The Mystery of the Eocene’s Lethal Lake
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- Опубликовано: 21 авг 2024
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In 1800s, miners began working in exposed deposits of mud near the town of Messel, Germany. They were extracting oil from the rock and along with the oil, they found beautifully preserved fossils of animals from the Eocene. What happened to these Eocene animals? And why were their remains so exquisitely preserved?
Two additional notes!
-At 00:56, we incorrectly labelled a Darwinius fossil as Thaumaturus. Thaumaturus was a fish and the fossil we show is definitely not a fish.
-Also, an additional image credit is required: Dmitry Bogdanov illustrated the fish we used to show scavengers.
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
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References:
Kling, George W., et al. "The 1986 lake nyos gas disaster in cameroon, west Africa." Science 236.4798 (1987): 169-175.
Vaselli, Orlando, et al. "The “evil’s winds”(mazukus) at Nyiragongo Volcano (Democratic Republic of Congo)." Acta Vulcanol 2003 (2002): 14-15.
Zhang, Youxue. "Dynamics of CO2-driven lake eruptions." Nature 379.6560 (1996): 57.
Storch, Gerhard, Bernard Sigé, and Jörg Habersetzer. "Tachypteron franzeni n. gen., n. sp., earliest emballonurid bat from the Middle Eocene of Messel (Mammalia, Chiroptera)." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76.2 (2002): 189-199.
Franzen, Jens Lorenz, Christine Aurich, and Jörg Habersetzer. "Description of a well preserved fetus of the European Eocene Equoid Eurohippus messelensis." PloS one 10.10 (2015): e0137985.
Franzen, J. L. "Exceptional preservation of Eocene vertebrates in the lake deposit of Grube Messel (West Germany)." Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 311.1148 (1985): 181-186.
Lenz, Olaf K., et al. "New palynology-based astronomical and revised 40 Ar/39 Ar ages for the Eocene maar lake of Messel (Germany)." International Journal of Earth Sciences 104.3 (2015): 873-889.
Joyce, Walter G., et al. "Caught in the act: the first record of copulating fossil vertebrates." Biology Letters 8.5 (2012): 846-848.
Vitek, Natasha S., et al. "Exceptional three-dimensional preservation and coloration of an originally iridescent fossil feather from the Middle Eocene Messel Oil Shale." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 87.4 (2013): 493-503.
whc.unesco.org...
Koenigswald, Wighart V., Andreas Braun, and Thekla Pfeiffer. "Cyanobacteria and seasonal death: a new taphonomic model for the Eocene Messel lake." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 78.2 (2004): 417-424.
Pirrung, Michael, G. Buchel, and Wolfgang Jacoby. "The Tertiary volcanic basins of Eckfeld, Enspel and Messel (Germany)." ZEITSCHRIFT-DEUTSCHEN GEOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT 152.1 (2001): 27-60.
Franzen, Jens L., et al. "Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: morphology and paleobiology." PLoS one 4.5 (2009): e5723.
The Lethal Lake: “and I would have gotten away with it too if it weren’t for those meddling scientists”
Lol!
Iain Hansen hahaha 🤣🤣
Hanna Barbera will sue you
HAHAHA.. Good one
Iain Hansen
Rooby dooby roo!
I lived in the nearby town of Dieburg. We helped raise hundreds of thousands of D-Marks
to help keep Messel from becoming a trash dump.
People do not realize how close it came.
I am glad you succeeded. o.o Thank you and everyone who helped to get the site preserved.
Well done this location is of monumental importance. Thank you for your dedication towards preserving this amazing site.😊😊😊
“Hey here’s this incredibly rare, fascinating treasure trove of fossils with countless amazingly preserved, ancient, and beautiful creatures!”
Humans: *let’s put our trash there lol*
All the more reason not to put my faith in humans, past or present.
Yep, our government is stupid sometimes.
Other Humans: *Ummmm, how about lets just trash that idea, and preserve it instead.*
There you go, faith in humanity restored. :)
Turning something into a dump isn't part of the federal goverment's job tho', more likely it was the hessian or the Landkreis' goverment
People in iceland put all their trash into an inactive geysire once.
Then an earthquake happened and the Geysire erupted, sent their trash flying all over the town (towns name is Hveragerði)
Part of me understands how important and valuable finding the fossilized turtles mating is. Part of me is giggling like a kid.
Me too
😂😂 Same!
That's how I want to go out.
@@starrynight7783 yeah talk about going out with a bang 😂
Let's just hope they both finished before they died 😂😂
Female turtle: Nobody can know about us
Male turtle: Don't worry about it, who would find us down here?
*Several Million years later*
Turtles fossilized while "fossilizing"
LOL!
Male Turtle was hard as a Rock.
Guess you could say that they were... "Boning."
Hahhaahahahah
**takes gun kill myself**
Hilfuckinarious 😂 😂
Animals: Just chilling
Lethal Lake: "I'm gonna do what's called a pro gamer move"
Just a little note from a German speaker: While translating "Lagerstätte" (excellent pronunciation, btw!) as "storage place" isn't totally wrong, a more apt translation in this context would be "deposit site".
Ehrlich gesagt besteht da kein richtiger Unterschied, das heißt alles dasselbe
@@majan6267 Naja, nicht wirklich. Kommt darauf an, ob du vorhast, das "Gelagerte" je wieder da wegzunehmen oder nicht.
@@corelei das ist aber Interpretation, Lagerstätte umfasst m.E. beide Bedeutungen, man kann Dinge ja end- oder zwischenlagern in einer Lagerstätte, der Unterschied wäre nur dann eindeutig gegeben, wenn es Endlagerstätte oder Zwischenlagerstätte hieße
@Klausbärbel Fömm ist jetzt nicht dein Ernst, oder? Weil es ja auch noch nie vorgekommen ist, dass zwei Worte dasselbe bedeuten ;)
@Klausbärbel Fömm und hier wieder der lebende Beweis das deutsche der knaller auf parties sind 😂😂😂😂
When the Co2 boiled up, it would have mixed up all the sediment. The lake water would be holding this sediment, and would stay in supsension, while the animal fell to the lake bottom. Over a few days, the sediment would settle, and bury the animals quickly, thus protecting the finer details of the animals.
Sounds pretty intuitive
Nerd
@@evexec07 all of us are we are watching this. As for me I will squeal at the la brea tar pits again.
@@evexec07 says the virgin with the anime pfp? 🤔
Those turtles died doing what they love
Get out
*Who* they love
Mating?
Other turtles?
My wifeeee
“In time, the lake filled with corpses.” The sentence I’ve always wanted to hear?
Metal.
Especially where you go swimming!
I'm surprised it took the devs that long to patch the in-game bug at Messel.
tier zoo?
Its not a bug, its an en entirely intentional wide-area trap.
Its not a bug, its a feature
@@lewismiddleton9346
He shows influence.
Yeah messel tier needed rebalancing
WOOOOOW! Every Eons episode is awesome, of course, but this is incredible! Those fossils are gorgeous! Thank goodness this site has been recognized and preserved.
Give us the story of Deinocheirus: a dinosaur that we only knew by its fossil claws, until quite recently.
Um you are mistaken. I believe the first mostly complete skeleton was found by marsh
Oh boy its late. I read that as deinonychus.
I'd love to hear more about that beast, too.
As you said, for decades, he was known only by his terrifying looking enormous arms, but only within the last few years did they finally locate more of the fossil, revealing that he was a particularly large ornithomimosaur, the largest of the order.
I didn't know they've found more complete Deinocheirus fossils. Nice!
Ahh I remember the Messel Pits from Walking With Beasts. That episode was nightmarish.
Also for a possible Eons episode could you guys talk about the “Cat Gap” that occurred in North America? I feel like that would be an intriguing subject to discuss.
Yes! Sounds interesting, hope they see this!
Bealmeister wasn't that the first episode with the ants that eat a baby gastornis if I'm not mistaken
@@casper6405 jupp it was
In August 2007 I worked there in the excavations. Mostly I found fossils of tropical leaf, crocodile poo, very well preserved garpikes, frogs (or toads), one turtle, one bat and a lot of bugs... It was very exciting. I would recommend every student of geosciences to do some fieldwork there. The Senckenberg Institute and the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt always need students to help at the excavation between April and October. The payment is good (at least at the Senckenberg Institute) and it is a good experience to watch through a geological window back in time... Very similar to the Messel Pit is The Geißeltal Pit near Halle/Saale with Fossils from the same period.
You know if the human race become extinct, I want there to be at least one couple to die off like those turtles did, in the middle of "doing the deed".
I'd love to hear about the American Cheetah and how its existence has had a lasting affect on modern animals on the Great Plains.
can you guys stop providing me with a nearly unlimited supply of awesome videos that make me no longer require a college education
Could you cover the evolution of blood?
Edit: The total number of likes on this since I started posting this two months ago are 1210
and the total replies are 60
Turmunhk Ganba copy comment
I am the globglogaglb Simply delicious How To Vegan So Turmunhk is copying someone's comment, meaning the chances of Eons actually covering the topic increases, therefore fulfilling the wish of the original commenter, and you perceive that as a bad thing? Way to go on seeing the bigger picture buddies.
Turmunhk Ganba I did the same thing you are doing now, but with flightless birds. The channel liked the comment(it took 2 videos to be noticed I think) and I am still waiting. Wish you luck, take care of my like
Turmunhk Ganba that would be awesome
Liar you have 11 comments and 442 likes
In geology we always look back, but what about forward? What would the fossil remnants of a world dominated by humans look like? What would an ancient human road look like preserved in strata?
buddha4242 There's an episode of It's Okay to Be Smart about this very subject. It's fantastic. Check it out!
Madam Mim Do you recall the name or the playlist?
Unless we get our act together we’ll probably be a thin oily layer of plastic.
I second that!
Madam Mim Do you remember the name of that episode? I'd love to give it a watch.
Your channel is one of the best on RUclips! Keep it up!
For me SecondBest, First is still 3Blue1Brown.
Cities & Skyscrapers SovietWomble is still better for me cause comedy is better way of escapism than educational videos.
Aron Ra is doing a great series on evolution, 34 episodes so far
I remember when Walking With Beasts used the Messel fossil site as the setting for the first episode, New Dawn. They likely picked this fossil site because they were looking for the most substantial fossil sites to base the series on. Great video!
I dug twice in Grube Messel with different museums during my study. It fascinating when insects were found that showed the original colours on their exoskeleton. But the rocks have a big disadvantage. They are strongly hydrous clay stones and when exposed to air they dry quickly and totally crumbe. So smaller fossils are out in buckets with water, no problem. But larger ones mean a lot of work (usually found friday afternoon, shortly before you want to start the weekend). You have to put the layers back together again, then cover them with wet paper, carve the desired size, loosen it from the underground, cover the whole block with wet papers, put it into a large plastic bag and seal it. Depends how large the fossil is, sometimes a plastic bag of fitting size is not availabe so it has to be placed in a special container.
How did blood evolve?
Lizard Animations +
Lizard Animations nice question!
And Immune system.
+
Darn good question 👍
I sincerely love the fossils of Messel so much. Thank you for covering this topic! I geeked out a little more than I should’ve!
This is the most fascinating video I have watched all year, and this is a standout-- the best show to come out of the Hank Green-o-sphere and PBS digital Studios. Everyone involved has done a phenomenal job in presentation, and the sourcing in the drop-down is much appreciated.
I love the Eocene....
Dripping Popsicle me too
Dripping Popsicle Yes. So eerly similar to our age, but yet very strange.
Dripping Popsicle The last epoch of the Earth's tropical phase. Jurassic - Eocene.
Mesozoic=better and cooler😎😎
Yeah, I feel you. The dinosaurs were gone, but life....*WAIT FOR IT*....finds a way.
This video wasn't about a particular species, but instead about a particular, really unique place and circumstance where fossils were formed. Please do more video like this!
"Hey you know that pit filled with fossils? I was thinking maybe we should fill it with garbage."
I really like how you guys always get the pronunciation of German words perfectly right. Is that because of intense research or do you have an actual German over at Eons? ;-)
Keep up the good work!
Google Translate includes audio for pronunciation.
@@Fireholder1 shhhhhhh
I remember something like this in “Walking with beasts”.
Yep, that's exactly what the first episode of Walking with Beasts was about
Yes me too! Sounds weird but that was my childhood lol
ITS THE VERY SAME
The exact stuff.
Cities & Skyscrapers it's the reason I clicked on the video
Another fabulous production! I enjoyed visualizing the theories behind solving this mystery and the explanation as to how the fossils were so well-preserved. Thanks and cheers!
I'm so happy right now...as soon as I started watching the video I started narrowing things down. I'm studying geology and have always been interested in paleontology. My final in environmental science was about algae blooms. I was wondering why so much detail went into cyanobacteria when it would have showed up with the fossils. Mind jumped to underwater volcano gases quickly because I know there are theories of the same around the Bermuda triangle. :)
I’m glad the miners reported the fossilized evidence. Great find and place to continue research with safety follow ups.
Thanks so much. Yes siderite and oils help preserve those fossils.
Maybe there’s a deeper discovery with those preserved ratios to learn from more. Thanks so much.🍀🎶❤️
Every video you guys put out is stellar! Not enough content like this on youtube, I hope you continue making these for a long time
This is by far my favorite series. Blak is my favorite host. Keep up the great work y'all.
cats! we need to know the evolution of cats... big cats, little cats... this is the internet!
second this!
At those time there were not direct cousins of felids. There were a miacoidea carnivore called Paroodectes. Much similar (anatomically) to a fossa than a cat.
ALL ZE KATZZZZ
Cats and other feliforms!
Bo look it up your on the internet
Maybe a video on the earliest known brains? And/or the evolution of brains in general.
Thanks for you do at some point.
Yeah I wanna know how a brain floating around in the universe became Kurt Russell and killed Starlord's mom.
How did live birth evolve?
SurrealKangaroo this would be quite interesting. Never gave it a thought until just how when I realized my concept of mammal evolution is that one day eggs just turned into live, milk-drinking babies, despite knowing of the existence of marsupials and monotremes.
Painfully?
Of course you would have to look at the many groups of animals that have live birth. Besides mammals, there are species of fish, snakes, lizards, and sharks that all independently evolved live birth.
The short version is more of the offspring develops inside the mother before the egg is laid. Less time as an egg means less time for things to go wrong, as in its safer during development inside a womb where an embryo isn't defenseless and there is better temperature control. If the circumstances are less effective for egg laying then the animals that do more gestation will be more successful. Eventually this becomes live birth. Later on species that use live birth evolve to do it better depending on the demands of their circumstances and a bit of luck.
The evolution of bears word be cool
(BTW I love this channel, its like a 10 minute documentary every so often)
Thanks for covering European palaentology. I seem to mostly see references to North American or East-/Central-Asian (Chinese/Mongolian) fossils in pop science articles. Not entirely sure why, but it's nice to see stuff from elsewhere too.
Ancient China and southwest America just had very ideal conditions for fossilization.
* gasp * such inequality. This is horrible.
(oh I'm not making fun of you, Norseman-I was responding to Mr. Schiller. Thats an interesting point you make, and I have noticed that)
Has a lot to do with the fact North America and Asia doesn't have as dense development as Europe. We just have more open land to excavate and large mineral/oil deposits we are accessing. It has made Asia and North America a bit more active for accidental discoveries and easier to explore new sites because nothing is built on top yet.
I'd love to learn about the evolution of eagles... Also, thanks so much for the shoutout Blake! -Scratchy The Eagle
no sweat, scratch! (BdeP)
I'm just here to ask if I'm the only one who plays these videos at 3/4 speed, in order to keep up? Also, fantastic series! I love Eons!
A PBS Eons episode about Messel? Fantastic! You can take a tour there and still find mini-fossils just lying on the ground there with some luck. Cool site.
Extra "like" for pronouncing German words rather well.
Your "Lagerstätte" is on point, m8!
Such a good video!! I'm so impressed with this particular episode, perhaps because I learned so much from it. But then, I always learn heaps from your videos PBS eons. You're every aspiring paleontologists dream channel!
'When we find a horrible death pit we must protect it' .... sure crazy man.
as a german i have to say thumbs up for the right pronounciation of Lagerstätte, most people cant say Ä,Ö und Ü right
How did hair and fur evolve? I have seen a lot of stuff about feathers, but significantly less about hair and fur.
Space Dust except in birds they were already several steps further.
Space Dust that's why I want to know about hair
Just watched that video: we got up, became persistent hunters and ran a lot!
(We needed to cool off more quickly to run longer: we shed fur)
This lake was also used in an episode of Walking With Beasts (the first one I think)
95Joper you are correct
I love PBS hosts and voices, thanks for the nice job guys! It's all so fascinating! Could I ask for an insight on the studying of fossils? I'm always captivated by how they are studied in detail
These videos are simply THE BEST! Keep up the quality production, guys. I learn so much from these. More people concerned about our environment should watch these.
I
3:03 and again at 5:38 "In and around the lake." I think PBS Eons has a Yes fan on staff.
There's a chance that they could be Jojo fans as well!
Michael P. Dawson Thought the excact same thing. Nicely done, mister
Came looking for this comment!
wait I don’t get the reference. What’s the significance of the phrase in and around?
"In and around the lake," is a quote from the song Roundabout, by YES..
i love a science channel that doesn't patronize the viewer
New from PBS guys! Nourish is a new channel about the art, history and science of food. Only 3 episodes in and hitting the good stuff. One on gumbo is sooo good.
Don't aquatic turtles tend to mate underwater while holding their breath? It seems like a sudden dump of CO2 wouldn't affect them while they're in the act, but would instead kill them after they separated and went to take a breath.
That's a good thought. hmmm
Jase Poag I just chuckled thinking of how a massive CO2 eruption would cause them to gasp while in the act, killing them.
Are you threatening me, Master Jedi? 😂😂😂
I'd imagine that the water would heat up quite a bit
Comrade Mario especially if the gas came from the volcano under the lake.
This is a great channel. I always look forward to the next videos.
Very nice presentation of the Messel site. Messel is the sister site to one of my favorites, the mid eocene green river formation. with similar fossil taxa, and preservation the grf is also a lagerstatte. I must critique the mention of "varves" however. Varves are a glacial phenomenon, and while counting the alternating layers was an early concept for the GRF and Messel it was shown that at different areas (nearshore vs deep water) the number and thickness of layers varied. this meant that the alternating layers (organic rich then poor) were based on something else, possibly inflow of calcium carbonate (which formed the calcareous shale) from rivers or storm events which changed the deposition rates.
I would love to see you all do a similar episode on the GRF, showcasing fossil butte national monument and surrounding quarries (of which I am working on my own documentary film).
I really wish Hollywood would create a time machine movie that goes back to all these different epochs. The world was so different just a hundred thousand years ago
Wow the amazing luck and those fossils are beautiful
Not lucky for the animals.
Megafauna and GIANT SLOTHS
I live only a couple hundred kilometers away from Messel and I never knew. Thanks for sharing. I can't believe 13 years of history classes never lost a word about it, what gives?
Bassalicious hättest du im BIO-LK haben sollen nicht in Geschichte. Geschichte beschäftigt sich mit der historischen Zeit, der Zeit seit Erfindung der Schrift.
Hatte damals Physik-GK als Naturwissenschaft im Abi, war nicht besonders gut in Genetik und dergleichen, deswegen hab' ich den Bio-LK leider nie genossen. Hast aber Recht, das war mir entfallen. Ist halt irgendwie Geschichte des Lebens, daher der Denkfehler.
My hypothesis was confirmed as soon as he described the manner and extent of the deaths! Thanks Eons!
4:28 Birdemic! Shock and Terror!
Who needs school? If we have Eons!
I don't understand how anyone could give these videos a thumbs down.
The Burgess Shale is also has mind-blowing preservation, including 3D fossils that could be ground away microns at a time to reveal arthropod's internal organs in situ.
Can you do a "in the field" video like how do people find the impressions of those prehistoric creatures in the thin, flattened layers of varves? Do people just by chance come across one and then decide to lift entire layers of varves to inspect them? How do paleontologists excavate the fossils without damaging them if they don't know where in a layer of rock a fossil is? Or do they find them with some scanning device?
"by chance" yes pretty much. the excavation happens in a predeterminate area of the fossil pit. there the excavation team works their way through the layers from the top down as far as possible. there is no way to "scan" for fossils beforehand, so any find is a lucky shot. the layers are split between the varves, so embedded fossils - if present- should not be destroyed. of course you don't always know where a fossil "ends" when you take out a block of varves and split them, so it can happen that you only find part of a fossil in your sediment block. in those cases the rest of the fossil is excavated later and then glued together. many fossils were recovered in several parts and glued together and in most cases you won't even notice it. also most fossils are re-interred in artificial resin for better durability.
This is just mind-blowingly amazing.
This wonderful world of ours seems to have surprises around every corner.
As a German, I am SOOOOO HAPPY for the correct pronounciation of "Lagerstätte" *proud tears*
"I would like to die while having sex"
"But then you won't finish"
"... And wouldn't it be nice to live together" - Directed by Seth Rogen
give these guys 100 million subscribers!
Lakes that freeze turn over as they pass through about 4 degrees C, the temperature at which water is densest.
Been waiting all day for Eons to upload 😁
This man has such a nice voice tbh
Can you cover how wings came to be?
Vertebrate wings, you mean? because they already discussed insect wings.
Globin347 even then wouldn't that be at least two separate videos considering bats also have wings and arguably squirrel (the flying ones...sort of). Plus I would be willing to bet birds/protobirds probably evolved wings more than once.
I don't think they should be separate videos, it would be much more interesting to discuss the evolution of all types of wings and then compare them. I don't care how long the episode will have to be
I can give you a quick explanation on bird wings to help you research if you want:
Modern wings and flight as we know it are a very special evolutionary accident.
It all begins with theropods and their body temperature. It's thought that big dinosaurs like sauropods and most of the ornitischia were probably inertia homeoterms, which means they regulated they body temperature by the sheer volume of their bodies, like big crocodiles do today, since being actual endotherms would present a lot of problems for them in relation to their size and habitat in the dry vast deserts of Pangaea, but we know since the Deinonychus that not all dinosaurs were big, slow and inactive like them. Some were very agile, smart active predators. Taking in consideration the specific needs a theropod would have as a fast moving, intelligent predator, their endothermism seems like a given, but they'd still need to deal with the same problems as the other dinosaurs to live with that temperature and body activity in a dry environment without overheating. That's how you get feathers.
Feathers, unlike most people believe, don't work like fur in keeping the creature warm. They actually help cool down the creature by being really good infrared shields and nice fans to the exposed skin and scales underneath it. Being feathered meant a theropod could not only better regulate their body temperature but also gain some aerodynamic advantage when moving and turning at high speeds.
The transition is natural from fast runners using their feathered arms and tails to steer, to then later using them to boost jumps and climbing, to finally gliding and flying.
that would be at least three times then when talking of vertebrates: Pterosaurs, Birds, and Bats
Best video to date! What are best conditions to fossilize? What is the best preserved fossil known? How well will we fossilize 200,000 years from now? This channel is the greatest, Thanks for doing what you do!!!
1:04 "What a way to go..." LOL. Excellent video as always. More on plant evolution, pleaseee!
This is what we call the right use of you tube.
Can you do evolution of Australian animals/marsupials? From their seperation from Antarctica/south America
Seconded.
On behalf of the german people and its tourism industry, let me assure all of you lovely yankees that our lakes no longer exude dangerous gases. That job is now done by our growing elderly population, aided by a meat-rich diet.
On a more serious note, thank you, PBS, for producing these and other great segments. They're appreciated internationally.
We need a video about the earliest Scorpion video
Could you do a video on blood evolution? Just to clarify I kinda stole this comment from lizard animation but if more people say it they will probably make one. If you also want a video on that write my exact comment
How very sad. But also fascinating.
1:02 eternal love
Just visited the Frankfurt Senckenberg Museum last week, the place to go to see all those awesome fossiles!
i want to know when did reptiles get there venom?
4:46
And they say human polution is a threat.
I say mother earths fart kills instantly.
This is what PBS does best
let this guy make all your vidoes !!! he makes the vids so cool , keep it up man !
I want to know more about animals that lived in antiquity and are extinct now. love the channel btw
Allosaurus video?
Javier SSTO my other fav is the Fukuirapror
Have you seen Trey the Explainer? I think this is him collaborating with PBS. You should check his channel out. Im sure he has a few videos on allosaurus! :) if he still has awesome informative videos on other animals
Fantastic video on the Messel Pit! Could you please do a video on the weird group of creatures called Vetulicolia? They are perhaps some of the most evocative animals of their time, but not known to most of the public.
Heck yeah! New PBS Eons vid!
Would you please do a video about the evolution of biological sex including things like sexual dimorphism, and how that differs across species and why?
"turtle sex" -Blake de Pastino
I’d really love to see how you guys would present stuff like the beginnings of Archosaurs. Mainly crocodilians and how they came to be. But I’d also love to see the evolution of monitor lizards and how they’re related to heloderma and mosasaurs.
Always learning something new and in depth on your channel, thank you! But why would anyone down vote this?!