this?
The biontech vaccine took less than a week to make, according to their website, that's a rare feat you should've mentioned
Why did they change the name from ARS-510 to sotorasib?
The first one sounded tacky.
Maybe do a video on drug names
Do they have a video on crystallography? I wouldn't know what that is if it hadn't been for my ex it's pretty fascinating.
Question is what kind of drugs😳
I kept mishearing "chamazulene" (a chemical in blue chamomile essential oil).
You know what I find hilarious about this video? WE TALKED ABOUT THIS EXACT PROCESS IN MY BIOPROCESSES CLASS AS WELL AS THE ECONOMICS INVOLVED
What kind of money does it take to fund development? Is it measured by the year? If so, are we talking $1M/Year or $100M/Year?
Also, are these studies ever done in a school, or exclusively with companies like Hank was talking about? Or both?
I'm curious if funds like Stand Up 2 Cancer are allocated to a company or a school, but that might be above your *paygrade* (bu-dum- -tsss)
@@colinulrich4898 no we discussed the r&d part, we discussed the fact that they try to do the development in such a way that it doesn’t take too much money but takes long to do it properly at the same time
This may not show, but that organic chemistry stuff is the most difficult part imo. If had been given the chance i might have taken that career path. Sadly, my early exposure to that matter barely reached my interest and fundamental platforms to develop that path like books, academic subjects, and role models are not available at that time. Unfortunately, its not available still.
How do you create such a complicated molecule?
What other diseases might be treated by similar drugs? For example, diabetes, allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, Alzheimers - anything that involves metabolic defects that lead to malfunctions of metabolism (like allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, retinopathies, skin diseases, multiple sclerosis, kidney diseases, various other chemical errors)
KRAS targeting compounds won't help with these diseases...
excellent episode, I earned so much
Learned*
Every time you said Ras protein I heard Rasputin 😝
🦟WHY DO INSECTS TAKE FOREVER TO DIE?🪳
It seems a junebug can die on its back for days and that lil sucker is still moving its legs. A crane fly can do the same and out of nowhere it's flapping its wings frantically.
YES 7 MILLION!
One doesn’t experience self transcendence, the illusion of self only dissipates~ 🎈
Can someone please explain why Hank has onmy been wearing Pizza John variation tees lately?
Wonder how the body can deal if at all with forever materials. We probably have lots of materials in our lungs over our lives that haven't moved like plastic particulates.
What kind of sweetener is used in the sponsored cereal? Fructose based sweeteners do not get processed by the liver very well and in the long term can cause kidney stones (as well as diabetes, just like sugar, oof) like coke zero, Pepsi max, most other "zero sugar" edibles
Weed do take a while to grow
The Endurance was just rediscovered again . Being a wooden ship I am surprised that the wood was not eaten by marine worms . Can someone explain the range of marine worms , more to the point the areas that they can not inhabit , other than fresh water or dead zones ( no O2 or acidic I can't remember ) like deep levels of the Black Sea . Look into it and do an video on it please
My guess before i even watch- Drugs are easy to make, useful and safe drugs are near impossible. Thanks for all your work scientists!
I am a bit confused about the statement at 5:21 about the healthy K-ras protein not being affected by the drug.
Since this is genetic defect, I would expect a patient to have only defective K-ras proteins which would all be affected by the drug.
Doesn't it just mean that the drug is mostly harmless for people who do not have this mutation?
So the people with this cancer will be producing the mutant KRAS protein within their lungs and hence they are getting lung cancer tumours forming. The KRAS proteins in other parts of their body will not be mutated, otherwise they would have cancer everywhere. So the drug needs to be specific to the mutant so it doesn't stop the function of KRAS proteins everywhere else and only stops the mutant in the lungs.
You'd be correct in saying it in theory is harmless to people without the mutation but this isn't always true, which is why careful biopsy and testing of the tumours forming is required to ensure the patients who are being administered do have the mutant KRas present in their cells, otherwise the drug isn't going to do anything. Typically genomic sequencing is performed in these patients to test for the mutant gene producing the mutant protein. Hope this makes sense!
It's just the cancer cells that have this mutation, that's why it's selective. At one point, a normal cell with normal Ras aquired this and other mutations (of oncogenes and tumor suppreassors) that altogether lead to uncontrolled cell division etc, turning the cell into a cancer cell.
I don't think these KRAS mutations are something you can be born with (unlike BRCA), the organism just wouldn't be "functional" because regulation of cell cycle, metabolism etc. is so important.
Wow
How dare you sir! 1980 was 40 years ago?
Please dont remind us we're getting old.
Can this also lead to misdiagnosed medication since this a genetic related problem and could maybe lead doctors to misdiagnose patients?
Why would it lead to misdiagnoses?
The chilling fact is that the very same young scientists that were part of the initial R&D is now 40 years older than before. Now that's dedication.
I haven't had enough sleep to be able to understand this
How long do the companies get to try to recover their costs before the generic companies copy the formula?
A patent lasts 20 years i think
@@nielshalhav 28 years I think, but that includes the testing and certification, so how much time is remaining?
@@vincent412l7 developing the drug takes about 10 years
You can apply for a patent when you start animal trials i think so that would be 5 years or so after discovering the protein involved in the disease
And now we are ready to cure KRAS G12C pancreatic cancer.
food is medicine
Now imagine this being applied to Weapons.
It's hard to add the Wifi connection to the new drugs?
10:10 🕒
_Ra-Ra-Ras Protein,_
_Regulates the cell machine_
...I....I'll stop. 😆
This is why it is so frustrating when people talk without any nuance about the "monopolies" of big pharma and the copyrights.
I like the idea that scientists are kind a like a gods now. They can add atoms to molecule to make it work and look the way they want.
yeah no buddy
Literally every super Villain
Like Nile red...
He is making all kind of things using chemistry...
Like turning cotton ball into cotton candy, or plastic glove into grape soda...
Part 2: rushed R&D stuff, especially with those who oppose the COVID-19 vaccines & such…
Because I can’t get the damn %RSD to comply with the QA method
Hacking binary code feels just like this, you work hard af to find something, and it doesn't work the first time, you keep looking for solutions until you get a result.
Why does it sounds like Rasputin (ras proteins)
$18,000 per month.
"Ra Ra RAS Protein..."
Sorry about that earworm.
We need a different model for funding this kind of research that removes significantly lessens the impact of the profit motive in getting these things approved.
Yeah, thanks for the input, numbnuts.
Would be nice, but good luck. Profit motive is powerful and quite important to literally everyone who has any kind of retirement plan.
Drug development is risky business and is going to need decent margins like any other risky business.
The best pharma companies in the world have 10-30% profit margins. Which is think is perfectly fine.
You're right. Despite the corporate astroturfers responding to you.
@@flakgun153 - They also routinely try to push drugs on the public that are, in fact, not particularly good for people. Because that makes them money.
Weird it only takes me a few hours
Just shows that if you give them time, they'll get there in the end...
Vioxx?
Depends who you know
Damn, how bad are the side effects that chemotherapy is still a preferable option?
So R&D could use a bit of optimization eh?
Because you never let a good crisis go to waste.
Amazing
thank God for Science !
But , I guess to some - this is just another Conspiracy !!
Ras Ras Ras proteins, lover of a cancer gene
Magic Spoon is by far the worst cereal I've ever tasted.
Thanks for the science tho!
The more pressing question: why are DEVELOPED drugs which some people need criminally overpriced?
Magic spoon cereals taste very not good compared to what the claim. Just a heads up for people.
I know.... They taste great!!! - Tony the Tiger
And it is not cereal at all since it even advertises itself as containing no grains and includes no grains in its ingredient lists. The definition of cereal is GRAIN.
here's the real answer. big pharma has puposely made it more complicated to limit competition from upstarts. most of the good drugs we use every day didn't go through all this nonsense.
Store shelves... I tought pharmacist were innapreciated where I live, apparently it is wide-spread, c'mon Scishow this was really dissapointing :/ Pharmacists aren't sales persons, we are healthcare workers - drug experts and Pharmacy isn't just any store, it is an important point of healthcare.
Today I learned that multi tools aren’t made from atoms.
For what it's worth, it is known that we have in fact been manipulating molecular structure chain's for quite a few Decades now. While I have an enormous optimistic and dare I say somewhat biased view, there is a concern, regarding the practical use and employment of any said Advancement. I live in hope that the world will be able to recognise the implications of big pharmaceutical's control over costing's to the world at large. Thanks for the video Sci🙂
Is this why they don’t make new medications for mental disorders?
Ra ra rasprotein
Sang to the style of Rasputin
lel ngl i was thinking of something else
Weird how you can post this now instead of when they started mandating covid vaccines.
Huh, so a drug that took like a year to come out is probably not safe...
Because there are too many molecules to test. And too many proteins
1 word
Enantiomers