Functional Harmony - Music Theory Lesson
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- Опубликовано: 10 июл 2024
- Functional harmony is a set of rules you can use to create logical chord progression that sounds a feel right. Here’s how it works, first let’s take a look at this diagram. I ii iii IV V vi viio I C Dm Em F G Am C. Here we show all the chords in the key of C and we number them with women numerals. User and lower for Major and minor. And then the diminished symbol for diminished chord ( And by the way, I’ll have a larger graphic that shows all the chords in each key at the end of this video)
So we have all the chords in the key of C, but the question is how do we know what order to play them in? So to start we have a few names for different types chords. The I and iii chord are called Tonic chords. They are like home base, or the nuclease that everything revolves around. Then we have what we call the Dominant chords which is the V and viio. Finally we have Sub-dominates chords, which are the ii, IV and vi.
Here’e show things flow. Tonic is our home, or root. From the tonic chords we can go to any chord type that we want. It can be a Sub-dominant or a dominant. The two dominant chords wants to go to the tonic chords and all the Sub-dominant chords want to go to the Dominant chords. Now let’s take a look at the first diagram again with marking under each chords so we know what is Tonic, Sub-Dominant and Dominant.
We start with our tonic I chord. From here we can jump to what ever chord we’d like. If we go to the IV, a Sub-dominate, then the next chord we need to go to is a Dominant. We’ll go to the V seeing how the V chord usually will sound better than the viio. From the V we’ll go back to I chord. Check it out!
Now let's try this, we’ll go from the one to the IV again, but this time we’ll go to an other Sub-Dominate chords like the ii for example. Then from there we’ll go to the V and I. See how it sound now with a few more chords added in.
And check out this example too. I iii vi IV ii V I. We play two Tonic chords, then three sub domains and the V I. or dominate to tonic.
You make hav notice that all of our chord progressions end with a V I. Well that actually pretty normal in wester music, We call those last two chords a Cadence. However, there are a few exception.
You can also go to the vi chord from the V chord. Normally this isn’t allowed in functional harmony, seeing as how a Dominant shouldn’t go to a Sub-Dominate, but this is one of the exception. It also make a really cool sound, because even people how don’t know about functional harmony will expect the V to go to the I, seeing as how music for hundreds of years has followed these rules in Wester culture. First listen to this Standard I IV V I progression, then listen to a I IV V vi.
This is called a “Deceptive Cadence” by the way.
There’s one other cadence we should also look at called the “Playgal Cadence” or the Amen Cadence” (You hear this one at the end of a lot of hymn. With this cadence you go from the IV to the I. Check out this example. I ii IV I.
Okay, now let’s take a look at minor keys. i bio bIII iv V bVI bVII i. All the same rules apply here. It just sound, ya know, minor. Check this out. i bIII iv V i. We just went Tonic, Tonic, Sub Dom, Dom, Tonic. Same as in major!
Okay, there’s that larger graphic I was talking about earlier. Here you can see a bunch of different keys and which chords are Tonic, Sub dom and Dom. So now just try mixing and matching some of this chords following these rules. Let me know if you have any question!!
And one more thing before we go. You don’t actually have to follow all of these patterns when right chord progressions. Feel free to play whatever you think sounds good, but it’s good to know these rules and use them as a general guild line.
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Finally someone who has explained it clearly and simply. Thank you very much.
Glad it was helpful!
@@IanODonnell thanks bro.
For what em in Am scale is MAJOR?
frfr this vid is a godsend
If you practiced long enough you would've discovered this yourself.
Totally agree!
I-Tonic, ii-supertonic, iii-mediant, IV-subdominant, V-dominant, vi-submediant, vii-leading tone.
Those are the notes, not the chords
Correct 🙏🙏🏿👍
The correct Roman numeral for a submediant is vi, NOT iv.
@@dsanj4745 thanks for pointing out the mistake, I took care of it.
@@dsanj4745
Yes, "iv" is the fourth minor chord. Good for a _cliche_ plagal cadence, IV - iv - I.
Great video showing whats useful. I dont get why so many people just explain how they named "Supertonic" when that literally explains nothing useful. Its a subdominant and has a subdominant function, thats what is important to know because that tells us it sounds tense and can be used for contrast between a tonic and a dominant.
It’s 12:30 at night and I feel enlightened. I wish more tutorials were as concise, informative, demonstrative, and frank as this.
You’re just awesome man, thank you.
I know that feeling, its the middle of the night but you get so energized because you finaly learned something haha
This video was of great help, even thou I wasn't even looking for chord progression;
I was trying to find out why a song I was trying to play had a note that was outside of the scale, then I stumbled upon dominant chords (which I didn't know were a thing) and now I can go back to the video that might have the answer to why I have to play a F# on the A# scale (A#; C; D; D#; F; G; A; A#)
@@davidtorazzi7650 there are many reasons why that could be. I highly suggest looking up “secondary dominants” and “borrowed chords”. These are methods of using chords from outside the scale and that means using notes that are from outside as well. Sometimes it’s not even that complex, they are just simply breaking the rules whether it be as a passing note (between chords) or an extension of a diatonic chord.
It’s 2:45am for me and I’m just starting watching this well needed video!
Music Student here, This is by far the most helpful lesson I've gotten on Functional Harmony, and my Professor is really talented. But after hearing this everything clicked and it became so simple.
I’m glad it was helpful!!
i really appreciate the little details in the editing, namely the music in the background always being on and changing depending on the topic. It helps me concentrate and puts me in the mood of the chords that you are actively talking about.
Surely chord vi is ambiguous. It can function as a tonic chord since in contains the two most stable tones. (Hence the deceptive cadence). I would say that vi has stronger tonic function than chord iii....you seldom hear V - iii as any form of cadence. But, in some contexts vi can function as a pre dominant since it also shares 2 tones with chord IV.
true. which is why even in contexts where the song is in the minor key (where the tonic is [i]) in the back of my head I still treat it as a vi and the IV looks & feels to me as II and the entire song has [III] as my tonic[I] and the root scale is lydian.
@@andrewcalebgorospe2754 If iii is your tonic, then your scale would by phrygian...
@@Nick_Reinhardt sorry I meant, "...and the entire song has [III], just as my tonic[I] and the root scale is lydian."
✌☺
The iii chord can be thought as both part of the tonic and dominant chord groups because it also contains two notes from the tonic (I) chord. When played with consideration to the V chord, the iii is called the minor relative Dominant (Dp). When played (less commonly mind you) with consideration to the I chord, the iii is called the minor counter-relative of the Tonic (Tg).
Another way to make sense of this is looking at the Mediant (iii) and Sub Mediant (vi). The sub mediant is called sub mediant and not super mediant because it is equally spaced going backwards from the tonic- i.e. I, vii, vi versus I ii iii.
I basically agree that the vi feels more like the tonic than the iii- but in a sense every time we play Imaj7 we also play a iii so it is kind of hard not want to relate it to the I in some sense.
I thought the vi chord was in the tonic family.
I don't know how to thank you enough for this informative tutorial. The examples you provided clearly teach you what is everything about.
This is the best explanation I ever had to listen to. Nothing left in the cloud. Thank you.
Finally someone who explains this stuff in way i can understand
this needs be shared to every musicians. very clear and useful information and i appreciate the comment at end that says these rules are only guidelines because this is the progressive music philosophy.
I've watched many theory with Roman numbers and tonic sub dominants etc.,but this is simply the best. Now can actually start writing my own progressions with confidence !
Thank you very much!
J.R.
Dude you're sooo underrated!!! I really Hope your channel grows fast!!
Thank you. This is the video that I was searching for a long time.❤
You nail it man!!! If it sounds good to the ear, play it. That's Music!
Dude this is incredible. I've been playing guitar since I was a teen and whenever I asked people or teachers about writing chord progressions, I always got bs answers and terrible tutorials. I never felt like I fully had a grasp on writing chord progressions until I learned about harmonic function and found this video
Can't believe how helpful this video is. Thank you!
AT LAST, such clarity and freedom.My musical jazz horn- charts head- scratching is OVER. THANKS no REALLY !!
Thanks for posting, I've playing guitar most of my life and I've found music theory helps make sense of things whether you've learned by ear or whatever.🙏😷🎵🎶❗👀
I've been struggling with understanding chord borrowing and modes, but the final table made something click in my mind even if this wasn;t necessarily related. thank you so so much.
great thanks, was very helpful. was quite difficult to finally find a video that explained as straightforward
great job Ian. simple, quick and easy to understand.
Simple and clear! Many thanks for your work!
That was killer useful! I'd like to hear more about minor scales in future, this video was about major mainly.
This is my favorite video on chord progressions so far
I've never heard about this, and truly this helps so much, thank you
You are music theory, you are 1 of 10 video I find real, useful. For me, and writing
Thank you so much. I've owned a guitar for the last 13 years and learned how to play good enough to where my friends who aren't guitar players think i'm decent. Though i'm not and my playing hasn't really gotten anywhere. Well, I finally decided to try to understand theory and even though this is a small part of it, the way you explained everything was so clear and concise! I'm here experimenting with different chord progressions already since I know the chord shapes and i'm actually having fun with my guitar again....thank you!
That's awesome!! Glad you're getting back to playing. Even a little bit of theory can really help!
@@sophiafakevirus-ro8cc thanks for replying to my year old comment. I've been playing sporadically since then. Bouncing back from work and other hobbies not having much motivation to play but I've focused on learning the 12 bar blues structure and practicing soloing using the pentatonics and experimenting with different rhythms using the chords. I been wanting to learn the major scale next but I feel like I'd rather become fairly proficient in the pentatonic/blues scale
Clear, well explained and a nice voice to listen to!
Instant sub after the video, you are a natural teacher!
Very very very well explained, clear, efficient, simple, easy to understand. Thank you! Please making more videos and like your style: straight to the point, no time to waste in long winded talk.
EXCELLENT LESSON!!! Lovvving LEARNING Everything MUSIC THEORY! ✅THIS was EXCELLENT!!!🎹🎸🎹🎸🎹🎸
Such a great voice and explanation....It felt like someone is sitting near amd explaning things....Very helpfull and really liked tje last part of the vd that feel free to play what u sounds great to you
Now THIS is teaching. Bravo 10/10
So so good, easy to understand, so useful! Thanks!
wow! your really good at keeping it short, to the point and visually helpful, while teaching the subject matter.. very nice!!
Thanks so much. I'm glad it helped! :)
6:50 this! that is the most helpful video and diagram for making non diatonic chord progression on entire site🤩
You are a very good teacher. Thanks for this.
Great explanation of progressions! 🙏☀️👌
This is THE most helpful video I've watched for writing chord progressions, and I've watched dozens of them. Understanding the function of each chord and the philosophy of building a flow in a chord progression really clicks. And you presented it in such a concise and nice way, thank you!
Muchas gracias maestro. Muy sencilla y útil explicación.
loved your explanation! Thank you very much!
Yes I love you man ... and I have a master in music haha there are simple things never thougt to me here .. thank you for your marvolous work
Dude. Huge thanks for the Video. Didn't only help me a lot in a breakthrough regarding music in General, it also inspired and impressed me a lot, Videomaking wise. And entertaining it is, too! Amazing.
Hahaha thank you! I’m glad this video has been able to help some people out!!
Got it totally👍. Great informative tutorial video.
Tks a bunch 💝
Glad it was helpful!
You're the best ❤️
I enjoyed the video
I understood the concepts
Perfect!!! ❤️
Great video, thanks for taking the time/effort to make it 👍
Appreciate this. Thank you!
It's the first time I see your video,and feel so good.Subscribed and I am willing to see you when I get free.Hope I will get something more about music next time.Thank you .
So well explained and useful!
thanks, it really helped me to kick off.
The vi's default function is *TONIC,* not subdominant.
Hope you did a complete music theory course from the very basics, you are soooo good at teaching
Great job Ian. Thanks much!
I've just joined this morning and the reasons are; freedom and flexibility.
Understanding anything in this world today is difficult, with signs that say don't walk
The sign now says, Walk. Thanks!
Great video, concise and informative.
the chord progressions sound amazing!!!
Not amazing in Harmony and. Counterpoint level 10 😔
Such a pleasant voice! Automatic subscription for me.
Haha thank you so much!!
Really great work! You explained the deceptive and plagal cadence well
Thank you very much!
Yeah, this is actually very helpful. Thank You!
Great tutorial! Thank you so much man
Which BEAUTIFULL MASTER CLASS🥇🎷 GOD BLESSS YOU SR
Super helpful. Thanks a million!
I am spanking myself for just seeing this. This is simply the very best explanation I have seen and heard. I just subscribed and hit the notification bell. Thanks for this.
you’re doing WHAT??
I've never heard of a 6 chord referred to as a subdominant, it is usually in the tonic family because the 6 chord contains the 3rd note of the scale.
Same.
Same!
Those are families but 6th is the submediant, 4th is the subdominant
I: Tonic
ii: Supertonic
iii: Mediant
IV: Subdominant
V: Dominant
vi: Submediant
vii°: Leading Tone
Update: Oh, I see what you're saying now
@whatabouttheearth yeah, I iii and vi are tonic chords, ii IV subdominant, V and vii⁰ are dominant (the vii⁰ is a rootless V7). I don't like the term mediant and submediant, supertonic,subtonic,etc. 7 is too many terms,
when you can boil it down to 3: tonic subdominant, dominant
Awesome lesson Doc!🙏🏻
Very useful video for a newbie composer like myself!
Superb explanation!!! 👌 👏 👍
Hii.. your music lessons are really great..
Looking forward to more...
Thanks a lot for these Ian. Selfish comment perhaps, but I wish you did more videos like this. So clear and easy to understand
This is the best vid on this topic I’ve seen
Hahaha Thank you so much. Happy to help!
Really well explained!
this helped me unlock theory, thanks
Really good video, very helpful especially the graph. In my cord progression I like to try to not end on the one but a tone that leads back to the one. To give it a loop like feel. But normally one would go always with the one cord as the last tone in the music?But that gives me like four bars or so of the tonic. Which is cool. But I am looking for cord melodies more so than simply progressions. And I like use 7th 9th 6th and I love what Sus cords do. Working with cord changes has really improved my ear a lot. And in a short time. It's worth it, if you want a music career. I am a percussionist/ drummer, play a little guitar,so stuff like this is very helpful. 👍🏾👍🏾✌🏾🖤🖤
Brilliant data
Excellent presentation
Thanksa ton
Nice video, king!
Wow! Exactly what I was looking for! The missing link!!
Isn’t the 6th a tonic chord?
Lmao ya
It’s like the tonic
The submediant can be a predominant chord or a tonic substitute
I was just going to say this. 6th is supposed to be tonic
Relative minor, tonic if minor key.
Thanks for the great video!! 👍
THIS IS SOOOO HELPFUL!!!!!!
Very helpful - thank you!
Yeah, this was *EXTREAMLY* helpful.
Thanks X100000000000000000
straightforward ...thanks
Thanks so much Ian..you made this very easy for me. great tutorial . Cheers
Happy to help!!
me too!
How , you have subscribers only in the hundreds, is beyond me.
Thank you for explaining theory the way you do . Cheers
Glad to help! And thanks for checking out the video.
Maybe one day we'll brake into 1,000 subs and be up there with the big dogs hahaha 😂😂😂
@@IanODonnell please continue with theory videos
@@wasimbhai3386 I will! Going to do a shorter one of "The Christmas Chord" soon and then a much longer one on "Japanese Music Theory" so that'll be fun hahaha 😂 Thanks for the encouragement!!!
@@IanODonnell look forward, to it . Cheers
Thank you. Very useful.
Just subbed. Feel more able to make another track applying what I just learned. Expect my tracks should sound a little more cohesive having a little rhyme to my reason now. Thank you. Looking forward to seeing what more content your channel has to offer.
thank you very much.
it makes more sense
This video was really really helpful thanks a lot
Nicely done. Thanks.
Very clear description
Thank you for this video it's very helpful.
This is helpful.thank you❤
Thank You so much! I had no idea the chords of the scale had to use only the keys of the scale (I was using only the major versions for each note, neither minor nor diminished ones).
so extremely helpful !!
So well explained!! Thank you Ian :) QUESTION; T-SD-T-SD-D-SD-D-T holds for chords derived from Harmonic Minor & Melodic Minor scales as well?! REQUEST; Do explain NEGATIVE HARMONY using a similar lesson such as this one.
This helps a ton! thanks!
thousands of tutorials on youtube and finally one that also explains that u go from sub to dominant or dominant then tonic... wtf life can be so easy
Very well explained 👏
Excellent description.
Thank you. I'm glad it helped.