How Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Works
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- Опубликовано: 4 июн 2024
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Learn how flue gas desulfurization (FGD) works! We use an interactive 3D model to show you all of a flue gas desulfurizer’s main components and how it works.
This video focuses on the wet (not dry) method of desulphurisation.
Note that desulfurization (American English) may also be spelt desulphurisation (British English), but its meaning is the same!
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▶️Introduction
Fossil fuel power stations and other industrial plants that burn fossil fuels, require some form of flue gas cleaning in order to comply with ever more stringent environmental legislation. There are several parts to a flue gas cleaning system, these may include electrostatic precipitators (ESP), bag houses, forced draft fans, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) equipment and flue gas desulphurisation equipment.
Flue gas desulphurisation (FGD), is a process that removes sulphur oxides (SOx) from an exhaust gas stream. The most common sulphur oxides are sulphur dioxides (SO2) (note that sulphur is also spelt sulfur).
Chemical reactions between an alkaline reagent (lime, limestone, ammonia etc.) and the flue gas, convert the sulphur dioxide gas into calcium sulphite. Calcium sulphite can then be oxidised to form calcium sulphate.
How it Works
An alkaline reagent slurry is pumped from the base of the absorber tower to spray headers. The slurry is sprayed into the absorber tower through spray nozzles, and falls due to gravity down to the tower basin (effluent holding tank area).
Flue gas enters the tower and flows upwards. As it flows upwards, it comes into direct contact with the alkaline reagent slurry. The slurry converts the sulphur dioxide gas into a calcium based solid waste (calcium sulphite or calcium sulphate).
Calcium sulphite is represented by the chemical notation of CaSO3; calcium sulphate is CaSO4.
Both calcium sulphite and sulphate can be sold as by-products. It is possible to oxidise the calcium sulphite in the slurry using compressed air, this then yields calcium sulphate. Another name for calcium sulphate is ‘gypsum’, and it can be used for many applications, but its use in wallboard is the most common.
Gypsum is extracted and sold, usually by passing through a thickener (similar to a primary clarifier design), hydro cyclone, vacuum filters, or a combination of all these components.
A mist eliminator is used to reduce the amount of carry over from the absorber tower to the exhaust stack.
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Incredible, high quality explanation. Thanks a lot!
The subject explained very well in very simple language. Graphic presentation is also very good. Explanation about byproduct Gypsum was a cherry on the cake.
Very well! I watched the video highlighting the desulfurization process of flue gas in a very good manner. I also read and liked some comments. Thank you for this presentation!
Lied on my resume i worked on fgd system, here to learn whatever i can before interview.
Sir is it the suitable job in FGD for electronic & communication
how did it go?
Explained in a very nice and simple manner. Great work indeed!!!
This video is excellent. Many thanks!
Such a useful and smart video. Thanks for your knowledge. I'm appreciated your video
Many Thanks for the valuable information, Its really explained in very well manner to understand easily.
Incredible ,High quality explanation ,Thankyou
You're welcome
very well explained. loved it.
Excellent video explanation. That was a book in 10 mnts!
Thank you for your magnificent video content! Great job!
thanks for high quality explanation.
You are welcome!
Very informative video. Thanks.
Very well explained thank you.
Awsome! Thank you!
Excellent video and content, thank you very much.
You're very welcome!
Great explanation! Thanks!
You're welcome!
Brilliant 🙌
Great explanation
What about dry scrubber can you make a video about it pleases?
excellent presention about FGD with 3d view and princilpe operation and control of so2 emmision Thanks lot
You are most welcome!
well explained ❤
Really amazing video! Excellent clarity in explanation as well. Thanks a lot!
I Love It When The Notification Comes, "Someone Has Subscribed Your Channel" 😎 It Always Makes My Day!...
good explanation
awesome video
Great explanation, thank you. Could you please provide the video for dry FDG method?
Very good explanation.Thank u
You are welcome
Brilliant presentation
Thank you kindly! Doing our best! :)
Very good video
Simple outstanding.
Amazing Video, great explanation. I am wondering is it possible to share the 3D model you use in this video?
Very good explanation
Keep watching for more!
Very well explained.Thank You Sir!
Thanks!
Good video. Thanks.
Very well explained. Please upload some more videos on the topic CHIMNEY of Thermal Power Plant.
Excellent.
Thanks
Very useful video! And very well explained! thank you very much! ❤️
You're very welcome!
Amazing! Thank you
Glad you liked it!
Awesome content
Thanks you very much
lovely video, please can you make video on How flue gas Absorper and Stripper works.
Thank you sir...
Hello . Please inquire, can I purify the smoke of the smelting furnaces in this machine?
Very well explained video! This helps me a lot in my coming job interview
What kind of job uses this knowledge? I'm interested :)
@@danielc5783 maybe at a power station.
Looks similar to a scrubber unit we used on VLCC;s back in the 80's
Why didn‘t I find Your channel earlier. That would have made my undergrade courses so much easier. Great videoquality I really enjoy them. You earned yourself some new subscriptions
What undergraduate do you study?
please make a video on working of ball mill,gypsum processing building,gypsum storage shed ,limestone storage shelter,amonia storage shelter,
Excellent presentation and has been shared on Twitter. It will also be reference material for my own papers upcoming.
Thanks for sharing the video.
high quality video really is, can you help me how can I figured diameter, height of FGD tower for school project?
Well explained and easy to understand. Thank you
Can you suggest some practical book of industrial equipment like condenser,boiler,valve,pump,steam traper , pipeline
The Best Part is we are now into the tower 🙂. Appreciated.
Outstanding explaination with illustration!
Thanks alot
No problem
Bro can you explain me in which direction cf pump impeller rotate give a brief explanation in this question
Hello sir how can i design a circulating dry scrubber. Thank you.
Cool vedios bro
I have a challenge for you. Try breaking down a demethanizer complete with its heat exchanger separators and expander/break compressors. Beautiful witchcraft happens in those things
Where is the plant at 2:22? Great video by the way!
Is this duty more oriented for Chemical engineering or environmental engineering? I'm interested in using the waste products of an industry to make them useful products and non contaminating.
Can u please explain the function of Mesh Filter ?
Can i get the 3d model of the tower (sulphur dioxide part) ??
Keren !!
What composes for oxidizing gas?
Tq. And how about dry fgd? What's the difference?
how we add lime stone into the FGD?
or did i miss the explanation.
Hello I am from Indonesia.
Thank you for the explanation. actually I am working on Steam Powerplant and used FGD type wet from Mitsubishi japan. and the model look same with your 3D. My powerplant still in construction and next week will be any training from EPC team about FGD. I will learning about FGD system before training because this is new for me.
what your fonction in fgd
Request to please make video on compressors seal system
Did you make a dry scrubber video? If so where can I find this? Love the video by the way.
Thank you for this video. You have wonderfully explained about it sir! I have a question here. Why only limestone is used for neutralization of SO2? Can't we use some other basic medium to neutralize it?
You can use other basic chemicals like baking soda (It is also calcium based making CaSO4). But lime/limestone is cheaper to produce.
Hi! I’m from Telagana state in India where we have coal mining and limestone with river Godavari passing.
So we hav Cement plants, Thermal power plants Viz NTPC Ramagundam, STPP Jaipur.
We have limestone mines with CaCo3 ranging from 78% to 82% with Silica 10 to 15% and Magnesia around 3%.
Can this quality limestone be utilized in FGD unit?
Why wouldn't they simply spray water into the incoming exhaust, and then blow it through a bubblecap condenser to harvest the sulfur oxides as sulfuric acid? This would also allow them to delete the selective catalists, as nitrogen oxides will form good-old nitric acid in there too, and both of those acids are valuable, and easier to purify if you haven't already reacted them out with lime/hydroxides. It's such a simple and obvious choice, that I'm struggling to find a counterargument that doesn't also eliminate the original assumption that acid rain would happen without a scrubber. This simply contains the acid evolution for refinement.
could you explain some more? some details? and maybe some search terms
@@snorttroll4379
H2SO4: The Chamber Process
HNO3: Berkeland-Eyde reactor & The reason the air smells different during a thunderstorm (and where most of the nitrogen for plant fertilization comes from, when you don't directly apply it from a bag/tank).
You mention the neutralization with limestone takes place at a pH of 7. This may be true in the lab but this is not how it is controlled in the FGD process. Here is used a pH around 5.6 (depending on the limestone particle size distribution - 5.8 for if wet ball mill grinding is applied, 5.5 for pre-milled limestone powder delivered by truck) because otherwise the excess amount of limestone in the gypsum is too high for salable gypsum.
@@savree-3d Hi, I actually did read this. What you could consider is to explain that the pH is controlled in the recycle tank. The limestone slurry is added to the tank using a pH controller. The set point is 5.7 or 5.8 depending on how fine the limestone is. But all spray banks receive slurry with the same pH of, say 5.6. This is one of the weakness in the limestone process because for that reason - the limestone dissolves much slower than lime - a larger liquid to gas ratio is typically needed.
Some further refinements of your 3D model (which I find great, by the way. I have never seen anything like this before after all those years) can be that a) the upper spray bank only has nozzles spraying downwards. The nozzles you depict look like bi-directional nozzles and if so, then you cannot use them on the highest spray bank because then the slurry hits the mist eliminator direct. Then, b) the pipe connected to draw the slurry that goes to the dewatering also has a screen. Lastly, c) I don't know if this is possible but could you show a better detail of the two layers of mist eliminators?
@@savree-3d I am still close to it but not directly in Power. But I still work on FGD type projects. I had the privileged to be trained by some of the pioneers in FGD designs. You will find me on LinkedIn if you want to connect. I work at Hatch Ltd.
Nice Video, 3D especially with internal parts shown cut open. Well, the basic functions are explained nicely, some of the doubts lingering are the incoming Lime and the Calcium Sulphate mix are at place, does this make the efficiency of the system poor?
If you are making a residential device can I be a consumer tester?
Can you give me link for dry scrubber video?
We have not made it yet. Working on a piping flange course at the moment.
Question. What about the carbon dioxide?
Please explain what should be the water lime ratio to maintain the solution
PH needs to be 5.4-5.6
Hi saVRee! Is the video on the dry FGD out yet?
Not yet! It is planned. There is a lot more content on courses.savree.com, which I recommend to check. HRSG, CHP power plants etc., all on our main website.
Hi, please confirm whether the sulphur dioxide gas gets absorbed in alkaline slurry or water?
@@savree-3d at 9.50 you said it is absorbed by the water. Please explain me what is absorbed by the water ?
@@savree-3d okay thanks, nice explanation 👍
Great video! Just a question, as Calcium is removed from the system (in form of CaSO4), where is the make up? Does it come in with the flue gas? Same goes for water i guess. Where is the limestone slurry inserted to the absorber tower at startup?
Even I have the same doubt? You got any answers ?
@@paulnaveen1499 it goes to a tank for processing. The limestone slurry is added through a line when needed to maintain a certain PH to try and get sulfites instead of sulfates which are harder to process
Assuming this is a continuous process (lime slurry in and effluent slurry out), wouldn't there be a mixture of products in the effluent slurry stream? The reactants - Limestone (CaCO3) or Lime (Ca(OH)2) both have low solubility, as do the products CaSO3 and CaSO4. Is the product purified downstream or is there some other method of separation?
Their is a process that bleeds the solid/sulfates and sulfates/ out to a sump where it goes to a tank and processing is done
What if anything blocks because of precipitate
Anh làm video về cách đọc bản vẽ của fgd đi anh thsnhk you anh
will you explain the dry method?
Yes, it is planned.
@@savree-3d sir when are you going to make it
Lime is CaO calcuim oxide. Linestone is CaCO3 calcuim carbonate.
What are the benefits of joining? Can you plz clarify all the benefits
Hi,
Check out courses.savree.com for further info.
4:51 Why This chimney looks like power plant water cooling tower?
Actually I am incharge of FGD process in my company...
We are facing problems like nozzles choking , Chevron type demister choking , perforated tray choking , not getting gypsum quantity as required
Just want to ask What might be the problems in process?
@@savree-3d what PH should we maintain to get required gypsum quality ?
@@MonilModi10 You need to do a test. Set the pH to 5.4 and let it run for about two days to stabilize. Then measure the CaCO3 content in your gypsum. Do this for 5.5 and 5.6. If you prepare your limestone with a wet ball mill you can even go to pH 5.8. You will see that a trend appears that is exponential (up). Based on this you can see how high your pH can be to meet the limestone spec in gypsum. But the trade off is that if you run with lower pH that your SO2 removal is lower too. Be aware. The other part is to have enough air blown into the recycle tank so that your calcium sulfite (CaSO3) content is less than 1 % in the gypsum. If this is higher than 1% you don't have enough oxidation air. You either increase the flow of air or replace your injection nozzles to a deeper level (more closer to the bottom) but not so deep that the air gets into the recycle pumps.
Because you have a tray all gases from the tray and up will be saturated and no drying takes place. The recycle pumps provide over >100 times more liquid than is evaporated. Your problem is most likely a chemistry problem. Based on your second question I think your problem is that you don't have enough oxidation. Your CaSO3 content is too high which leads to bad gypsum quality. It also means you have uncontrolled precipitation inside the tower and you need to push for >99% oxidation levels. Running at lower set point of pH helps improve oxidation and also lowers the content of CaCO3 in the gypsum but will reduce SO2 removal unless you use organic acids like adipic acid or DBA. You could run at 10-12 wt% solids instead of 15 wt % solids too - means less CaCO3. If you run at higher sulfur levels (more SO2 at the inlet) than you may be undersized in air compressor capacity. One other solution is to add another air compressor to inject more air. A last option is to adjust the hydrocyclones to send more fines back to the absorber and less to the belt filter.
@@MyStevieB Yes we are using wet process by using Hydrated lime..
Also it is hard to maintain exact PH value as it is continues process..so PH is maintained in some Range..
And also we Not getting dry cake from vacuum filter as required
Why do we use blower in fgd.??
@@savree-3d thanks a lot..
Could you please make a video on induced draft and forced draft blowers..??
If you install an FGD absober in an existing power plant, the induced draft fans normally don't have the capacity to deliver the extra pressure drop. Then an additional fan - called booster fan - is installed that overcomes the pressure drop from the addition flue gas circuit including the FGD absorber.
Ha! Most of the big boys don't neutralize the acid, they concentrate it and sell sulfuric acid.
power plant bong
well you dont have to worry about rats in there
I’d really like watching pewds commentate on more reality shows.
Never assume