Why the sex pilus is so dangerous - horizontal gene transfer
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- Опубликовано: 17 июл 2019
- Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to swap genes, these speeds up the acquisition of new traits like antibiotic resistance. There are 3 main mechanisms: transduction, transformation and conjugation. But where are human pathogens picking up these genes? In our bodies? In rivers and oceans? Research funded by the NERC might help us find out.
Here's the virus self assembly video with e magnetic model: • 12 magnets show how vi...
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"If this bacteria has a special skill called competence"
Never heard of it.
At least once, I want to complain about my lab partners being more incompetent than my petri dishes
Neither has Mr Biden...
@@3DLasers And neither has Trump. Maybe the US should consider a third option?
@@Max_Mustermann what fourth option?
@@milanstevic8424 A candidate besides Trump and Biden? For example on the Republican side Bill Weld seemed quite reasonable.
"Ow! You stabbed me! What is wrong with you?"
"I'm just giving you the ability to stab others."
when the other guy leaves the knife in you after stabbing you
@@reedspun Hey, if he is going to be so rude as to stab me, the least he can do is let me keep the knife.
the motivation to stab me...
Imagine you get attacked by the guy from Prototype but lets you live and then get a weaker version his abilities that strengthen with time, he/you could build an army just by stabbing people a little...
That a tag
just gave an exam in microbiology, looks like the subject will haunt me for another 13 minutes
Come on, it's the final push! You can do it!
@@SteveMould True, second time's the charm. Great video by the way, I'm always looking forward for your uploads :)
Naturally. It just gets in your DNA.
@@Activated_Complex Funny how DNA also stands for ‘does not apply’.
Sex Pilus is a fantastic band name.
Needs to be a Band Name.
Nevermind the Botox Here's the Sex Pilus
Sounds kinda like Sex Pistols.
I am reserving this one for my future band, please nobody use it
@@l0renzz0 to late
I think the whole subject of horizontal gene transfer is fascinating (and more than a bit scary)
I watched a documentary recently in which it talked about a proposed theory by one of the leading experts in DNA who has shown that plant DNA can be horizontally transferred to animals.
He found DNA evidence that seems to show that millions of years ago this happened when a gene for photo-sensitive proteins was transferred from an ancient plant-like organism to an ancient jellyfish-like creature.
He says this caused a mutation that led to the first light-sensitive patches in animals and quickly developed in later creatures which evolved from those jellyfish-like organisms into the many types of proto-eyes seen during the 'Cambrian Explosion' and eventually the various types and number of eyes which we see in all animals today.
So basically without this horizontal gene transfer from a plant to an animal, there would be no eyes.
The whole subject of how DNA mutated over the past four billion years is seriously mind-blowing.
Like the evidence that DNA from an ancient retrovirus which infected an early mammal-like animal, was horizontally transferred and caused the development of what would become the placenta in all modern mammals.
So without horizontal DNA transfer from an ancient retrovirus, which could have killed off the species, instead led to live births in thousands of species today.
@@thompsonblack5084 why did you watch a video about evolution then
@thompsonblack5084 So science is blabber? You can’t enjoy all the benefits of modern science and call it blabber. Go live in a cave or something. Also some of the greatest scientists were also religious, one does not negate the other. People like you honestly hinder the human species.
The hair suits you.
I support that gene transfer
Legend has it, his wife wasn't happy about that gene transfer
zeeshan mohamed
Probably ex-wife after that :P
That's the sex pilus (hair in Latin).
Conspiracy theory of Alien exist. The separate gene is no from this world. Independent of our world's gene 's reproductive system, and use us as host for Symbiote..
Alien that leverage this is similar to Marvel Venom XD
It's thin and boring like dog hair...
Hi Algorithm. I like this video; you should show it to more people.
hi algorithm... drugs, covid and free speech
... *death sentence*
Thanks for helping this video get to me hehe
This way of making youtube more friendly pisses me off
This is 🙂 muy 😺 interessant 🐴
Hi, the algorithm listened
4:30
Some bacteria have competence, something even humans have failed to perfect. We're doomed.
bacteria reproduce themselves in four hours. Humans in about twenty years. Germs beat us on the microscopic scale, but they still need us to get them to other planets.
@@geraldfrost4710 or an asteroid...
@@tthung8668 nope, generally. Micro-organisms could pass to other planets without our help, probably. Who knows how things happened or are going to happen.
I work in this area of research, and I wanted to say how well you covered this topic. Great work!
I thought Bacteria could exchange genes (in part via Virus intervention) directly rather than using this 2nd independent vector . am I correct - in certain and limited cell split. ( which also thinks of Stem cells in "higher" organisms/mammals fertilised egg split - which is even more fun if multiple "fathers" get involved with cell fertization - most resulting offspring are aborted/unviable/infertile in themselves, but the odd odditiy gets through.
This video made so much sense to me on so many different levels, i just bookmarked it and named it 42.
john johnesn so 42 is the answer to life like the super computer said 🤔
At time of this comment, you also have 42 likes :D
Life the universe and EVERYTHING
If A =1, B = 2, C =3 ... Z = 26, then M + A + T + H = 13 + 1 + 20 + 8 = 42
The answer to life, the universe and everything is Math.
@@etherealceleste or maths, if you want to spell it that way
When you mentioned surfers I was reminded that in 2006 in Honolulu during an unseasonably wet Spring a 42 inch (about 1.1 m) sewage main from Waikiki resort area to Honolulu’s waste water treatment plant broke. Due to a series of miscommunications between the City and County of Honolulu’s Wastewater Division and the Federal EPA the break was not repaired for five days and an estimated 48 million gallons (about 220 million l) of raw sewage was diverted by the Wastewater Division into a fresh water canal less than a mile from Oahu’s southern Pacific Ocean shore.
The cause of the March 24, 2006 pipe failure has been ascribed to the unseasonably wet weather that accompanied a mid-February storm. The heavy rains overwhelmed the 42-inch pipe that had been built in 1965. But it wasn’t really the rainfall as there is no connection between storm drains and sewer lines. The real cause was that the inclement weather kept the 72.000 tourists lodging in Waikiki in their hotels and the stores in the Waikiki area. This led to a larger than usual use of the sewer system. Usually those thousands of people are out and about the island of Oahu doing their business over a wide section of the island. Sure, in the morning and the evening most of those bathroom use in concentrated in Waikiki. But due to that month of excessively wet weather most of the “business” was done in Waikiki. And, that section of the Honolulu sewage system in below grade and is pumped out of Waikiki to the treatment facility 10-12 miles (20-25 km) away. This combination of extreme use with the pressure pumping that has always been necessary to make it move along led to the catastrophic rupture of a 40 year old pipe.
The connection of this event in Honolulu, Hawaii to this RUclips might seem tenuous, but in addition to fouling the beaches along several miles of the Oahu South Shore, on March 30 (a week after the beach closing) a man, inebriated after several hours at a party in the small boat harbor located on the mouth of the canal into which the untreated sewage was being dumped, fell into the harbor, the water of which was contaminated by the sewage. Then, climbing out of the water he was cut and scraped by the barnacles that grow on the rocks that like the harbor’s edges. On April 8 Oliver Johnson died of the bacterial infection that he contracted in that fall. Surprisingly, it wasn’t the e. Coli that must have been prolific in the harbor waters that caused Mr. Johnson’s death. Rather, it was vibrio vulnificus and aeromonas hydrophila which have flesh-eating properties that caused Mr. Johnson to contract those bacteria’s necrotizing fasciitis. The interesting part of the story, in my mind, and its connection to the RUclips is that those flesh eating bacteria didn’t come into the harbor with the sewage. Those bacteria don’t exist in human sewage (thank Hod for that or we would all be in jeopardy of breaking out with a flesh-eating illness). Those bacteria live in the oceans. There are there all the time. But, generally they are mortally susceptible to sunlight and so they are only found at depths where few people go. And then, only where particulate in the water occluded the dun’s UV light. Starting on March 24, 2015, however, the near 10 million gallons of effluent from the 72,000 tourists filled the waters off Mamala Bay causing a plume of brown from the point of diversion into the Ala Wai Canal all through the small boat harbor and into the ocean. It extended up and down the coast for several miles, and out into the near coast for several hundred yards. The turbidity, by blocking the sunlight, allowed the bacteria to rise to the surface and, with the cuts in his arms, hands, and legs, entered Mr. Johnson’s body wreaking havoc throughout his body’s systems.
What tenuous hold we humans have on this globe spinning purposelessly randomly through the vastness of the universe’s void. It’s a wonder anyone survives.
That’s tragic but interesting
Can I get my time back? You could have used a couple fewer words.
@@tacitus_ no refunds
worth putting that on the storm sewage and Hep A vid Steve Mould did (and what job other than science explainer someone called Mould could do ?)
So bacteria are hoarders, always hoping that some of their junk will beome relevant and useful.
Yup, and just like with real hoarders they only need to be right occasionally for the whole thing to seem like a good idea.
I believe they shed the DNA just as quickly. Bacteria reproduction is rate limited by their available energy and copying unneeded DNA is wasteful. The hoarders are out produced by their slim competitors.
Evolution has no intent. Bacterial DNA is an eBay mystery box - Maybe useful, or maybe just a waste of resources.
Hoarders will save the Civilization one day :) That's their purpose.
bacteria dna is like glitter, it just gets everywhere
You mentioned sewage and you cut to the stock video of Thames. I see what you did there Steve Mould. Nice.
Yes I caught that
Great video Steve. I’m currently doing my PhD investigating horizontal gene transfer in the human gut microbiome by seeing the extent to which our commensal bacteria can carry and transfer antibiotic resistance genes so this video covers a lot of that
Your doing absolutely vital work, antibiotic resistance is a major, major problem for the future, good luck with your research, your PhD and your career.
@@englishruraldoggynerd Is resistance really transferred , rather than non-resistant types just dying out quicker ?
Meanwhile 80% of Antibiotics in the US are fed to livestock, bringing this superbug problem to a massive scale and speeding it up further.
There isn't a lot of overlap between human and animal antibiotics in the US or in most developed countries, a large proportion have never been approved for human use and much of the rest is considered pretty ineffective. The real problem is in less regulated countries where antibiotics can be bought OTC in bulk, there farmers can and do buy human antibiotics for animals.
Nevertheless, antibiotic resistance in farm animals is still a problem, so cutting use is still desirable. Danish pig farmers have managed to cut antibiotic use quite significantly, but that means using very sterile conditions and keeping pigs indoors. There will be trade-offs.
@@Croz89 bacteria don't develop resistance to specific antibiotics, they develop resistance for drug classes, even if they're not the same as used in humans it's still the same class
@@Croz89 End animal ag. And the issue solves itself. The entire industry is unsustainable.
@@finitesound End all modern humans, the entire industry is unsustainable.
So in murika the SUPER BUGS are the most intelligent life form in that country..... Sorry my S.Bs just informed me they are the dominant life form on the planet
haha the hair transfer scene was hilarious. So understated, you just threw that in
Haha Mould is now a legend in my book. I had to scroll back just to look.
In my Medical Interventions class we did an experiment with bacterial conjugation in which we had one bacterium transmit a vancomycin resistance gene to a bacterium resistant to ampicillin. Super easy, just introducing two different bacteriums to one plate (environment) made a superbug resistant to two very common antibiotics. So the sex pilus is definitely extremely dangerous.
I also transfer genes while horizontal, through a tube
You’re a male?
Bulk Logan did you use a straw? Interesting! 😊👍👍👍
Very short distance huh? 😬😉
SRC oh no Bulk Logan, you’ve jusy been roasted
Paradoxical Nightmare lmao do you know that guy or something?
I graduated with a bachelor's degree, and took several science classes, and didn't know a bunch of this. This is fascinating! I had never known about horizontal gene transfer, and if asked to imagine it, I couldn't have come up with any of these.
I officially love you more than Matt Parker now, and have bought two of your children's books.
But I want to say, this video was really really dense. I watched it after waking up today, and all I really absorbed was the sex pilus stuff, and that could have been one video. Horizontal genre transfer could have been a video series. I'll watch later a few times, after my brain has turned on, to understand the rest.
You forgot to mention you paid money for those classes.
@@chris2790 oh dang, I did.
Sounds like a you problem, and not a legitimate criticism.
@@Hallowed_Ground it wasn't a criticism. Except maybe of my university education itself..
@@LeoStaley Fair enough
My first time watching one of your videos. Your ability to convey complex things through entertaining simplicity is pure magic.
I love all the extra clips you did to demonstrate some of your points. Very clever, and very funny. Great video.
This was fascinating but I just wanted to express my appreciation for those little clips like the "organism, me?" or you getting your wife's hair via a handshake. So simple and silly, but they never fail to give me a good laugh. Thanks for the knowledge and chuckles, Steve :]
Great video! Started watching with little interest but as Steve Mould is one of my favorite channels I wanted at least watch the video. It turned out way better than I thought. Thanks for making such videos.
Hey Steve! Thanks for making these videos.
My wife says that I need to use more ‘sexy talk’ in the bedroom.
I’m getting a lot of new material from this video. 😆
Danger Will Robinson! Danger! Danger!
"Let's do some diploid vertical gene transfer, baby."
I think I enjoyed "Skeptic Steve" far more than is reasonable.
Sceptic*
p0llenp0ny septic*
I knew of horizontal gene transfers from a few tangents I explored when taking biology in college, but this is the first time I've actually learned anything about any of the mechanisms for that transfer.
Thanks for finally explaining both transformation and transduction in a way that's easy to remember. I've saved this to like 4 of my playlists
Very well put, and comprehensively informative.
Awesome content.
I've been watching your videos for years and you still amaze and astound me, thank you Steve
Thank you!
I always learn some new little thing from your videos, and I enjoy the way they're presented, and having a refresher on topics I otherwise wouldn't be thinking about, but this was possibly the first where most of what was said was new to me! In any event, keep up the good work, and I'll keep watching!
0:00-0:14 Woah didn't hear that description for a long time. That's the exact sentence our biology teacher said to us and that really stuck with me. Thank you :)
Thanks Steve for this great Micro focused video and for all your interesting yet humorous content that promotes science awareness!
Wow this video is amazing I had no idea of how far reaching the results of human waste were.
This is completelly out of my field of work, but it is fascinating, terrifying and beautiful!
Thank you for this video!
Your videos are always so unsettling, which is why I always come back for more
oh my god minute 4:00 that change on hairstyle, loved it!
Subbed. And congrats on 400k.
This video is a masterpiece
Your description of biological systems at the micro level was better than any I've seen.
One of your best videos, by far! Fascinating stuff!
Thanks for great, wonderful, and informative videos on the mechanics of bacteria, viruses, and alike....
Now I am rethinking what I want to pursue in college. Though, I have a tendency to pursue ALL THE THINGS. Between your videos and Kurzgesagt's video on Bacteriophage, my fascination has infected my "am I able to justify to my college that I need to take these courses?" part of my brain.
THANK YOU. Steve. thank you so much for you content. THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU
I like that Bioshock did their homework with the Plasmid superpowers concept even if the final result is fantasy.
This channel will have a million subscriber soon. And I can already see it is deserving to have a huge audience.
I now understand the truth about myself.
I am built... to be a copying machine.
BEEP
BRRRRRRRRRRRRR
BEEP
BRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
*prints full genetic code*
@sirati97 thats a good pickup line
OUT OF MAGENTA DYE
ew, clean that up
No you
Don't be modest. You aren't just a copy machine. You are a sex machine.
OMG. I just read The Selfish Gene yesterday. This reminds me so much of stuff in the book.
Yes I too immediately thought of Dawkins' Selfish Gene
This is a very solid explanation of the subject, and then you lead in to the real world application. A damn fine video, sir.
Wow. Mind blowing stuff. I like to think I’m fairly clued up on cellular biology. But I’d never heard of this. Fascinating stuff presented so well. A firm subscription button press has been made.
So what you're saying is we need toilets that cook our excrements into a stinky soup before flushing it down.
Why flush it down if you can eat it
i wanted to test if water can be distilled from watery diarrhea. So I put diarrhea into a pot and started boiling it. The stench was so incredibly unbearable that i had to stop the experiment. I think toilets boiling shit will lead to whole neighborhoods being evacuated.
How about Cobalt-60 linings in sewer pipes to kill ALL bacteria with gamma rays? It would make the plumbing profession a lot more dangerous, though.
@@allanrichardson1468 alan your dangerous.
What stops bacterial DNA from becoming unmanageably long if they're doing this all the time? Is there machinery to detect and trim out duplicate genetic code?
bacteria loose dna just as fast. not all dna comes out clean and perfectly copied. Imagine copying same document but instead of using same original document you use previous copies. A slight smudges that occurred in the printer over repeated copying accumulate and some parts of the document becomes unreadable, some parts get lost and others could change the meaning over time.
Steve, I love all your videos, but this one is particularly magnificent.
Liked this video almost at the beginning, then tried to like at the middle and after that at the end.
I want to like it three times.
I never knew sewage treatment was a factor in antibiotic resistance, really interesting video!
this micro scale is wild west
everyone just throwing their genes around to keep them alive!
The memes, Jack.
@@LookingGlass69 ha
Love the animation! Looks like a lot of work, but it really gets the concepts across.
Super interesting! And your animations make the whole thing so much more interesting and clear! :)
If you were my teacher when I was in school, I bet I would have loved studying far more...
@Astolfo
At least he passed the test, dumbass!
@@anuvette Well, that was unnessecary.
@@rikuleinonen lmaoooo i apologise that was unlike me
"I've got two biological kids"
Weird flex, but okay.
same... strangely enough, i too, have two biological parents...
@Callum Macey youre a dead meme
You should see his wife. You'd be tellin' everybody.
@@AaronHollander314 Look at the chromosomes on that biomachine.
@@hakureikura9052 but what if we have 3?
Appreciate the effort taken in the animation, like how this video was easy to understand. Great recap for me, wish I had this when studying molecular biology Xd
A new way of looking at things.... Nice work
Wait
I just realized something completely unrelated to the video
All bacteria are orphans
Aren't they clones? How can you be an orphan if none of your species has ever had parents?
They're clones.
Helgali Really?! It’s a wonder I didn’t bring it up.
Yes and NO they are siblings,they are brothers ,they are sisters, they are mothers and fathers THANKS nature
scroat emm When a cell divides in two, which is the parent and which is the child?
Ugh, that scene from "The Thing" that shows how the aliens cells take over human cells comes to mind.
one of your best and most interesting episodes. great job as usual. thanks
I really wish you and Brutal Moose would do a video together. You 2 have completely different genres yes but i can tell that whatever you make would be GOLD 👍
Bacterium (singular), bacteria (plural). Thank you.
Bacterii
Bacterius II
bacterioes
Bactrian :)
It's much easier to listen to someone saying something fairly dry, with a natural, green-ish background. Interesting. Thanks council.
love your work Sir and this one might be one of your best vids!!
thank you.
This was an amazing video, thank you, Steve!
0:04 someone read "The Selfish Gene"
Why does the plasmid pop in and out of the genome?
I know the answer to this joke!
"To get to the other side."
Another excellent video Mr. Mould!
Thanks 😊
Wow this was a well done video, and I don’t say that often. You should do a video on horizontal gene transfer and other organisms
Is CRISPR tech a means of horizontal gene transfer?
Artificial.
CRISPR itself is a strand of RNA (around 100 or so bases long, sometimes shorter) which finds selective DNA sites for the CAS protein to cut. It doesn't or shouldn't have a very long life in the body as the body has many ways to degrade errant RNA. So we do transfer RNA in to a body or cell culture in that sense, and make selective changes to genes, but the RNA transfered shouldn't itself stay in the body.
Wow.
When I first heard of plasmids, I thought they were just little pices of data coding for some useful proteins.
But apparently, they also code the mechanism by which they spread.
It actually makes the plasmid sort of a simbiotic virus, or viroid, since its just a loop of DNA/RNA.
Very well done. Nothing new but well covered. Love that cost benefit. Just has to go real wrong once. So what are the odds? Only time will tell.
First learnt about plasmid transfer in school a decade ago - the universe and science to understand it's beauty are simply amazing 😍
Don't ever call me organism again.
Pack Guar is an organism!
@@pluto8404 Pluto is a dwarf planet!
Hey. Is it possible I've just seen you in Brno, Czech Republic walking through the park with your wife? All my friends thought I was crazy.
You're not crazy friend. I often see him pass through my Hobby horse race track. Why he is on a unicycle is beyond me.
Incredibly informative, yet other thing to worry about
This is a video whose worth truly explains itself as the video plays along.
3 cog setup @ 5:40 made me cringe after watching matt parker's vid on that :p
@Callum Macey think u mean it aint *not* goin nowhere
Down to last 15 mb of my data plan and Steve uploads a video........
Damn :/
If you’re running out of data you can always just download more.
@@Anonymous-vh6kp wutt?
Get WiFi, easy solution. Some people are so dense. Please don't use your sexy pylon.
@@Hallowed_Ground How about you mind your own damn business ? Only reply to comments if you can do so in a courteous way.
This is extremely important knowledge! Why did I not know this before?!
Really great video! I liked seeing a couple little glimpses of your life.
Virus: I'm about to end this cell's whole career
*Virus was accidentaly built with a fragment of the last host that also provided immunity against itself*
Cell: Are you a joke to me
I read the thumbnail as "Sex Plus" XD God Damn Internet and how you have corrupted me so! XD
I read it as 'Sex Pills'
@@ErwinPommel eh my man ahahaha
Hi Steve from the past! We learned a lot about mutating viruses last months, but nobody explained it as well as you do.
2 years later n still shows up in the feed.. Nice!
Having produced two instances of biological kids, have you got any non-biological variants?
As in, kids that are not biological organisms?
@@toucaninterieur8011 perhaps legal children or de facto children.
@@PopeGoliath Yeah I know, I just like to imagine that Steven is smart enough to engineer children.
@@toucaninterieur8011 I would go as far as to count a piece of published literature as such, so that's at least 4 smart non-biological kids.
"cost-benefit analysis" AKA " im gonna do the math on whether you dying is profitable or not"
Same goes for passenger airline safety for example. At some point it's cheaper to occasionally crash a plane than to invest in more safety features.
Not really. Maybe it costs a billion pounds to clean sewage enough to reduce the incidence of these gene transfers by 90%, and a further 100 billion pounds to get 99%. Or maybe even a trillion pounds couldn't make a dent because of stuff that's beyond our control with current technology. Maybe a billion invested in cleaner public spaces would be better. All money is someone's labour, and public money is everyone's labour, it should be spent wisely.
great video as always, always extremely informative.
Excellent video! It was splendidly informative and hilarious - not a common combination.
Good, now I can win Plague Inc Android game!
Sorry you have already lost By playing lol
@@scottorgan2255 yes, it is programmed to win, you cant win that!
I mean the Economist’s view of humans isn’t much better either so this reductionist Biological view isn’t half bad 🤷♀️😂
Economy is just reasonable cynicism about human nature.
Congratulations on 400,000 subscribers.
Steve is such a good explainer of stuff.
Well luckily the vacuum of space keeps our nasty assess isolated from the rest.
Perfectly designed waste management in first world countries will not stop the horizontal gene transfer occurring from 3rd world countries' lack of waste management. Where would money be spent better?
That is a really good question.
i love you and your channel you taking some serious and very interesting topics
Loved the illustration of horizontal gene transfer.