@@firaca100 Because to some people everything is racist. Acknowledging race is considered racist to some people. They say its a "social construct" made up by white people to oppress nonwhites. But then white people don't exist because race is a social construct and ......... well now I've confused myself.
@firaca100 any kind of ethnic studies would have huge backlash if taught in schools, some people don't believe in rave, and think it's racist to even be talking about it, Ethnology has a bad reputation from Nazi Germany and the Slave States of the Southern US too
Excellent video. A small correction: according to the latest genetic data,the first Europeans had dark skin.Eventually, during the Mesolithic, they developped blue eyes, but their skin remained dark until the arrival of the neolithic farmers
Thank you. Even with a PhD in cell biology I struggle to express the core principles of evolution as meaningfully as you do here. You present the relevant facts without bombarding your audience with a bunch of extra gobbledygook. Again, thank you.
@celeste5607 Ok, this guy stated that Africans migrated to the so-called Middle East, India, and Australia. He stated that a mutation took place when they reached the so-called Middle East, and they became lighter, then those people migrated into Europe and became even lighter. While others migrated into North Africa. This statement ignores the evidence of the Black Grimaldi African who were the first human beings to enter Europe. The mutation that took place was due to the ice age. Black skin in an arctic environment is a liability due to the fact that Black skin requires more sun for vitamin D than white skin. It was the mutation known as albinoidism that made this possible. Also, he wants you to believe that Africans had the wherewithal to migrate to the so-called Middle East, India, and Australia, but not North Africa. Supposedly, it took these white-ish looking people to migrate and populate North Africa. This is done intentionally to make people believe that the ancient Egyptians weren't Black. Also, this implies that these white-ish Arab people came into existence right after Black people. This is incorrect. They are more than likely one of the last people to come into existence as a result of crossbreeding. This is also the case for all other people outside of Blacks and Whites.
Recent DNA and Paleo research has put the out of Africa theory in doubt.... More like out of Africa as H Erectus and BACK into Africa as H Sapiens with admixture of Neanderthal and Denesovian.......
@@CETGale I don’t think doubt is the right word. It certainly questions the idea that archaic humans developed solely in Africa. Regardless the fact remains that Homo sapiens sapiens are more genetically diverse in Africa by a long shot. I mean extremely more diverse.
@@kudjoeadkins-battle2502 Because we've "expanded" the definition of "human" to fit EVERYONE in. Any other mammals would be considered different species. It's ALL political.
That's a highly simplified yet precise gist on a complex topic. I would also like it to have the topic of how even the appearances(facial, physical, cranial) changed across the people with different skin colors and whether or not it had something to do with intermixing with other human species such as neanderthals and denisovans etc.
Multi regional theory vs out of Africa therory. Genetics is on the side of the Africa theory and states that racial diversity is a very recent product of evolutionary adaptation, not due to intermixing with other species.
I wonder why Africans would leave the plains of plenty and the abundant tropics to migrate towards the desolate, hostile, frozen wastelands . What is the plausibility of the reverse, that humans migrated towards areas of plenty ?
This. I don't think it's simple as we're making it out. Proto-humans & sibling species often get ignored when considering the overall picture. Bipedal primates were present in different continents by at least a million of years ago, there's no reason to think there couldn't have been more intricate possibilities. Even trying to figure out origin of a single ethnic group is challenging, doing so with the whole human population would be much more complex. It's not finalised certainly.
I love how you (basically) mentioned we are all one human species. Skin color doesn't matter, it never has and it is something to celebrate our heritage, our ancestry. Great video and I love your shirt.
If it is an superior intelligent lifeform out there and they came here.they would probably think it's amazing that we even made it this far with our continued conflicts over trivial things such as color and others.
Special in a bad way ? Most of us have to take part in a killing to eat. What I like to say to those who think their special ; Whether your Black, White, Yellow, Brown or Red - we all end up Gray (if we're lucky).
The technology is not there to tell whether thousands of years ago the difference between black and white skin. With the Earth changing access even places as far north as Britain with tropical. And we are a different species from sub-saharan Africans The fact remains even to this day they are not even capable of digging a hole to find water they prefer to send their young children to fetch water from miles away. They live a day to day life not thinking about tomorrow. This is the complete opposite of the European Chinese Japanese. It’s not so much skin colour that Matters it’s behavioural differences. They are there in abundance today there is no need to go back thousands of years to try and find them.
After being on this planet only a short 50 years, I can honestly assess that it's truly not the color of the skin, it is the content of character. It's true, we are a product of our environment.
I concur. Strongly. I wish I knew where to start of course many people throughout history have said similar things, and having traveled a lot, I would say about 85% of people are genuinely good people. You have the nicest meal, people come and sit down next to you and ask you questions and are genuinely interested in where you come from… it’s so nice, then you leave your exotic destinations just to find that some dumbass has truck nuts, and the people are rude as hell and the food is terrible. The reverse culture shock I call it!
@@jamesbarker9819 Living in the ultimate melting pot, Orlando, I've met and know people from all over the world. Honestly, I rarely run into bad people, no matter their origin. Respectfulness is the key to a lot of interactions. Not to say someone needs to bow and scrape for others, only speak and otherwise interact without pretension or bias. I find 90% of all interactions are pleasant, even if backgrounds are completely dissimilar.
FYI, for anyone who didn't know, there are footprints in the White Sands Desert in New Mexico that have been confirmed to be 21,000-23,000 years old, which are the oldest pieces of evidence of humans in the Americas. There is also evidence of human settlements at Monte Verde in southern Chile that may be as old as 18,000 years. This site, in particular, may indicate that some humans migrated to the Americas by boats down the coasts--or even perhaps across the Pacific from Asia. Our understanding of history in the Americas is being massively rewritten. Very exciting times.
@thatdude3977 2 months ago (edited) As long as you confirm Europeans came from Africa, the I can agree with what you said. Africans birthed europe. When Europeans came to Africa, they were pretty much still in the Stone Age. They have not developed a wheel agriculture or pack animals If you somehow believe Africans could turn into white people magically with the power of evolution. You are lost and Envious
At the same time, they collected blood samples for genetic studies. They sequenced more than 4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-places where a single letter of the genetic code varies across the genomes of 1570 of these Africans. They found four key areas of the genome where specific SNPs correlate with skin color. The first surprise was that SLC24A5, which swept Europe, is also common in East Africa-found in as many as half the members of some Ethiopian groups. This variant arose 30,000 years ago and was probably brought to eastern Africa by people migrating from the Middle East, Tishkoff says. But though many East Africans have this gene, they don’t have white skin, probably because it is just one of several genes that shape their skin color. The team also found variants of two neighboring genes, HERC2 and OCA2, which are associated with light skin, eyes, and hair in Europeans but arose in Africa; these variants are ancient and common in the light-skinned San people. The team proposes that the variants arose in Africa as early as 1 million years ago and spread later to Europeans and Asians. “Many of the gene variants that cause light skin in Europe have origins in Africa,” Tishkoff says. The most dramatic discovery concerned a gene known as MFSD12. Two mutations that decrease expression of this gene were found in high frequencies in people with the darkest skin. These variants arose about a half-million years ago, suggesting that human ancestors before that time may have had moderately dark skin, rather than the deep black hue created today by these mutations. These same two variants are found in Melanesians, Australian Aborigines, and some Indians. These people may have inherited the variants from ancient migrants from Africa who followed a “southern route” out of East Africa, along the southern coast of India to Melanesia and Australia, Tishkoff says. That idea, however, counters three genetic studies that concluded last year that Australians, Melanesians, and Eurasians all descend from a single migration out of Africa. Alternatively, this great migration may have included people carrying variants for both light and dark skin, but the dark variants later were lost in Eurasians. To understand how the MFSD12 mutations help make darker skin, the researchers reduced expression of the gene in cultured cells, mimicking the action of the variants in dark-skinned people. The cells produced more eumelanin, the pigment responsible for black and brown skin, hair, and eyes. The mutations may also change skin color by blocking yellow pigments: When the researchers knocked out MFSD12 in zebrafish and mice, red and yellow pigments were lost, and the mice’s light brown coats turned gray. “This new mechanism for producing intensely dark pigmentation is really the big story,” says Nina Jablonski, an anthropologist at Pennsylvania State University in State College. The study adds to established research undercutting old notions of race. You can’t use skin color to classify humans, any more than you can use other complex traits like height, Tishkoff says. “There is so much diversity in Africans that there is no such thing as an African race.” www.science.org/content/article/new-gene-variants-reveal-evolution-human-skin-color
Sure, there's a lot of diversity in Africa, but the people's that left Africa, particularly those that became modern Europeans are all quite closely related. Further, the people that migrated out of Africa, particularly those that were exposed to extremely harsh and cold conditions for prolonged periods of time, developed a host of other mutations/adaptations according to those pressures, which happen to correlate to great extant with skin color. One key feature that seems to have been selected for in these populations was much larger brains, and greater intelligence. It doesn't take much looking in order to observe this blatantly obvious fact. The question is, why do folks go so far out of the way to deny it?
@@ilSaponara That’s hilarious! Are you talking about the same people that just came out of the dark ages only 500 years ago? You gotta be kidding me! Intelligence? That would come with the people that were on the planet for over 300K years. The people that are a mutation that just came about in humans about 6K years are obviously recipients of the knowledge & civilizations that existed long before the mutant for of human came into existence. At what point in history do you think European civilization begins? Let’s talk about it.
@@ilSaponarathere is no evidence showing Europeans have larger brains than others hyper intelligence is something that evolved in our lineage long ago way before different races even existed and all races in the modern day brought up in similar cultures and opportunities perform almost the same intelligence wise hence why we have Nigerian Americans, south and East Asians achieving a lot in the science and tech world. Stop spreading racist propaganda
Amazing. You unleashed so much scientific facts and revealed so much information in such a short video. And ended with such thoughtful phrase or how important and at same time how skin deep skin colour is. Great job!🎉
THANK YOU for a technically sound, informative and scientific evaluation of what makes us all different- essentially nothing, we are not different, we are all the same biologically. Yes, there are some gene differences, height, fat deposition, body proportions, eye colour, hair colour, body hair distribution etc, due to adaptation to cold, food, and similar, however, this happens in populations of animals, but in humans, there is not enough difference to create a subspecies or anything similar. However, humans do manufacture culture, and linked to that, religion and it is that which determines our different negative behaviours to each other, colour is just a useful tool for people to use to highlight different cultural norms and then judge other cultures based on our internally generated views of the world, eg cannibalism, child brides, FGM etc. We are just all the same, let's just get on with working together and stop finding fault in anyone who is not our colour. Culture is a different thing though. Great video.
There was also another migration from the Middle East to North India which explains the lighter tone to the south where there was a direct migration from Africa.
Scientists at the University of Oxford have applied computer modelling to thousands of ancient and modern genomes to create a vast family tree showing how individuals across the world are related to each other, and from where they originated. It suggests that everyone is partially related to a group of hominids who lived in north-east Africa more than a million years ago. It even points to a grid reference: 19.4N, 33.7E, a small area of Sudan.
Do you believe that somehow we left Africa and magically turn into Asians and then they left Asia and magically turn into Europe? It’s the same Darwinism who is preaching in the 18th century we know way more now DNA and everything they’re saying is false pushing a agenda If we all came from Africa, why doesn’t Africans have any Neanderthal? and why doesn’t Europeans have sickle cell?? So if we’re all from Africa, how can there be racist?
Thank you. I have no scientific background yet I travel extensively and read and study voraciously. It didn’t take much other than thinking and paying attention to location and skin tones to figure out the reason for differences. It was pure common sense. As well as having brain cells. Of course I knew nothing about the scientific information behind it like mutations… that’s easily read to find out. Or watch things like this. But I always knew all human life started in Africa. And how migration changed how ppl look. What sickens me are deniers. Usually religious backed ones who don’t think. And still believe in Adam and Eve and that bull. I stf away from all of those limited eejits. White skin is not superior in any way. Only in the minds of morons.
Name ONE black or brown 1st world country...just one. Name one 3rd world White country. You can't. Now...start thinking about that and what you've been told...that there's NO difference. See how they don't match up? "You always knew" things that just aren't so. It's easier to fool people than it is to convince them that they've been fooled. "Humans" didn't walk out of central Africa 70,000 as black Negroids...and suddenly become White Caucasians. How do you explain White people containing 5% Neanderthal DNA? If they were a different species...how did we mate? What about Asians? Some have 8% Denisovan DNA. They were a "different species" too. You've been fooled...for political reasons. There are still at least 3 species of "human" living on this planet.
The interesting thing is how this only touches on skin color mutations, but there are so many other differences in features too, not just skin color. Completely different eyelid shapes, completely different nostrils, some nostrils for more oxygen intake, completely different hair types, different muscle types, different bone lengths, etc. etc.
@Lz1508 My first problem is he wants you to think that Africans had the wherewithal to migrate to the so-called middle east, India and Australia, but not to North Africa because they don't want you to know the ancient Egyptians were Black. My second problem is African people didn't migrate to the so-called middle east and mutate. The African Grimaldi entered Eurasia somewhere around France or Russia and evolved or mutated in order to survive in an ice environment. There are only three well defined races, the Black, the White and the Yellow. Everyone else came into existence due to crossbreeding. Which is the case with those white looking people he supposedly believes spread into Europe, Asia and North Africa.
@jeromepowell18. Thanks for explaining. I found that his presentation had many holes as well, including the omission of Black African presence in the Americas, which researchers like Dr. Imhotep have documented.
This is one of the best descriptions I've seen of the Out of Africa hypothesis. Your inclusion of these specific mutations as biological markers really helps illustrate not only the migratory pathway, but also the effects of natural selection on phenotype. Well done. I'll have to check out some more of these!
There europeans are white , remember egyptians looks like sudanees because thete were in africa and constanty in the sun ....and desert eygpt is north sudan...
@@devinking6477white people come from a different source no one knows where or who the source is but the black man was created by the actual hand of god and the breath of god in him made in the image of god who represents the light we stand in the light and get more beautiful white skin stands in the light and burn and the actual dna becomes damaged in the same light that makes everything else on the planet flourish because where you come from it’s dark the white race was planed here the Bible says the wheat and tear will grow together and here we are
Why were the first humans full of melanin in the first place is what I find fascinating. The same Sun that gave Earth so much good, referenced itself in humans. I truly believe we haven't scratched the surface on this issue.
I find it weird that the Earth is mostly covered in ice with a blanket of fog, but somehow people were getting massive tan and turning black before the end of the Ice Age lol
Here is a subject I have not seen discussed. All animals have a skin covering, most mammals have hair. Animals like bears have a lot of hair and fat which protects them from the elements. All of our ape cousins and our ancestors had full coverings of hair on their bodies for protection from the elements. At what point in our evolution did we lose the hair covering and become just naked skin and what environmental or genetic change would have made this an advantage .
Our ancestors developed the trait to sweat to recover from running and other actives to chase animals to eat, Plus it was hot as hell in Africa so we ain need fur
@@y_e_s_L According to Darwinians, the animals humans were pursuing would also lose their hair as an evolutionary advantage to escape the hunters. Africa is hot during the day but cold as hell at night, so losing the fur would only be an advantage half the time. In those circumstances it would be more logical for us to evolve with hair like dogs which has 2 coats and one coat sheds in hot weather.
@@oldschool1993that’s not how it works, having less hair isn’t the only way to survive as a distance runner but it isnt unheard of. Have you noticed that horses for example do not have much fur specifically because they sweat a little bit because they are distance runners. By the time humans were losing their fur they already had fire so no need to worry about the night time.
That is not the answer to my question. British people generally have darker hair and more often brown eyes but also more pale skin than scandinavians, why.?
Its all natural selection. If you could study how it works then everything will be easy for you. Natural selection literally turned a fish into a frog then to reptile. So change in eye color isn't much of a concern
Very good information. What about everything else, like face shapes, facial features, body shapes, human height? we are so physically different from each other. It is not just about skin color.
@@JamesBrooks-hj3dz you probably think the world is flat. you ever stand in the sun and get a tan? that can happen in minutes, our skin can develope to enviroments, imagine wht happens in 100,00 years. did u not know that? PLEASE EDUCATE YOURSELF
I am not against the idea of human adaptation to environmental determinants. However I am curious to understand why indigenous populations around the equator share different skin tones and hair types. Should they not share the same characteristics?
What place are you talking about specifically because if I think about it indigenous populations around the equator are all pretty much dark skin. I don’t think hair type is determined by the climate but I’m not sure. The only people I can think of who have lighter skin tones around the equator are the Khoisan and some of the natives in South America but they are still dark skinned. There are different variations of the genes associated with dark skin so the South Americans may just have different gene variations for dark skin or it could be that they have inherited certain gene variations from Neanderthals associated with lighter skin or inherited gene variations for lighter skin when they evolved in North America or east Asia. If I remember right recent studies show the latter to be the case. The Khoisan inherited gene variations for lighter skin from west Asians a few thousands years ago. For some reason it was strongly selected for despite the area the Khoisan lives, indicating a need for more sun exposure.
@@TmanRock9 Thank you for your interesting response. The San occupy the subtropical area of South Africa and their lighter shade is an anomaly amidst the much darker Khoi or Bantu population. I am very surprised that you assert that they got this from a western Asian gene pool . This is quite an amazing take on the Out of Africa theory of human migration. It is afterall an intricate and complex topic. About the straight hair...the pin straight hair of South Amerindians of Equatorial Amazonia is in stark contrast to the curly hair of inhabitants of Equatorial Africa . Both populations though being dark skinned show up major differences in their tans. I can only assume that the Amerindian population settled Amazonia from a recent extraneous genepool .
@@tibupanda3648based on the main migration routes showcased also in the video, people migrated from Africa into Asia, then all the way through Asia and up into the north, then via bering strait over to the north of north America and then across north America and eventually passing down into south America where they finally arrived back near the equator. Ofc they were by that time different from those still in Africa (who didn't migrate literally around the world sideways and go far north and then south again on the way).
the sun could be a cause or sweat or head oils creating straight hair if humans came out of Africa and migrated into the Sahara and Arabia that’s once humans got straight hair
This was interesting but doesnt seem to check out. As some have already mentioned, dark-skinned people inhabited all regions of the world: hunter gatherers like Cheddar Man were as far north as Europe, the San were as far south as southeast Africa, very dark-skinned people first inhabited Asia, including southern India and parts of East Asia, and many Native Americans are also deep dark-skinned - eventhough they crossed northernmost parts of Asia into the Americas. It's also strange that a mutation for pale skin would emerge and proliferate immediately out of Africa in a climate region that's little different. It also seems past time to cease referring to an entire continent of people who carry the highest genetic diversity in the world in such a way that communicates that they are monolithic.
Cheddar man is somewhat lighter than Central Africans, this is because cheddar man still posed mutation for lighter skin. The San people are as light as they are because they inherited mutations from west Asians some 4,000 years ago. Why this was I don’t think is well understood. Native Americans themselves are still lighter in the north and darker close to the equator. They possessed their own mutations for lighter skin. So skin did lighten when people moved even in the examples you give. It became much lighter once diets changed from mostly meat to mostly farming. I’m not sure why this would be strange and Africa is very different from Eastern Europe and Northern Europe. The genetic diversity isn’t really what’s being talked about though, it’s the location that matters. So far UV light maps correlate heavily with skin color, vitamin D rich diets correlate heavily with skin color, migrations to less UV intense environments correlates heavily with skin color even in other human species, dark skinned people today are more likely to suffer from vitamin D deficiencies, people with lighter skin are more likely to burn under the sun. So far it’s the theory with the most support.
@@TmanRock9 "The population in the United States with the best bone health happens to be the African-American population," says Dr. Ravi Thadhani, a professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and lead author of the study. "But almost 80 percent of these individuals are defined as having vitamin D deficiency. This was perplexing."
@@ddcc66 Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012) Monitoring Editor: Alexander Muacevic and John R Adler “Race was identified as a significant risk factor, with African-American adults having the highest prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency (82.1%, 95% CI, 76.5%-86.5%) followed by Hispanic adults (62.9%; 95% CI, 53.2%-71.7%) [3]. “
@@ddcc66 Dr. Ravi “whites in the United States have higher vitamin D levels and blacks have lower vitamin D levels, yet blacks have higher bone mineral density than whites, they have the lowest rates of fractures compared to whites, they have the lowest rates of osteoporosis compared to whites, but yet we continue to define them as vitamin D deficient and it's that paradox that this paper was trying to address.” Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003 “We reviewed reports of nutritional rickets among US children
Also, you forgot to mention African populations also have the highest levels of genetic and phenotypic variation. As a consequence, African populations today harbor more genetic diversity than any other population in the world among all humans, and the genetic diversity found in non-Africans represents only a subset of that found in Africa.
Outstanding video -- well made and very educational. This should be used in Elementary school through undergrad education so that we can start demystifying race and skin color.
We humans first lived in one place and from there we moved to every corner of the world.. Modern technology has brought us together again but there is a lot of hatred in today's times... Excellent vedio❤
Of course, it was briefly mentioned in the video. Natural selection or survival of the fittest. Lighter skin correlates with less intense sunlight and longer winters as lighter skin allows for more vitamin D production. More vitamin D meant benefits, with benefits for the immune system probably being the main driver of natural selection.
@@tariraiduring the ice ages the sea level was a lot lower so a lot places where there are seas and oceans it was possible to walk across dry land obviously the Australian aborigines had to go by boat because the Wallace straits were always covered by water
as an indonesian which located near equator and i have light to medium brown skin color. i asume that my ancestor skin color is like to dark, became brown, walk to little bit north and became light brown, come down and became brown again lol. and make my skin so easy being dark by expose to the sun after some minutes but come back lighter after couple hours.
The human adaptation/evolution is amazing. The effects of interbreeding causing birth defects to come out, allowing for expansion and growth to other parts of the earth all point to an all wise Creator. I love it. One day when evolutionary sciencists and non-fanatic people of faith/creationists can hold hands on this, it will be a wonderful day in deed. We need that Celestial Scientist to continue to reveal and allow us to discover these amazing evidences.
Mixed humans are civilized unmixed ones aren’t we usually see dangerous behaviors from west Africans north Europeans and East Asians but not as much from the tanned people in the Americas middleast south Europe North Africa India it’s very rare
@@user-wy8bo1ys9b I struggle with that idea. Often the evolutionary process’ efforts to explain human evolution falls into the roots of racism. Not that anyone putting forward human evolution from apes is a racist, but the idea breads it. I would propose nurture over nature for the heightened aggressiveness. Maybe that is what you were suggesting. I believe a creator made humans different and apart from/above the remaining animal kingdom.
@@papasteph3226 every nation is known for specific personality and characteristics? For us Iraqis its loyalty and very strong emotions, for Africans its strength and aggressiveness for Europeans its power and greed for Asians its stealing and copying and so on, and of course I’m not saying it’s bad to be emotional or wanting power or wanting to be strongest among all humans this is normal human behaviors it’s just every nation adopted its own style which was built off its nature and society
Very good video simplistically explaining the genetics of skin colour but why do the natives in the Arctic and North America still have brown skin? Also skin colour isn't just skin deep, along with skin colour there are drastic differences in facial features and other distinguishable phenotypes denoting various races and ethnic groups.
A simplified version for why the natives of the Americas retained dark skin despite living in higher latitudes like the Europeans is because of diet. UV rays helps in the development of vitamin D. When the early European farmers switched to a grain based diet that lacks vitamin D, their skin lighten to better absorb UV rays to produce sufficient Vitamin D with the little sunlight they were exposed to. The natives in the American Arctic however got their Vitamin D from their diets such as salmon. Since they got their Vitamin D from their diet there was no selective pressure for their skin to lighten. The evolution of skin color has other factors than just the sun. Hope this over simplified explanation helps.
Some were paler. Natives in the patagonia weren't much more darker than the average spaniard or italian. Look up tehuelches. Some are dark, but some are quite pale too.
Old science. Even still, it was the oldest human fossils we have found are in Africa. That’s a big leap from all humans started in Africa. More updated archaeological findings show that it is far more likely. The human beings began in the fertile crescent and what spread from there Into Africa into Europe into Asia into the Americas
Not really since humans and TJ start in the same place by necessity of genetics. You cannot have the same species appear in different locations just like you can’t have a brother from two different parents. Also genetics traces all humans back into Africa, the oldest tools are found in Africa, the youngest human ancestors lived in Africa, and the closest human relative alive in Africa. There is no evidence to suggest humans started there. Genetics contradicts it, paleontology contradicts it, archeologist contradicts it.
Cut to the chase, the first humans, originating in Africa were dark skin, considered black by today's standards. After spreading over Africa, they eventually migrated out of Africa, spread across the globe, the farther they got from the equator the less pigmentation they produced to protect them against the suns and their features changed to adapt to the climates, the most extreme and harsh of the climate being in the northern hemisphere creating the most change in appearance. A physical mutation that took tens of thousands of years in the northern hemisphere we now call Europe..... That's it plain and simple.
The more I read up on science and history, the more I'm convinced god exists. There's too much coincidence that has to happen to come from the "big bang" to where we are today.
You think everything is a coincidence because science doesn't mention the millions of failures that happened for the one good thing that survived. Evolution is NOT a straight line. It's a tree with many branches that go no where.
It's a really good video. However you had not included Western European hunter gatherers, one of the earliest and most interesting human migration waves in Europe that contributes to current population in the area. They are said to have been dark-skinned or at least not very light-skinned, and were all blue-eyed.
You have to look at the Lin study. The mutation of light skin alleles are ancestral in Africans and derived in Eurasians/Western Asians. Hence variations of brown skin such as comparison brown of Dinka to Fulbe to Khoisan are all African skin variations inherited by Western Asians who essentially were more Africans. This is why Europeans from 10k years ago and older phenotypically resembled modern Sub-Saharan Africans and so did their genotypes.
How did the skin pigmentations of lighter skin only affect the northern latitude and not the southern latitude in the 10000 year it took the northern melatonin to mutate?
Because the southern latitudes generally had no need for it so it wasn’t selected for. If the mutations made it to people in South Africa or South America or souther Asia then there’s no reason it should be selected for. In the north people with lighter skin had a better chance of survival so those with darker skin would slowly die out.
@@brianpeppers7455 it’s not like nature is actually selecting something. It’s just a fancy way to say that beneficial/neutral gene variations/mutations live while negative ones perish.
@@TmanRock9 Thats like saying people who still use animal based plows die because mechanical plows exist. Natural selection is pseudo scientific at best.
Editing and adjusting is taking place daily slowly @@uggali We need to have our own dna base and information and verify and confirm stuff We using western methods and answers as a math equations without confirminf the origin of the results they presented us
and to all those are racist... your ancestors have a very different skin color, face features etc... from you but you still have the same blood and thanks to them you are born.
You did not mention that Aborigines' from Australia are thought to have been the first human populations in South America but were largely wiped out by advancing Asians, there is a small group left on Islands in south Argentina. The ones in north east Brazil were all overtaken by the Asians.
We're all human inhabiting a single spherical star orbiting planet, speaking seven thousand languages as we travel thirty kilometres per second through space. We're all African and we've colonised and recolonised the planet again and again with various languages and narratives. Now we live with a world wide web in our hands, smartphone connected to each other.
Wich means the first skin color would have been the olive distinctive skin of north African Wich means No matter if you are black or white olive oil is what makes one comple I will proceed to go plan olive trees
@@omarsali2990it actually does not mean that at all especially knowing that those who occupy that area today are just as indigenous to Africa as the Native Americans are to America. The original humans were Black. All others are nothing more than the offspring who mutated. Nice try though. Nothing predates Blackness, even the universe knows that Dark Matter.
they were t black they were kinda caramel something like that they look a lot like north africans color wise since obvioudly norh africans semems to be the first place where modern humans started to emmerge they quickly became black when migrating to the other places in africa they needed more melanine to survive there then they started spreding for some reason that s where the other skin tones started to emerge@@hueyabeyi4240
Damn I only asked this question today on a channel called Without History, it is for African history. You cleared up everything man. This video also proves, original Kemets were indeed Eumelaninated.
As a geneticist I believe people should understand that from a biological perspective there are no human races. Race is a concept that is applied to domestic animals. Animals in which genetic diversity is limited to the extent that the variety within each race is smaller than between those races. The genetic diversity in humans within the so called races is much bigger than the differences between the races. The idea of human races therefor comes from bad understanding of genetics and evolution. Yet race does exist in (criminal) profiling and politics. Than it refers to traits we can easily identify people with. But we should understand this use is not explanatory, only instrumental. People who use race in an explanatory way should realize they are mixing things up. Race can not be part of a fact based root cause analysis.
Skin tone was simply an adaptation to the level of exposure to UV-B a group got. Vitamin D is central to understanding the relationship between skin color and geography. There is a geographical pattern between skin color and distance from the equator. At more northern or southern latitudes, the level of UVB rays hitting Earth’s surface decreases due to the planet’s tilt. The equator is bathed year-round in UVB rays, but seasonal variations mean that people in Northern Europe receive virtually no UVB exposure in winters. Humans living near the equator developed darker skin tones, while those in northern climates developed lighter hues. High humidity also decreases UVB levels, as marked by the contrast between skin tones of early humans living in dry equatorial Africa and moist equatorial South America. The dearth of UVB rays in northern climates put positive evolutionary pressure on early migratory humans to ramp up Vitamin D production, skin tone was simply an adaptation to the level of exposure to UV-B a group got. In dark-skinned people, eumelanin is dominant and acts as a natural sunscreen; fairer-skinned individuals have much more pheomelanin.
Difference is not only restricted to skin color, but skeleton, digestion, Brain capacity, Disease resistance capacity, so many more things. Again African origin hypothesis is not scientifically established fact, it may also possible that it started at different places
Not really. It’s established scientific fact that Homo sapiens and all other species of human originated in East Africa. The fossil record is clear and unequivocal. I’m white but my ancient ancestors are African as are all of us. If you disagree give me some evidence - you can’t as there is none.
@@tariraiYeah it’s an established fact humanity comes from East Africa. It’s undeniable and no one can argue with the fossil record. The funny thing is all other races of human other than sub Saharan Africans mixed with other species of human like the Neanderthal. For example most Europeans have 2% Neanderthal DNA. Those of Sub Saharan ancestry have 0 to like 0.1% as they didn’t migrate and interbreed. So in a sense, Sub saharan Africans of today are more ‘homo sapien’ than anyone else on the planet 😂
Tis video is generally good. But there are better videos on this topic that explain that the genetic mutations producing lighter skin or the result of evolutionary pressures that included people migrating to areas where the low exposure to the sun's radiation, and diets that were very low in vitamin D sources. Some of those other videos even show groups of people who maintain their dark skin, even though they lived in areas of low sun exposure, because their diet contained rich sources of vitamin D. Also, the graphics depiction doesn’t represent what we now know from archeology and studies done on genetic material, which revealed the earliest people to inhabit Europe were dark skinned. The skin lightening mutation is relatively recent, evolutionary speaking, as evidenced through genetic tests in recently discovered remains that pointed to dark skinned people with blue eyes in southern Spain, and dark skinned peoples in Britain (because they lacked the genetic markers of later lighter skinned people). IN other words - we're making too big a deal out of something scientifically explained.
Its not just in the skin colour, homosapien are subjected to change in physical appearance due to affect of regional climate, gravity and food they are having, and especially we can observe changes in height and facial (nose) structure of people. Main thing we should keep in mind that it's not a over the night thing, these adaptations by human body takes thousands of years to become evolutionary changes in DNA level.
Since Neanderthals were already in Europe long before H. Sapiens, what color was their skin? I think this is important, since they interbred to a certain extent. Good video.
If desperate for origins of white skin, it doesn't need another humanoid species: dark skinned Africans also give birth to white skinned Albino children. The Khoisan in Southern Africa have skin tone akin to Asians, very light skinned. I know the world is more comfortable with difference and separation. Otherwise, how does one feel special, but the science suggests that current humans come from your and my ancestors. Black people in Africa carry skin tones from blue black to lighter skins indistinguishable from typical Scandinavian
@@tarirai I think he is just asking what Neanderthals looked like including skin color. Yes, ‘white’ skin came from a mutation and natural selection in those African Homo sapiens that migrated to Europe - it makes sense as Europe was much colder and the sun which is needed for vitamin D was in short supply so humans who had white skin had an advantage in that they could get more vitamin D in these colder environments where the sun was not present for months at a time…. But yes we are all from the same root of the same tree that came from East Africa.
Arabs are not light skin Like Jesus also a brown man White people in Egypt iran is from Alexander army And slave from Europe Turk have Mongolian face but today people think Turkish people represent real turk
They are called Amazigh/Berbers, and they have been living in North Africa for thousands of years. Stop with this "North Africa was black" bullshit, berbers are still there to this day.
When I was a kid I asked about dark skin tone being just a matter of environment.. the answer I got from her/him (don´t remember who) was like this was a forbidden topic and I couldn´t talk about it. Like, it was racist or something... I still have the feeling I had at that moment, as if what I said was nonsense. I am 54 yo.
It's adaptation. As a modern day African, don't worry most of us will answer your question. Or you could also just Google. You did nothing wrong. Hope you heal from that. Ppl are indeed sensitive about it because most of the time that question is not asked with good intentions. Also, as I mentioned, the info can easily be obtained online.
If this is combined with the Haplogroup tracing, it would be good to explain by age. First European Y Haplo is C but extinct now, Then F, R was major influx. By the simple comparison, this F, R descendant could have this mutation. Prevailing Y Haplo in Europe is F ( I, J) and R (R1a/b). However, the explanation in East Asia is simplified. The prevailing East Asia (Including Siberia) Y Haplos are N, O. These are descendant of the H/K then mutated to NO. Currently Notth Eastern India, Yunnan China, Burma (Miyamnar) region. (This point you missed, the group moved to North East (Siberia) from Ukraine region went to back to West again. These group majorly Haplo R) Anyway these 2 groups (NO) moved to North and East have the pale skin, but O moved towards South has not. Conclusion. Skin color is decided mutation and this is caused by latitude.
My understanding is that diet was an important part of more recent trends in light skin coupled with reduced exposure to sunlight in the more northern latitudes. This has to do with the advent of agriculture and lack of vitamin D in diets compared to hunter gatherers. It is said that people from 10,000 years ago in england were darker in skin color compared to those now living in the UK.
@@loquat44-40this video is about the appearance of the genetic mutation for light skin in human genome and migration history, light skin is not just pale skin but also light brown skin.
@@zeff8820 The point is that diet is considered as the selector factor or driver. Normally darker skin protects against UV and is selected for. The theory is that hunter, gatherer peoples got enough Vit D via diet. Agricultural peoples often lack Vit D. So that is considered the driver for lighter skin or least so it is stated for Europe that has the lightest skinned people. So the result is lighter skin pigmentation whether you want to call it light brown or pink or whatever lighter pigmentation.
This is the best explained video on this topic I have ever seen. Thanks so much for an easy yet fun, interesting and informativ video! :D Keep up the good work! :D
Perfect 🙆🏻♀️. you are one of mostest excellent scholars. 98% 맞음🙆♀️ Koreans(NEA) are much more like Uralic & LAPP(sami) peoples than outgroup(afb1b3) =any other Asians genetically by human race 'Cavalli-Sforza phylogenetic trees'(alleles)&Fst.
These studies need to be included in basic K-12 education.
It can't because most people don't believe in evolution
They don't want to be accused of racism.
@@Name-kd5jjwhy would learning a history of skin color can lead to racism?
@@firaca100 Because to some people everything is racist. Acknowledging race is considered racist to some people. They say its a "social construct" made up by white people to oppress nonwhites. But then white people don't exist because race is a social construct and ......... well now I've confused myself.
@firaca100 any kind of ethnic studies would have huge backlash if taught in schools, some people don't believe in rave, and think it's racist to even be talking about it, Ethnology has a bad reputation from Nazi Germany and the Slave States of the Southern US too
Excellent video. A small correction: according to the latest genetic data,the first Europeans had dark skin.Eventually, during the Mesolithic, they developped blue eyes, but their skin remained dark until the arrival of the neolithic farmers
Neanderthal were dark skinned and because of that suffered from ricketts.
Blue eyes came from Eurasia about 8000 years ago.
Faux science. If I came from Africa according to evolution theory then why no african dna?
Explain RH- blood then?
@euro-ganationalist lool we wuz master race deffo as bad as we wuz kangs
Thank you. Even with a PhD in cell biology I struggle to express the core principles of evolution as meaningfully as you do here. You present the relevant facts without bombarding your audience with a bunch of extra gobbledygook. Again, thank you.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873ask your mom she knows all about
Thanks for already saying what I wanted to say. :) ☀️💙🌷🌱
@@jeromepowell1873 He knows what he is talking about and explains it very well. If he does not and you do can you explain it for us?
@celeste5607 Ok, this guy stated that Africans migrated to the so-called Middle East, India, and Australia. He stated that a mutation took place when they reached the so-called Middle East, and they became lighter, then those people migrated into Europe and became even lighter. While others migrated into North Africa. This statement ignores the evidence of the Black Grimaldi African who were the first human beings to enter Europe. The mutation that took place was due to the ice age. Black skin in an arctic environment is a liability due to the fact that Black skin requires more sun for vitamin D than white skin. It was the mutation known as albinoidism that made this possible. Also, he wants you to believe that Africans had the wherewithal to migrate to the so-called Middle East, India, and Australia, but not North Africa. Supposedly, it took these white-ish looking people to migrate and populate North Africa. This is done intentionally to make people believe that the ancient Egyptians weren't Black. Also, this implies that these white-ish Arab people came into existence right after Black people. This is incorrect. They are more than likely one of the last people to come into existence as a result of crossbreeding. This is also the case for all other people outside of Blacks and Whites.
Good video. I think it’s important to note that that larger population of humans who stayed in Africa continued to diversify genetically.
I found it really interesting that many DNA Haplotypes for "Celtic" and "Germanic" and others exist in Africa. Like long lost cousins, literally
Recent DNA and Paleo research has put the out of Africa theory in doubt.... More like out of Africa as H Erectus and BACK into Africa as H Sapiens with admixture of Neanderthal and Denesovian.......
@@CETGale I don’t think doubt is the right word. It certainly questions the idea that archaic humans developed solely in Africa. Regardless the fact remains that Homo sapiens sapiens are more genetically diverse in Africa by a long shot. I mean extremely more diverse.
@@CETGale Exactly...this guy is F of S. There are still 3 major species living today.
@@kudjoeadkins-battle2502 Because we've "expanded" the definition of "human" to fit EVERYONE in. Any other mammals would be considered different species. It's ALL political.
That's a highly simplified yet precise gist on a complex topic. I would also like it to have the topic of how even the appearances(facial, physical, cranial) changed across the people with different skin colors and whether or not it had something to do with intermixing with other human species such as neanderthals and denisovans etc.
Multi regional theory vs out of Africa therory. Genetics is on the side of the Africa theory and states that racial diversity is a very recent product of evolutionary adaptation, not due to intermixing with other species.
I wonder why Africans would leave the plains of plenty and the abundant tropics to migrate towards the desolate, hostile, frozen wastelands . What is the plausibility of the reverse, that humans migrated towards areas of plenty ?
@@tibupanda3648tribal wars force movements..or chasing food like animals.
@@boshirahmed Or perhaps animals were chasing their food (humans)across the planet ...
This. I don't think it's simple as we're making it out. Proto-humans & sibling species often get ignored when considering the overall picture. Bipedal primates were present in different continents by at least a million of years ago, there's no reason to think there couldn't have been more intricate possibilities.
Even trying to figure out origin of a single ethnic group is challenging, doing so with the whole human population would be much more complex. It's not finalised certainly.
Our bodies: *using different skin tones to just survive*
Modern day humans: let’s be racist! 🥸
😂😂😂😂😂
Our species really can be disappointing fr🤦♀️
Even tho all of our ancestors were black at some point
It is not only for skin colour but other appearance defferences like facial structure, hair, body fat etc
I love how you (basically) mentioned we are all one human species. Skin color doesn't matter, it never has and it is something to celebrate our heritage, our ancestry. Great video and I love your shirt.
The sun would say differently
If it is an superior intelligent lifeform out there and they came here.they would probably think it's amazing that we even made it this far with our continued conflicts over trivial things such as color and others.
So true, they'd be disappointed with our lack of progress.@@kennethburnette1153
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
Intelligence would say different.
That was pretty informative! Now the goal is to convince those that think they are something special how special we all are.
Special in a bad way ? Most of us have to take part in a killing to eat. What I like to say to those who think their special ; Whether your Black, White, Yellow, Brown or Red - we all end up Gray (if we're lucky).
If we're all special, doesn't that kinda negate the very meaning of special? How is this not immediately apparent to a profound mind like your own?
@@ilSaponara You’re special……
@@theknow7557😂
The technology is not there to tell whether thousands of years ago the difference between black and white skin. With the Earth changing access even places as far north as Britain with tropical. And we are a different species from sub-saharan Africans The fact remains even to this day they are not even capable of digging a hole to find water they prefer to send their young children to fetch water from miles away. They live a day to day life not thinking about tomorrow. This is the complete opposite of the European Chinese Japanese. It’s not so much skin colour that Matters it’s behavioural differences. They are there in abundance today there is no need to go back thousands of years to try and find them.
After being on this planet only a short 50 years, I can honestly assess that it's truly not the color of the skin, it is the content of character. It's true, we are a product of our environment.
I concur. Strongly. I wish I knew where to start of course many people throughout history have said similar things, and having traveled a lot, I would say about 85% of people are genuinely good people. You have the nicest meal, people come and sit down next to you and ask you questions and are genuinely interested in where you come from… it’s so nice, then you leave your exotic destinations just to find that some dumbass has truck nuts, and the people are rude as hell and the food is terrible. The reverse culture shock I call it!
@@jamesbarker9819 Living in the ultimate melting pot, Orlando, I've met and know people from all over the world. Honestly, I rarely run into bad people, no matter their origin. Respectfulness is the key to a lot of interactions. Not to say someone needs to bow and scrape for others, only speak and otherwise interact without pretension or bias. I find 90% of all interactions are pleasant, even if backgrounds are completely dissimilar.
FYI, for anyone who didn't know, there are footprints in the White Sands Desert in New Mexico that have been confirmed to be 21,000-23,000 years old, which are the oldest pieces of evidence of humans in the Americas.
There is also evidence of human settlements at Monte Verde in southern Chile that may be as old as 18,000 years. This site, in particular, may indicate that some humans migrated to the Americas by boats down the coasts--or even perhaps across the Pacific from Asia. Our understanding of history in the Americas is being massively rewritten. Very exciting times.
Thank you, I was thinking when I watched this “I hope they don’t show people crossing Beringia at 12,000-15,000 years ago.” And then they did 🤦🏻♂️
As long as you confirm Europeans came from Africa, the I can agree with what you said. Africans birthed europe.
@@thatdude3977 I mean everyone’s ancestors came from Africa at some point. Nothing I said says otherwise…
@@stephenborunda then type it and say it out loud. Africans created/settled europe!!
@thatdude3977
2 months ago (edited)
As long as you confirm Europeans came from Africa, the I can agree with what you said. Africans birthed europe.
When Europeans came to Africa, they were pretty much still in the Stone Age. They have not developed a wheel agriculture or pack animals
If you somehow believe Africans could turn into white people magically with the power of evolution. You are lost and Envious
At the same time, they collected blood samples for genetic studies. They sequenced more than 4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-places where a single letter of the genetic code varies across the genomes of 1570 of these Africans. They found four key areas of the genome where specific SNPs correlate with skin color.
The first surprise was that SLC24A5, which swept Europe, is also common in East Africa-found in as many as half the members of some Ethiopian groups. This variant arose 30,000 years ago and was probably brought to eastern Africa by people migrating from the Middle East, Tishkoff says. But though many East Africans have this gene, they don’t have white skin, probably because it is just one of several genes that shape their skin color.
The team also found variants of two neighboring genes, HERC2 and OCA2, which are associated with light skin, eyes, and hair in Europeans but arose in Africa; these variants are ancient and common in the light-skinned San people. The team proposes that the variants arose in Africa as early as 1 million years ago and spread later to Europeans and Asians. “Many of the gene variants that cause light skin in Europe have origins in Africa,” Tishkoff says.
The most dramatic discovery concerned a gene known as MFSD12. Two mutations that decrease expression of this gene were found in high frequencies in people with the darkest skin. These variants arose about a half-million years ago, suggesting that human ancestors before that time may have had moderately dark skin, rather than the deep black hue created today by these mutations.
These same two variants are found in Melanesians, Australian Aborigines, and some Indians. These people may have inherited the variants from ancient migrants from Africa who followed a “southern route” out of East Africa, along the southern coast of India to Melanesia and Australia, Tishkoff says. That idea, however, counters three genetic studies that concluded last year that Australians, Melanesians, and Eurasians all descend from a single migration out of Africa. Alternatively, this great migration may have included people carrying variants for both light and dark skin, but the dark variants later were lost in Eurasians.
To understand how the MFSD12 mutations help make darker skin, the researchers reduced expression of the gene in cultured cells, mimicking the action of the variants in dark-skinned people. The cells produced more eumelanin, the pigment responsible for black and brown skin, hair, and eyes. The mutations may also change skin color by blocking yellow pigments: When the researchers knocked out MFSD12 in zebrafish and mice, red and yellow pigments were lost, and the mice’s light brown coats turned gray. “This new mechanism for producing intensely dark pigmentation is really the big story,” says Nina Jablonski, an anthropologist at Pennsylvania State University in State College.
The study adds to established research undercutting old notions of race. You can’t use skin color to classify humans, any more than you can use other complex traits like height, Tishkoff says. “There is so much diversity in Africans that there is no such thing as an African race.”
www.science.org/content/article/new-gene-variants-reveal-evolution-human-skin-color
Sure, there's a lot of diversity in Africa, but the people's that left Africa, particularly those that became modern Europeans are all quite closely related. Further, the people that migrated out of Africa, particularly those that were exposed to extremely harsh and cold conditions for prolonged periods of time, developed a host of other mutations/adaptations according to those pressures, which happen to correlate to great extant with skin color. One key feature that seems to have been selected for in these populations was much larger brains, and greater intelligence. It doesn't take much looking in order to observe this blatantly obvious fact. The question is, why do folks go so far out of the way to deny it?
@@ilSaponara That’s hilarious! Are you talking about the same people that just came out of the dark ages only 500 years ago? You gotta be kidding me! Intelligence? That would come with the people that were on the planet for over 300K years.
The people that are a mutation that just came about in humans about 6K years are obviously recipients of the knowledge & civilizations that existed long before the mutant for of human came into existence.
At what point in history do you think European civilization begins? Let’s talk about it.
What is your argument on intelligence? I'm curious.
@@ilSaponarathere is no evidence showing Europeans have larger brains than others hyper intelligence is something that evolved in our lineage long ago way before different races even existed and all races in the modern day brought up in similar cultures and opportunities perform almost the same intelligence wise hence why we have Nigerian Americans, south and East Asians achieving a lot in the science and tech world. Stop spreading racist propaganda
@@ilSaponaraignorance… larger brains do not correlate to higher intelligence this is an old and bigoted theory.. I think you sir may just be a racist
Amazing. You unleashed so much scientific facts and revealed so much information in such a short video. And ended with such thoughtful phrase or how important and at same time how skin deep skin colour is. Great job!🎉
This is one of the better comments sections on RUclips lol great video !
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873 yo you are doing this in every comment lmfao
@@GayouyaRed Because I want you all to know.
@@jeromepowell1873 im doing this topic for my ia. what should I know?
@@jeromepowell1873what you want us to know? I am curious.
THANK YOU for a technically sound, informative and scientific evaluation of what makes us all different- essentially nothing, we are not different, we are all the same biologically. Yes, there are some gene differences, height, fat deposition, body proportions, eye colour, hair colour, body hair distribution etc, due to adaptation to cold, food, and similar, however, this happens in populations of animals, but in humans, there is not enough difference to create a subspecies or anything similar. However, humans do manufacture culture, and linked to that, religion and it is that which determines our different negative behaviours to each other, colour is just a useful tool for people to use to highlight different cultural norms and then judge other cultures based on our internally generated views of the world, eg cannibalism, child brides, FGM etc. We are just all the same, let's just get on with working together and stop finding fault in anyone who is not our colour. Culture is a different thing though. Great video.
That was great ! Thank you ! Hopefully many more people read this
Very intelligent comment!!
For me it's simple... You respect me, i respect you no matter ''what race color''..
There was also another migration from the Middle East to North India which explains the lighter tone to the south where there was a direct migration from Africa.
Basically everyone migrated at some point or other.😂😂
@@laxmikant7427 We’re talking about a migration shift that changed the DNA of a population.
@@vikmeghauncle max Northies are dark brown skin coloured
Myself from up 😂
By North he mean, j&k, hp, Punjab, Himachal, haryana and western UP@@ammu2658
@@ammu2658in North some are dark , some are fair , some are in not dark not fair but yeah mostly people are dark
Scientists at the University of Oxford have applied computer modelling to thousands of ancient and modern genomes to create a vast family tree showing how individuals across the world are related to each other, and from where they originated.
It suggests that everyone is partially related to a group of hominids who lived in north-east Africa more than a million years ago. It even points to a grid reference: 19.4N, 33.7E, a small area of Sudan.
This guy doesn't know what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873 This guy which guy? Oxford geneticists? Or the video narrator?
@@ANDROLOMA This guy and this video.
@@jeromepowell1873 Now I need to review what it is you say he doesn't know, because I forgot what it was he said.
@@jeromepowell1873 Educate us...
How you explain the change of chape of eyes, hair etc.
Those are mutations as well
its bs
Sounds to me like a whole lot of speculation rather than any "scientific proof."
@@brandonprovidence7561and the government is controlling your mind through your phone is that correct?
Do you believe that somehow we left Africa and magically turn into Asians and then they left Asia and magically turn into Europe?
It’s the same Darwinism who is preaching in the 18th century we know way more now DNA and everything they’re saying is false pushing a agenda
If we all came from Africa, why doesn’t Africans have any Neanderthal?
and why doesn’t Europeans have sickle cell??
So if we’re all from Africa, how can there be racist?
Very Good information about Human's body colour how its change in Evolution and still changing 👍
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
He still didn't explain, just showed a map that we already knew without a map lol.
Um, apparently it either it only changed in some groups or some groups did not evolve. If you insist of on tying it to "evolution".
Thank you. I have no scientific background yet I travel extensively and read and study voraciously. It didn’t take much other than thinking and paying attention to location and skin tones to figure out the reason for differences. It was pure common sense. As well as having brain cells. Of course I knew nothing about the scientific information behind it like mutations… that’s easily read to find out. Or watch things like this. But I always knew all human life started in Africa. And how migration changed how ppl look. What sickens me are deniers. Usually religious backed ones who don’t think. And still believe in Adam and Eve and that bull. I stf away from all of those limited eejits. White skin is not superior in any way. Only in the minds of morons.
Name ONE black or brown 1st world country...just one. Name one 3rd world White country. You can't. Now...start thinking about that and what you've been told...that there's NO difference. See how they don't match up? "You always knew" things that just aren't so. It's easier to fool people than it is to convince them that they've been fooled. "Humans" didn't walk out of central Africa 70,000 as black Negroids...and suddenly become White Caucasians. How do you explain White people containing 5% Neanderthal DNA? If they were a different species...how did we mate? What about Asians? Some have 8% Denisovan DNA. They were a "different species" too. You've been fooled...for political reasons. There are still at least 3 species of "human" living on this planet.
The interesting thing is how this only touches on skin color mutations, but there are so many other differences in features too, not just skin color. Completely different eyelid shapes, completely different nostrils, some nostrils for more oxygen intake, completely different hair types, different muscle types, different bone lengths, etc. etc.
And different brains, and behavior patterns obviously
Extensive research across many disciplines. Final presentation very good, full of facts but without clutter.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
@Lz1508 No he absolutely made no sense.
@Lz1508 My first problem is he wants you to think that Africans had the wherewithal to migrate to the so-called middle east, India and Australia, but not to North Africa because they don't want you to know the ancient Egyptians were Black. My second problem is African people didn't migrate to the so-called middle east and mutate. The African Grimaldi entered Eurasia somewhere around France or Russia and evolved or mutated in order to survive in an ice environment. There are only three well defined races, the Black, the White and the Yellow. Everyone else came into existence due to crossbreeding. Which is the case with those white looking people he supposedly believes spread into Europe, Asia and North Africa.
@@jeromepowell1873 you know nothing
@jeromepowell18. Thanks for explaining. I found that his presentation had many holes as well, including the omission of Black African presence in the Americas, which researchers like Dr. Imhotep have documented.
This is one of the best descriptions I've seen of the Out of Africa hypothesis. Your inclusion of these specific mutations as biological markers really helps illustrate not only the migratory pathway, but also the effects of natural selection on phenotype. Well done. I'll have to check out some more of these!
Excellent.. informative.. factual... well presented!! Keeps you watching... All around.. outstanding job! 5 stars. Keep up the research!
What colour were Neanderthals? Did mixing with th we m influence skin colour of humans?
There europeans are white , remember egyptians looks like sudanees because thete were in africa and constanty in the sun ....and desert eygpt is north sudan...
@@devinking6477
Afrocentric delusions
Neanderthals started from Africa just like everyone else. If modern humans were in Africa then they were too.
Scientists don't really know what Color Neanderthals were. Some were dark, some were light, just like humans.
@@devinking6477white people come from a different source no one knows where or who the source is but the black man was created by the actual hand of god and the breath of god in him made in the image of god who represents the light we stand in the light and get more beautiful white skin stands in the light and burn and the actual dna becomes damaged in the same light that makes everything else on the planet flourish because where you come from it’s dark the white race was planed here the Bible says the wheat and tear will grow together and here we are
I naturally knew this already without no one teaching me, it just felt like common sense
Without “no one” teaching you? 😂
Why were the first humans full of melanin in the first place is what I find fascinating. The same Sun that gave Earth so much good, referenced itself in humans. I truly believe we haven't scratched the surface on this issue.
Because they originated in areas with high UV light.
@@TmanRock9exactly and the dark skin protects us from the sun.
I find it weird that the Earth is mostly covered in ice with a blanket of fog, but somehow people were getting massive tan and turning black before the end of the Ice Age
lol
@@19ate4 Way to show your ignorance in public
LOL
It's bloody hot in Africa. That's why. Especially along the equator where humans supposedly originated.
Simplified is an understatement thank you for your video
Let this be the teaching in schools in the west and Asia
"Weee wuz kaaaangs"
This guy doesn't know what he's talking about.
@@jeromepowell1873yes he does, unlike you
@@VshapeDinonobody said that, Karen
@Mayan_88694 Actually, he doesn't.
Here is a subject I have not seen discussed. All animals have a skin covering, most mammals have hair. Animals like bears have a lot of hair and fat which protects them from the elements. All of our ape cousins and our ancestors had full coverings of hair on their bodies for protection from the elements. At what point in our evolution did we lose the hair covering and become just naked skin and what environmental or genetic change would have made this an advantage .
Our ancestors developed the trait to sweat to recover from running and other actives to chase animals to eat,
Plus it was hot as hell in Africa so we ain need fur
@@y_e_s_L According to Darwinians, the animals humans were pursuing would also lose their hair as an evolutionary advantage to escape the hunters. Africa is hot during the day but cold as hell at night, so losing the fur would only be an advantage half the time. In those circumstances it would be more logical for us to evolve with hair like dogs which has 2 coats and one coat sheds in hot weather.
@@oldschool1993 😂
@@oldschool1993that’s not how it works, having less hair isn’t the only way to survive as a distance runner but it isnt unheard of. Have you noticed that horses for example do not have much fur specifically because they sweat a little bit because they are distance runners.
By the time humans were losing their fur they already had fire so no need to worry about the night time.
What about eye and hair colour compared to skin and latitude?
Vitiligo
That is not the answer to my question. British people generally have darker hair and more often brown eyes but also more pale skin than scandinavians, why.?
@@jouvaryfewer days of sun
Its all natural selection. If you could study how it works then everything will be easy for you.
Natural selection literally turned a fish into a frog then to reptile.
So change in eye color isn't much of a concern
Very good information. What about everything else, like face shapes, facial features, body shapes, human height? we are so physically different from each other. It is not just about skin color.
Inbreeding in isolated populations.
It’s suggesting humans adapt to the country’s shade/ skin tone where they’re from
B S
@@JamesBrooks-hj3dz you probably think the world is flat. you ever stand in the sun and get a tan? that can happen in minutes, our skin can develope to enviroments, imagine wht happens in 100,00 years. did u not know that? PLEASE EDUCATE YOURSELF
@@JamesBrooks-hj3dzwhy’s that?
This was beautiful
I have been searching for something like this for a while! Think I will have to subscribe.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
Me too looking it for years
Ws in the comments
@@mdferoz1329 This video is inaccurate.
@@jeromepowell1873 yes .i also notice some of the mistakes .but atleast he is on the point.
finally youtube is suggesting me some good content.
I am not against the idea of human adaptation to environmental determinants. However I am curious to understand why indigenous populations around the equator share different skin tones and hair types. Should they not share the same characteristics?
What place are you talking about specifically because if I think about it indigenous populations around the equator are all pretty much dark skin. I don’t think hair type is determined by the climate but I’m not sure.
The only people I can think of who have lighter skin tones around the equator are the Khoisan and some of the natives in South America but they are still dark skinned. There are different variations of the genes associated with dark skin so the South Americans may just have different gene variations for dark skin or it could be that they have inherited certain gene variations from Neanderthals associated with lighter skin or inherited gene variations for lighter skin when they evolved in North America or east Asia. If I remember right recent studies show the latter to be the case.
The Khoisan inherited gene variations for lighter skin from west Asians a few thousands years ago. For some reason it was strongly selected for despite the area the Khoisan lives, indicating a need for more sun exposure.
@@TmanRock9 Thank you for your interesting response. The San occupy the subtropical area of South Africa and their lighter shade is an anomaly amidst the much darker Khoi or Bantu population. I am very surprised that you assert that they got this from a western Asian gene pool . This is quite an amazing take on the Out of Africa theory of human migration. It is afterall an intricate and complex topic.
About the straight hair...the pin straight hair of South Amerindians of Equatorial Amazonia is in stark contrast to the curly hair of inhabitants of Equatorial Africa . Both populations though being dark skinned show up major differences in their tans. I can only assume that the Amerindian population settled Amazonia from a recent extraneous genepool .
@@tibupanda3648based on the main migration routes showcased also in the video, people migrated from Africa into Asia, then all the way through Asia and up into the north, then via bering strait over to the north of north America and then across north America and eventually passing down into south America where they finally arrived back near the equator.
Ofc they were by that time different from those still in Africa (who didn't migrate literally around the world sideways and go far north and then south again on the way).
@@Heroesflorian Thank you. Sounds logical.
@TmanRock9 I'm sorry but do you just think that Africa = equatorial? Cause the San are found in southern Africa. Nowhere near the equator.
Some says homo breed with the local species such as neantherdal. Combined gene helps them to adapt local environment
Can you make a similar video about The evolution of straight hair, i searched but couldn't find a similar genetic journey like your video
the sun could be a cause or sweat or head oils creating straight hair if humans came out of Africa and migrated into the Sahara and Arabia that’s once humans got straight hair
Excellent video! Simplified for the simple!
very simplified but still good, even though there were a few mistakes and omission of certain facts.
For the simple minded👍🏿
Keep working hard... Love and support from India
I needed that, watched several long videos and didn't get the jist, now I do!
This was interesting but doesnt seem to check out. As some have already mentioned, dark-skinned people inhabited all regions of the world: hunter gatherers like Cheddar Man were as far north as Europe, the San were as far south as southeast Africa, very dark-skinned people first inhabited Asia, including southern India and parts of East Asia, and many Native Americans are also deep dark-skinned - eventhough they crossed northernmost parts of Asia into the Americas.
It's also strange that a mutation for pale skin would emerge and proliferate immediately out of Africa in a climate region that's little different.
It also seems past time to cease referring to an entire continent of people who carry the highest genetic diversity in the world in such a way that communicates that they are monolithic.
Cheddar man is somewhat lighter than Central Africans, this is because cheddar man still posed mutation for lighter skin.
The San people are as light as they are because they inherited mutations from west Asians some 4,000 years ago. Why this was I don’t think is well understood.
Native Americans themselves are still lighter in the north and darker close to the equator. They possessed their own mutations for lighter skin.
So skin did lighten when people moved even in the examples you give. It became much lighter once diets changed from mostly meat to mostly farming.
I’m not sure why this would be strange and Africa is very different from Eastern Europe and Northern Europe.
The genetic diversity isn’t really what’s being talked about though, it’s the location that matters. So far UV light maps correlate heavily with skin color, vitamin D rich diets correlate heavily with skin color, migrations to less UV intense environments correlates heavily with skin color even in other human species, dark skinned people today are more likely to suffer from vitamin D deficiencies, people with lighter skin are more likely to burn under the sun. So far it’s the theory with the most support.
@@TmanRock9
"The population in the United States with the best bone health happens to be the African-American population," says Dr. Ravi Thadhani, a professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and lead author of the study. "But almost 80 percent of these individuals are defined as having vitamin D deficiency. This was perplexing."
@@ddcc66 Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in the US Population (2011-2012)
Monitoring Editor: Alexander Muacevic and John R Adler
“Race was identified as a significant risk factor, with African-American adults having the highest prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency (82.1%, 95% CI, 76.5%-86.5%) followed by Hispanic adults (62.9%; 95% CI, 53.2%-71.7%) [3]. “
@@ddcc66 Dr. Ravi
“whites in the United States have higher vitamin D levels and blacks have lower vitamin D levels, yet blacks have higher bone mineral density than whites, they have the lowest rates of fractures compared to whites, they have the lowest rates of osteoporosis compared to whites, but yet we continue to define them as vitamin D deficient and it's that paradox that this paper was trying to address.”
Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003
“We reviewed reports of nutritional rickets among US children
These changes didn't happen immediately. It took thousands of years of adaption for this to happen.
Also, you forgot to mention African populations also have the highest levels of genetic and phenotypic variation.
As a consequence, African populations today harbor more genetic diversity than any other population in the world among all humans, and the genetic diversity found in non-Africans represents only a subset of that found in Africa.
Then why do Indians claim to be the most diverse
Such a useful information video. I was searching a video like it.❤️ from Bangladesh 🇧🇩
WOW! VERY COOL AND CONCISE! Actually retained the information 😎
I think the weather also attributes some qualities to it . Cold weather light skin and hot to dark skin.
Not weather, climate.
No. Cloud cover has an influence. Go watch the HHMI video on skin color and learn the difference.
Outstanding video -- well made and very educational. This should be used in Elementary school through undergrad education so that we can start demystifying race and skin color.
Yet it also carries the weight of atrocities that humans have perpetuated across millennia.
Now that was the point.
Knowledge of self
Bravoo
We humans first lived in one place and from there we moved to every corner of the world.. Modern technology has brought us together again but there is a lot of hatred in today's times... Excellent vedio❤
Great, level-headed, factual presentation.
i wonder if there are also scientific explanations on how the evolution and other geographical patterns influenced the body hair and color.
Of course, it was briefly mentioned in the video.
Natural selection or survival of the fittest.
Lighter skin correlates with less intense sunlight and longer winters as lighter skin allows for more vitamin D production. More vitamin D meant benefits, with benefits for the immune system probably being the main driver of natural selection.
probably not. if we go by this pattern, some aboriginals and melanesians shouldn't have lighter hair colors and dense body hair.
Besides the technical terms, this makes better sense than Adam and Eve story
I have heard so many different stories over the years. It's still interesting nonetheless.
How did they cross oceans? to settle in Australia and Newzeland
Boats🤷♀️
Geography of the Earth has changed over years and of course boats
@@tariraiduring the ice ages the sea level was a lot lower so a lot places where there are seas and oceans it was possible to walk across dry land obviously the Australian aborigines had to go by boat because the Wallace straits were always covered by water
as an indonesian which located near equator and i have light to medium brown skin color. i asume that my ancestor skin color is like to dark, became brown, walk to little bit north and became light brown, come down and became brown again lol. and make my skin so easy being dark by expose to the sun after some minutes but come back lighter after couple hours.
Same with me
In Sri lanka same with me !
The human adaptation/evolution is amazing. The effects of interbreeding causing birth defects to come out, allowing for expansion and growth to other parts of the earth all point to an all wise Creator. I love it. One day when evolutionary sciencists and non-fanatic people of faith/creationists can hold hands on this, it will be a wonderful day in deed. We need that Celestial Scientist to continue to reveal and allow us to discover these amazing evidences.
Mixed humans are civilized unmixed ones aren’t we usually see dangerous behaviors from west Africans north Europeans and East Asians but not as much from the tanned people in the Americas middleast south Europe North Africa India it’s very rare
@@user-wy8bo1ys9b I struggle with that idea. Often the evolutionary process’ efforts to explain human evolution falls into the roots of racism. Not that anyone putting forward human evolution from apes is a racist, but the idea breads it. I would propose nurture over nature for the heightened aggressiveness. Maybe that is what you were suggesting. I believe a creator made humans different and apart from/above the remaining animal kingdom.
@@papasteph3226 every nation is known for specific personality and characteristics? For us Iraqis its loyalty and very strong emotions, for Africans its strength and aggressiveness for Europeans its power and greed for Asians its stealing and copying and so on, and of course I’m not saying it’s bad to be emotional or wanting power or wanting to be strongest among all humans this is normal human behaviors it’s just every nation adopted its own style which was built off its nature and society
Very good video simplistically explaining the genetics of skin colour but why do the natives in the Arctic and North America still have brown skin? Also skin colour isn't just skin deep, along with skin colour there are drastic differences in facial features and other distinguishable phenotypes denoting various races and ethnic groups.
A simplified version for why the natives of the Americas retained dark skin despite living in higher latitudes like the Europeans is because of diet. UV rays helps in the development of vitamin D. When the early European farmers switched to a grain based diet that lacks vitamin D, their skin lighten to better absorb UV rays to produce sufficient Vitamin D with the little sunlight they were exposed to. The natives in the American Arctic however got their Vitamin D from their diets such as salmon. Since they got their Vitamin D from their diet there was no selective pressure for their skin to lighten. The evolution of skin color has other factors than just the sun. Hope this over simplified explanation helps.
Some were paler. Natives in the patagonia weren't much more darker than the average spaniard or italian. Look up tehuelches. Some are dark, but some are quite pale too.
because it is a nonsense explanation. Pseudoscience. The religion of evolution theory - you are with us or against us.
Phenotype was not the topic, he was giving simplified information on the genetics of skin color.
Isn't skin colour a phenotypic representation?@@lapis.lazuli.
Old science. Even still, it was the oldest human fossils we have found are in Africa. That’s a big leap from all humans started in Africa. More updated archaeological findings show that it is far more likely. The human beings began in the fertile crescent and what spread from there Into Africa into Europe into Asia into the Americas
Not really since humans and TJ start in the same place by necessity of genetics. You cannot have the same species appear in different locations just like you can’t have a brother from two different parents. Also genetics traces all humans back into Africa, the oldest tools are found in Africa, the youngest human ancestors lived in Africa, and the closest human relative alive in Africa.
There is no evidence to suggest humans started there. Genetics contradicts it, paleontology contradicts it, archeologist contradicts it.
When I was younger and immature I believed in evolution too. Humans were definitely created.
Ahh.. before you were brainwashed then..
@@straighttalking2090 evolution makes no logical sense. No animal is going to turn into another animal.
Cut to the chase, the first humans, originating in Africa were dark skin, considered black by today's standards. After spreading over Africa, they eventually migrated out of Africa, spread across the globe, the farther they got from the equator the less pigmentation they produced to protect them against the suns and their features changed to adapt to the climates, the most extreme and harsh of the climate being in the northern hemisphere creating the most change in appearance. A physical mutation that took tens of thousands of years in the northern hemisphere we now call Europe..... That's it plain and simple.
Keep it up. Excellent stuff.
I don't think he knows what he's talking about.
Wow thank you very much for the hard work and wisdom you teach us.. blessed king❤
The more I read up on science and history, the more I'm convinced god exists. There's too much coincidence that has to happen to come from the "big bang" to where we are today.
You think everything is a coincidence because science doesn't mention the millions of failures that happened for the one good thing that survived. Evolution is NOT a straight line. It's a tree with many branches that go no where.
It's a really good video. However you had not included Western European hunter gatherers, one of the earliest and most interesting human migration waves in Europe that contributes to current population in the area. They are said to have been dark-skinned or at least not very light-skinned, and were all blue-eyed.
That is fake theory bro
You have to look at the Lin study. The mutation of light skin alleles are ancestral in Africans and derived in Eurasians/Western Asians. Hence variations of brown skin such as comparison brown of Dinka to Fulbe to Khoisan are all African skin variations inherited by Western Asians who essentially were more Africans. This is why Europeans from 10k years ago and older phenotypically resembled modern Sub-Saharan Africans and so did their genotypes.
Thanks for explaining. Muslims also say that the first human Adam was black or brown 🤎 and that what his name means in Arabic .
Lol humans came from evaluation
@@amvideos1041 Your theory has been invalidated . (LOL)
@@SebastianOliverr fella read science book
@@amvideos1041 🙂.
@@SebastianOliverr 😂😂😂 Muslim saarr , Quran sarrr
How did the skin pigmentations of lighter skin only affect the northern latitude and not the southern latitude in the 10000 year it took the northern melatonin to mutate?
Because the southern latitudes generally had no need for it so it wasn’t selected for. If the mutations made it to people in South Africa or South America or souther Asia then there’s no reason it should be selected for. In the north people with lighter skin had a better chance of survival so those with darker skin would slowly die out.
Has more to do with the equator
@@TmanRock9 Imagine believing nature selects anything at all.
@@brianpeppers7455 it’s not like nature is actually selecting something. It’s just a fancy way to say that beneficial/neutral gene variations/mutations live while negative ones perish.
@@TmanRock9 Thats like saying people who still use animal based plows die because mechanical plows exist. Natural selection is pseudo scientific at best.
So, how did their faces evolve into different characteristics?
For similar reasons stated in the video.
I am brown but I like black people and their culture very much😊
Good for you
What race is brown?
@@waweruiantanned European 😂
What is brown? Most “black people” have brown skin color. Very few are actually black colored.
@@UnDark1it just refers to people with majority African ancestors
Old europeans had bit more darker skin, than the indo-europeans who came to conquer Europe had.
Mass extinctions have killed us off many times the story is more complex
0:02 “almost certainly”😭
You must be a child
Yes almost certainly, grow your brain
@@EmpiresRetold almost certainly, you forgot your butplug was in
@@mr.smiths420 naw you’re right sister, Adam and Eve were pure whites
Editing and adjusting is taking place daily slowly @@uggali
We need to have our own dna base and information and verify and confirm stuff
We using western methods and answers as a math equations without confirminf the origin of the results they presented us
Excellent work
and to all those are racist... your ancestors have a very different skin color, face features etc... from you but you still have the same blood and thanks to them you are born.
You did not mention that Aborigines' from Australia are thought to have been the first human populations in South America but were largely wiped out by advancing Asians, there is a small group left on Islands in south Argentina. The ones in north east Brazil were all overtaken by the Asians.
All dark are the originals.
since color is so important to you all, what color was neanderthal ?
I don't know if you can apply such constructs to species other than Sapiens, but speaking strictly of shade of skin, white.
They were dark skin.
@@maragolihistory2118 Neanderthals? What makes you think that?
@@howardbaugh8609 Do your research.
@@maragolihistory2118 Ha! Thanks for admitting you don't know what you're talking about. Neanderthals were white.
Absolutely amazing video ❤❤ thanks!
And what about blood types? Thank you for your work.
This guy doesn't know what he's talking about.
We're all human inhabiting a single spherical star orbiting planet, speaking seven thousand languages as we travel thirty kilometres per second through space. We're all African and we've colonised and recolonised the planet again and again with various languages and narratives. Now we live with a world wide web in our hands, smartphone connected to each other.
"We are all Africans"... 🤣😂🤣
Finally someone who is normal 😂🤲🏾
I can't Thank you enough
@@jiffyyoyo6253 The oldest hominin fossils have been found in Africa. Sorry to disappoint a r----t.
@@Gertyutz 🤣😂🤣
This was awesome!
Great and very informative video, just a suggestion, try to look in the camera sometime, its been a bit uneasy.
The oldest bones of modern humans were found in North West Africa (Morocco) and were about 300,000 years ago.
Wich means the first skin color would have been the olive distinctive skin of north African Wich means
No matter if you are black or white olive oil is what makes one comple
I will proceed to go plan olive trees
@@omarsali2990it actually does not mean that at all especially knowing that those who occupy that area today are just as indigenous to Africa as the Native Americans are to America. The original humans were Black. All others are nothing more than the offspring who mutated. Nice try though. Nothing predates Blackness, even the universe knows that Dark Matter.
they were t black they were kinda caramel something like that they look a lot like north africans color wise since obvioudly norh africans semems to be the first place where modern humans started to emmerge
they quickly became black when migrating to the other places in africa they needed more melanine to survive there then they started spreding for some reason
that s where the other skin tones started to emerge@@hueyabeyi4240
@@hueyabeyi4240 you just politicised the crap out of this 😂😂 relax it's not that deep, literally
@@hueyabeyi4240relax bro lol
Damn I only asked this question today on a channel called Without History, it is for African history. You cleared up everything man. This video also proves, original Kemets were indeed Eumelaninated.
As a geneticist I believe people should understand that from a biological perspective there are no human races. Race is a concept that is applied to domestic animals. Animals in which genetic diversity is limited to the extent that the variety within each race is smaller than between those races. The genetic diversity in humans within the so called races is much bigger than the differences between the races. The idea of human races therefor comes from bad understanding of genetics and evolution.
Yet race does exist in (criminal) profiling and politics. Than it refers to traits we can easily identify people with. But we should understand this use is not explanatory, only instrumental. People who use race in an explanatory way should realize they are mixing things up. Race can not be part of a fact based root cause analysis.
Instead of smart, you should confused 😂
Religious people won't like this video
This is accurate to the Bible except the evolution part
Skin tone was simply an adaptation to the level of exposure to UV-B a group got. Vitamin D is central to understanding the relationship between skin color and geography. There is a geographical pattern between skin color and distance from the equator. At more northern or southern latitudes, the level of UVB rays hitting Earth’s surface decreases due to the planet’s tilt. The equator is bathed year-round in UVB rays, but seasonal variations mean that people in Northern Europe receive virtually no UVB exposure in winters. Humans living near the equator developed darker skin tones, while those in northern climates developed lighter hues. High humidity also decreases UVB levels, as marked by the contrast between skin tones of early humans living in dry equatorial Africa and moist equatorial South America. The dearth of UVB rays in northern climates put positive evolutionary pressure on early migratory humans to ramp up Vitamin D production, skin tone was simply an adaptation to the level of exposure to UV-B a group got. In dark-skinned people, eumelanin is dominant and acts as a natural sunscreen; fairer-skinned individuals have much more pheomelanin.
Difference is not only restricted to skin color, but skeleton, digestion, Brain capacity, Disease resistance capacity, so many more things. Again African origin hypothesis is not scientifically established fact, it may also possible that it started at different places
Desperate to be different, perhaps superior? Good luck!
BRAIN
Not really. It’s established scientific fact that Homo sapiens and all other species of human originated in East Africa. The fossil record is clear and unequivocal. I’m white but my ancient ancestors are African as are all of us. If you disagree give me some evidence - you can’t as there is none.
@@tariraiYeah it’s an established fact humanity comes from East Africa. It’s undeniable and no one can argue with the fossil record. The funny thing is all other races of human other than sub Saharan Africans mixed with other species of human like the Neanderthal. For example most Europeans have 2% Neanderthal DNA. Those of Sub Saharan ancestry have 0 to like 0.1% as they didn’t migrate and interbreed. So in a sense, Sub saharan Africans of today are more ‘homo sapien’ than anyone else on the planet 😂
@@tarirairight?! The brain capacity statement was just something.
Tis video is generally good. But there are better videos on this topic that explain that the genetic mutations producing lighter skin or the result of evolutionary pressures that included people migrating to areas where the low exposure to the sun's radiation, and diets that were very low in vitamin D sources. Some of those other videos even show groups of people who maintain their dark skin, even though they lived in areas of low sun exposure, because their diet contained rich sources of vitamin D. Also, the graphics depiction doesn’t represent what we now know from archeology and studies done on genetic material, which revealed the earliest people to inhabit Europe were dark skinned. The skin lightening mutation is relatively recent, evolutionary speaking, as evidenced through genetic tests in recently discovered remains that pointed to dark skinned people with blue eyes in southern Spain, and dark skinned peoples in Britain (because they lacked the genetic markers of later lighter skinned people). IN other words - we're making too big a deal out of something scientifically explained.
Its not just in the skin colour, homosapien are subjected to change in physical appearance due to affect of regional climate, gravity and food they are having, and especially we can observe changes in height and facial (nose) structure of people.
Main thing we should keep in mind that it's not a over the night thing, these adaptations by human body takes thousands of years to become evolutionary changes in DNA level.
Than what about the specific features associated with those skin colors huh
I'm sure there's a video on it. Actually I'm there is. I watched it on PBS.
2:38 Fascinating video. Though if you're using KITLG as abbreviation for _KIT Lygand Gene,_ you don't need to repeat _gene_ when mentioning it.
People should seek joy in our essential differences as well as our similarities.
Since Neanderthals were already in Europe long before H. Sapiens, what color was their skin? I think this is important, since they interbred to a certain extent. Good video.
If desperate for origins of white skin, it doesn't need another humanoid species: dark skinned Africans also give birth to white skinned Albino children. The Khoisan in Southern Africa have skin tone akin to Asians, very light skinned. I know the world is more comfortable with difference and separation. Otherwise, how does one feel special, but the science suggests that current humans come from your and my ancestors. Black people in Africa carry skin tones from blue black to lighter skins indistinguishable from typical Scandinavian
@@tarirai I think he is just asking what Neanderthals looked like including skin color. Yes, ‘white’ skin came from a mutation and natural selection in those African Homo sapiens that migrated to Europe - it makes sense as Europe was much colder and the sun which is needed for vitamin D was in short supply so humans who had white skin had an advantage in that they could get more vitamin D in these colder environments where the sun was not present for months at a time…. But yes we are all from the same root of the same tree that came from East Africa.
Nice video, but a little correction, North Africa was populated by light skin arabics maybe 600 to 1000 years ago not 60 thousand years ago.
Arabs are not light skin
Like Jesus also a brown man
White people in Egypt iran is from Alexander army
And slave from Europe
Turk have Mongolian face but today people think Turkish people represent real turk
There were probably many other migrations in both directions during the 100s of thousands of years before that..
He forgot to mention the Slavic slave trade and millions were sold to north Africa.
There is evidnces of light skinned north africans as far as 5000 years ago in cave baroud en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehf_el_Baroud cope with it
They are called Amazigh/Berbers, and they have been living in North Africa for thousands of years. Stop with this "North Africa was black" bullshit, berbers are still there to this day.
Love the karyotype map tat 👍🏼.
When I was a kid I asked about dark skin tone being just a matter of environment.. the answer I got from her/him (don´t remember who) was like this was a forbidden topic and I couldn´t talk about it. Like, it was racist or something... I still have the feeling I had at that moment, as if what I said was nonsense. I am 54 yo.
It's adaptation. As a modern day African, don't worry most of us will answer your question. Or you could also just Google. You did nothing wrong. Hope you heal from that.
Ppl are indeed sensitive about it because most of the time that question is not asked with good intentions. Also, as I mentioned, the info can easily be obtained online.
If this is combined with the Haplogroup tracing, it would be good to explain by age. First European Y Haplo is C but extinct now, Then F, R was major influx. By the simple comparison, this F, R descendant could have this mutation. Prevailing Y Haplo in Europe is F ( I, J) and R (R1a/b).
However, the explanation in East Asia is simplified. The prevailing East Asia (Including Siberia) Y Haplos are N, O. These are descendant of the H/K then mutated to NO. Currently Notth Eastern India, Yunnan China, Burma (Miyamnar) region. (This point you missed, the group moved to North East (Siberia) from Ukraine region went to back to West again. These group majorly Haplo R)
Anyway these 2 groups (NO) moved to North and East have the pale skin, but O moved towards South has not.
Conclusion. Skin color is decided mutation and this is caused by latitude.
My understanding is that diet was an important part of more recent trends in light skin coupled with reduced exposure to sunlight in the more northern latitudes. This has to do with the advent of agriculture and lack of vitamin D in diets compared to hunter gatherers. It is said that people from 10,000 years ago in england were darker in skin color compared to those now living in the UK.
@@loquat44-40this video is about the appearance of the genetic mutation for light skin in human genome and migration history, light skin is not just pale skin but also light brown skin.
@@zeff8820 The point is that diet is considered as the selector factor or driver. Normally darker skin protects against UV and is selected for. The theory is that hunter, gatherer peoples got enough Vit D via diet. Agricultural peoples often lack Vit D. So that is considered the driver for lighter skin or least so it is stated for Europe that has the lightest skinned people. So the result is lighter skin pigmentation whether you want to call it light brown or pink or whatever lighter pigmentation.
ruclips.net/video/f3m991eC1G8/видео.htmlsi=l4VVEYncr7FN41_J
This is the best explained video on this topic I have ever seen. Thanks so much for an easy yet fun, interesting and informativ video! :D Keep up the good work! :D
Perfect 🙆🏻♀️. you are one of mostest excellent scholars. 98% 맞음🙆♀️
Koreans(NEA) are much more like Uralic & LAPP(sami) peoples than outgroup(afb1b3)
=any other Asians genetically by human race 'Cavalli-Sforza phylogenetic trees'(alleles)&Fst.