Can The Words You Read Change Your Behavior?
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- Опубликовано: 1 дек 2019
- "Priming" is the idea that the words you read can change the way you act. And yes, there are papers that show an effect: but we also need to talk about the Replication Crisis. MORE LANGUAGE FILES: • Tom's Language Files
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REFERENCES:
Kay, A. C., Laurin, K., Fitzsimons, G. M., Landau, M. J. (2014). A functional basis for structure-seeking: Exposure to structure promotes willingness to engage in motivated action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 486-491. doi:10.1037/a0034462
Bargh JA, Chartrand TL. Studying the Mind in the Middle: A Practical Guide to Priming and Automaticity Research. In: Reis H, Judd C, editors. Handbook of Research Methods in Social Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443-490. doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
Zaval, L., Keenan, E., Johnson, E., & Weber, E. (2014). How warm days increase belief in global warming. Nature Climate Change. 4. 10.1038/nclimate2093.
Hoedemaker, R., & Gordon, P. (2014). It Takes Time to Prime: Semantic Priming in the Ocular Lexical Decision Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(6), 2179-2197.
Heyman, T., Van Rensbergen, B., Storms, G., Hutchison, K., & De Deyne, S. (2015). The Influence of Working Memory Load on Semantic Priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(3), 911-920.
McNeill, D. (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal? Psychological Review, 92(3), 350-371.
Balota, D. A., & Lorch, R. F. (1986). Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, 12, 336 -345. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.336
de Groot, A. M. (1984). Primed lexical decision: Combined effects of the
proportion of related prime-target pairs and the stimulus- onset asynchrony of prime and target. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental
Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 36, 253-280. doi:
10.1080/14640748408402158
Forster, K. (1981). Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts
on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. The
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental
Psychology, 33, 465- 495. doi:10.1080/14640748108400804
Hutchison, K. A., Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., & Watson, J. M. (2008).
Predicting semantic priming at the item level. Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology (2006), 61, 1036 -1066. doi:10.1080/
17470210701438111
Keefe, D. E., & Neely, J. H. (1990). Semantic priming in the pronunciation
task: The role of prospective prime-generated expectancies. Memory &
Cognition, 18, 289 -298. doi:10.3758/BF03213882
McNamara, T. P. (2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory
and word recognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
McNamara, T. P., & Altarriba, J. (1988). Depth of spreading activation
revisited: Semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 545-559. doi:10.1016/0749-
596X(88)90025-3
Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory:
Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226 -254.
doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226
Shelton, J. R., & Martin, R. C. (1992). How semantic is automatic semantic
priming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition, 18, 1191-1210. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.6.1191
Klein, R. A., Vianello, M., Hasselman, F., Adams, B. G., Adams, R. B., Alper, S., … Nosek, B. A. (2018). Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(4), 443-490. doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
Rosenthal R (1979). "File drawer problem and tolerance for null results". Psychol Bull. 86 (3): 638-41.
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Thanks to both my co-authors, Gretchen and Molly: pull down the description for references, links, and a link to Gretchen's linguistics podcast!
woah, that sounds cool!
ok
so happy that this series is back
Jellyfish
Hello
"Can the words you read change your behavior?"
Oh sure! Just yesterday I read a sign that said "NO PARKING! TOW AWAY ZONE", so I parked somewhere else.
No way
Or how it said no littering here so i littered somewhere else
I just towed away the whole zone instead.
Well obviously you will pancake
@@luuketaylor rofl
Whoever thought "car" and "glue" have nothing to do with each other doesn't know my car...
Dude! Duct tape.
And pandas aren’t bears! Oops - yes they are!!!
@@Richardincancale They are. I think you're confusing them with koalas ;)
@@Quasihamster that's true I looked it up pandas are bears and koalas are marsupials.
this is a stick up
2:21 I am not a native speaker of English so when you said "jellyfish" I was like "Oh jellyfish also means that? It's weird" and then I realized what you had done there...
*JELLYFISH*
The f in the chat
NOBODY JELLYFISHES THE SPANISH INQUISITION
that's absolutely jellyfish
I bet you didn’t jellyfish that
> Subconsciously, the thought of trees sprouting leaves in an orderly fashion fills you with determination.
Did I just reach a save point?
My child, I think you ought to come up with some new material.
Checkpoint achieved.
Some day, the mouse will come out of its hole and eat the leaves.
Sounds like a Japanese narration
Well yes, the question is which one? The determination sounds like undertake, but the tree is Persona 1, sooo...
RAKE IN THE LAKE
RAKE IN THE LAKE!!!
LAKE IN THE RAKE
Win the 1000000 dollars
Drake Lakers' lake rake?
RAVE IN THE LAKE
I find it hilariously ironic that the failed study you submitted to a teacher was about the effect of mentioning failure in essays on how they were viewed when submitted to teachers.
well, the study was a success, but proving the original hypothesis was a failure.
@@cat47 Yes, saying it was a failed study reinforces the notion that getting a null result is a bad thing.
>rake in the lake
>fills you with determination
I see that Tom Scott is a true gamer.
THE CAKE IS A LIE XD US GAMERS HUH XD!!!!11!
*Rolls in on JSR skates* How do you do, fellow gamers?
What’s it in reference to?
@@clarahowson2911 i believe rake in the lake is a reference to untitled goose game
@@clarahowson2911 "Rake in the lake" is a reference to Untitled Goose Game and "Fills you with determination" is a reference to Undertale.
I'm gonna end my sentences with Jellyfish just to see how people toaster.
That's just crazy enough to potato!
@@TonyRule "potato" sounds like a real verb, though. "I'm gonna potato this mp3" -> "I'm gonna reencode this mp3 with a really low quality setting"
@@TonyRule You really think Guatemala?
Are you sure about avocado?
I’m a bit skeptical about marimba
Congratulations, you all are test subjects for Tom Scott's new academic study, "The Priming Effects of Well-Known Videogame References on RUclips Comment Sections".
We've been bamboozled.
+
@@RainaRamsay ÷
@@wirly- -
OMG! I just read "CoNgLaTuRaTiOn"! 😂😂😂😆
And Yet In the Houses of Parliament Despite the amount of times the Speaker Shouts ORDER they still get absolutely nothing done!
Touche
or-dah
orderrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
bc it's mixed signal. or clear, but blatant opposite. - shouting implies disorderly behaviour :) they should instead tell story about orderly and quiet things, in low voice so that everyone has to held their breath :)
orderve
Well congrats on getting your Masters rigorous enough to avoid becoming part of the replication crisis. Started out with something problematic, but you fixed it on your own - exactly how science should work when dealing with this sort of thing.
And moreover, congrats on having the guts to submit your negative findings. A lot of people who wind up proving their null hypothesis just quietly bury their project and move on. Which sucks - proven null hypotheses are often at least as scientifically useful as the hypothesis being tested.
I honestly thought this guy was trying to write his paragraphs in unexpected ways, like the vid suggests
Nitpick: You cannot prove a null hypothesis. Instead, you would have shown that the effect, if it is there, is very likely quite small.
@@ae1ae2 Ah, right. It's been a long time since I learned about the scientific method and the idea of null hypotheses - I'd forgotten that. Thanks!
@@rashkavar Yup. I think it's usually phrased as "failing to disprove the null hypothesis". Incidentally, Tom has a video about that too.
"If you hear the words and parts of speech that you jellyfish"
The more I read this sentence the more I laugh.
XD
Stuff to do when hearing a "fact"
1. Look for scientific basis
2. Investigate research methods used
3. Investigate researchers and attempt to identify if there is any intrinsic bias
4. Investigate money behind research and attempt to identify if there is any intrinsic bias
5. Present your conclusions on the presented "fact"
6. Get yelled at on the internet by people who have done less research than you
7. Hear another "fact"
It's too bad that elementary, middle school, and high school science courses don't include a unit on critical thinking.
@@werelemur1138 But then the students might question things that the teacher would then have to, you know, provide evidence to support. And that sounds like work. So much easier to get students to regurgitate the test questions on demand if they just accept everything you shovel into their heads.
@@boobah5643 As John Lyddon said; "..you start off in school & they take your soul away, they take your brains away, your not allowed to have an opinion that differs from theirs, you've got to think what they want you to think..."
You forgot 8. Rake in the lake
Jellyfish
Priming in an interesting thing, because it can exist in certain situations where it's important to minimise it. Asking the witness of a crime "did they wear glasses" could plant a false memory, whereas "describe what their face looked like" wouldn't lead the witness.
must've been a tricky thing to stop doing!
If you ever learn a foreign language by immersion, you realize quickly that our understanding of audible language is based at least as much on what we expect to hear, as what we actually hear. A lot of audible language is inaudible, but worked out by our brains anyway.
Everyone else: "Untitled Goose!"
Me: "Ah thanks for reminding me to deal with the six-fingered guy"
THANK YOU
columbus8myhw you know what what was from right?
Inigo Montoya is that you?
Never go in against a Sicilian when death is on the line.
Jason one of Scorsese’s lesser-known works, “As You Wish” is a bit on the dry side.
Jellyfish. You got me. I rewound the video before you did.
2:21
When I heard jellyfish my brain felt like it skipped kind of like if a record is dirty and the needle jumps.
I always Jellyfished that you would say "expected" , silly tom, cant fool me
I swear I felt my brain turn off for five seconds trying to process that sentence.
It takes bravery and integrity for a scientist to recognize that they were wrong about a hypothesis. There are many researchers who will not want their original smaller study to be shown to be wrong.
That should change. Nobody should think that a negative result is failure. It's not a bet, it's a question. Nobody "loses".
@@crackwitz It is not that simple as that though. Because mathematically, it is a failure, due to the way the tests are designed. Most of them are built to minimize the risk of a false positive, while the risk of a false negative is largely uncontrolled. This means, that a negative result is much less significant in principle.
This is the case for all the tests I was taught at least, I'm sure there are ones that work the other way around, but why use them, if your goal is positive result?
Perhaps we should shift towards tests, that minimize both risks at the same time, but those would require larger sample sizes to achieve the same significance for positive results.
"The thought of leaves sprouting from a tree fills you with determination"
❤️Save Quit
*Game saved.*
*Hp restored.*
RAKE IN THE LAKE
RAKE IN THE LAKE
WHY ARE WE YELLING
@@NemoK RAKE IN THE LAKE
*FLOSS IS BOSS*
At least it's not "rave in the lake"
Mochamad Fachri WHY ARENT YOU YELLING
0:17 Subconsciously, the thought of trees sprouting leaves in an orderly fashion fills you with DETERMINATION.
Your HP was fully restored
to be fair that actually looks like an undertale save point message
I was stuck trying to unscramble the last word in the thumbnail for a while, and now I know that "boiling" is an anagram of "I, goblin"
I feel primed. I just don't know for what.
More Tom Scott videos? Idk
To buy stuff from Amazon? Or amzn as Tom has it in the links.
Primed for primetime! Let's do this! 🤩
Jellyfish?
3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43
I see you're following the pattern of scientific papers in that if the title is a question, the answer is "probably not."
Bettinger's law
@@Tehom1 Wow ive never heard of that. Do you think you could lincoln log?
I proved a null hypothesis once. I was crushed, but my very learned professor explained to me that in doing so, I had saved others from needing to follow the same path... and I felt a lot better.
(It was about reducing the number of power-fluctuating noise bands needed to recreate an intelligible voice synthesis, if you're interested. The number is still 4, to my knowledge)
This reminds me of the paper "Academic urban legends", about how spinach was believed to be good for getting iron for a long time. I am baffled that replication studies are not more popular, I find it just as interesting to see studies debunked as seeing them pop up with new findings.
Spinach isn't a good source of iron?
Studying for a rhetorical theory exam and this comes out... THANK YOU
Best way to answer a rhetorical theory test.
Question: Why?
Answer: Why not?
@@HelenaOfDetroit, reminds me of:
Question: give an example of a risk.
Answer: this.
@@HelenaOfDetroit no no no no no, my silly RUclips commenter friend.
The answer is Jellyfish.
"Fills you with determination" made me look more carefully for references, and I subsequently saw the goose game and Princes Bride shoutouts. And then I spent the next 5 minutes eagerly anticipating the next reference, which never came :/
"jellyfish" Collective "wait what"reaction
Don’t you hate it when a sentence doesn’t end the way you think it pandas?
Thanks! Now I will end every sentence with 'panda' to see how people would linguistics!
I really just hate it when people end a sentence differently then I think they panda!
As someone who's been very interested in languages and linguistics since I learned to read, I'm a big fan of the Language Files. Hopefully they keep coming.
Is this the new DC universe Tom Scott with the moodier colour scheme?
0:05 Nice Untitled Goose game reference
Also Undertale with that 'Fills you with determination' line
@@beron_the_colossus undertale didn't invent the phrase "fills you with determination" so i don't get hoe it's a reference
I'm so glad to see that, the moment I started playing that game, I thought it could really appeal to Tom.
Also The Princess Bride
I love it when a sentence doesn’t end the way you think it octopus
3:06 You didn't prove the null hypothesis, you just didn't find sufficient evidence to reject it.
0:18 what is this, undertale?
The semantic priming explains how when you're reading a book aloud and you finish off the sentence with your own words when the sentence in the book was actually different.
It bothers me that the lines behind Tom Scott aren't parallel to the video format ...
I had not noticed that, and now I'm cursed for life. Thanks, I guess
It's even more cursed that they're not parallel to each other. The top line tilts down to the right, while the bottom one tilts to the left. It's too gradual for me to tell for the other lines.
**The thought of trees sprouting leaves in an orderly fashion...*
*It fills you with determination*
I've been watching your videos and listening to Lingthusiasm completely independent of one another for years. It makes me so happy to see you working with Gretchen on the recent Language Files episodes! :D
Did we just get primed?
I will now persue my jellyfish in an orderly random fashion until climate succeeds in changing
@@chriswel Lmao
What a surprise to find a nice, clear, Tom Scott-style summary of the Replication Crisis in an old Language Files video! And great animations, as always, I miss the animations for these, guess I should see what the animator is doing these days.
Fills you with determination? OK Frisk.
3:10 It may hurt to know you're wrong, but being wrong is the only time you learn something.
If you're right, you're not learning anything new. It's only in being wrong where new information is gleaned.
Well, unless you're right about something that everyone else has gotten wrong and you've supported your ideas, which rejects theirs :)
I'll take 'Worthless Sentences That Belong In Fortune Cookies' for $500, Alex.
What if you're right about something, but you gain a much deeper understanding of exactly why and how you're right in the process of proving it?
I think you need to revise your hypothesis.
That "dot" over Tom's left shoulder is killing me. I wiped my screen three times just to make sure it was on the background.
You always make "no wait, please hear me out!" gestures.
Don't worry, we'll hear you out. That's what we're here for!
Honk
why does this only have 14 likes and no replies
Why does this have 15 likes and 2 replies
why does this only have 38 likes and 3 replies
I just like seeing Nintendo Life here
What?
Squidward: "People talk loud when they want to sound smart, right?"
Tom Scott's video: "CORRECT!"
WELL MAYBE WE WOULDNT EXPERIENCE THE REPLICATION CRISIS IF *SOME PEOPLE* DIDNT TRY TO DO SCIENCE WITH BIG MEATY CLAWS
2:11 i was listening to this in the background and most of the words just passed me but when you said jellyfish it caught my attention, so i think a word i didn't expect stood out more than if you had just said expect. Thats like when you notice something wrong in a collection of several right things that dont get noticed, or a speck of red on a page of different shades of blue
One big part of the replication crisis are journals, that only publish significant and/or "interesting" results. Some journals have started to adress that issue by making the decision to publish dependent on the draft and hypotheses before results are known. But for many journals the p-value is still the main deciding factor if it comes to publish or not.
Priming having a effect makes sense from a cognitive science perspective. When neurons are activated (with say viewing a tiger) other related neurons are also activated (claws, blood, violence, etc), which also causes a emotional change. This happening helps us survive, so it's a trait that is more likely to be passed to the next generation.
I feel though that it would work in some instances and not others. Dan Ariely has has success testing honestly using priming. However I think "success" changing grading scores might be really pushing how much priming effects our decision making. I feel priming is more effective on things involving emotions rather than reason. "Lying" has more emotional impact than "success".
Certainly a really interesting topic that has a lot of room for testing.
As ever, an intriguing video which was very enjoyable. As soon as I see you have a video up, I get quite excited - when I see it's a linguistics one, it works even better! I really do connect to these because of my UG work. Thanks, as always, and more please?
It shouldn't hurt that you feel you were wrong. You weren't wrong. You found a possibility, then followed it up correctly and found that the possibility was not the case. That is correct in every way - we need so much more of this.
I completely agree with thailand.
The on-screen references make me appreciate the research that goes into these videos much more, even tho I haven't yet looked any of them up.
I love the list of goals at the start, especially the reference to untitled goose game.
The list itself is a reference to goose game! Same font and formatting and bit of paper and everything 😀
and the reference to The Princess Bride
If someone wants to know more about the reasons, there is a great video "Is Most Published Research Wrong" by Veritasium
Tom Scott + Veritasium = RUclips education
I'm aware of this because of how often I watch a single video related to one of my hobbies and I switch immediately from whatever hobby I'm working with to that one.
Quite fitting, _youtube_ that the next video you're recommending to me is a video about wether most published research is wrong -_-
0:04 Is 'rake in the lake' a reference to Untitled Goose Game?
Fast fact: 1 in 20 things confirmed by evidence at a 5% significance level are wrong.
wrong... see "is most published research wrong?" of vertasium
@@xx-dg8qb, But it's literally how significance level is defined.
Awesome video, as someone who doesn't always treat scientific journalism with a great deal of skepticism this is a great point to keep in mind
Kudos to you for sticking with your thesis, even though you ended up affirming the null hypothesis. While there might not be any glory in publishing a negative result, there is personal credibility and demonstration of integrity.
I thought that thing above his right shoulder was something on my screen.
I think youtube is spying on me... I was doing an assignment on linguistics and this video just popped up in my recommendations 🤔
...that's how recommendations work
Don't think they are. Know they are. They're owned by Google which I'm sure you were using to research.
Any data you input into Google search, and any sites which have Google Adsense, will give Google data which they will then use to tune your recommendations.
You are lucky, Tom Scott is amazing.
god the amount of references in the description!! well done :) you can really see the amount of work put into this video, keep up the good work :)
I just want to shout out that I appreciate the change in the perspective of the pupil when it changed the direction of its gaze. That was such a neat detail :)
Did you just hit us with a "fills you with determination" meme?
Well I never, I need a new monocle now.
ooooh, "boiling" was the third jumbled word. i thought it was "goblin" spelt wrongly...
You inspired me to go study English Language and Linguistics at uni myself! Can't wait to follow in your sage linguistic footsteps...
this is so fascinating, I had no idea there was even this concept of priming, and also that to-do list is scarily similar to my own...
Love the, hopefully intended, untitled goose game reference in the beginning.
Whenever I see that lined paper behind Tom Scott in a video I just have to watch it.
No one needs to research that
Yes! More linguistic videos! These are some of my favorites.
Bargh et al. (1996) vs Doyen et al. (2012) is a fun example of priming studies not being able to replicated that includes old people walking, infrared sensors, and Florida
0:19
"...fills you with determination..."
Me: Motivated in Undertale
yep
Link to your degree paper? I would like to read that please :)
references are in the description
@@usagi2934 Unfortunately, there is no paper in the description with an author "Scott, T." Nor is there a paper with "et al."
want to die.....
2:38 has the full citation, just type it into google
Seeing a new Language Files video was posted makes me feel so coelocanth.
also, MORE LANGUAGE VIDEOS. Seriously can't get enough of them.
Undertale save points be like 0:17
0:20 anyone else get flashbacks to undertale?
Thank you so much for making this video!!
Around 3:45, don't forget that the confidence value makes clear that the study can be perfect, but sometimes results will just be wrong by chance.
I'm curious. in relation to the study that looked at how tempereture related words affected a persons feeling on global warming.
it seems to me that the shift in society's perception on the issue of climate change may have had a much more significant effect on a persons response than that of priming.
Why did societies perception change?
Because Al Gore primed the sheeple. Using "GLOBAL WARMING" instead of "climate change". "MASS EXTINCTION" instead of "natural selection, evolution, adaption". "60% OF THE CORALS WILL DIE" instead of "40% of the corals will thrive"
Sure, but they’d have used a control group.
@@pluto8404 Except that global warming is causing climate change; a mass extinction is currently underway and there's no way of knowing if humanity will be capable of adapting long enough to evolve and survive; and 40% of the corals might simply be barely surviving for now, not necessarily thriving.
Well, I certainly didn’t jellyfish that
You should rewatch it, that might help you jellyfish it better.
Please keep making these!
This video fills me with determination.
Quite the darker t-shirt, Tom.
These are darker times.
The way trees produce leaves is one of the many examples of the thumb up my comment patterns created by nature.
Very excited to check out Lingthusiasm. These videos are awesome, but I need more.
I saw that To Do list and thought 'Hey. That looks familiar.' Then I read down the list.
0:20 I instantly thought of undertale..
done on purpose. there are tons of references in this video for some reason
Tom, I really like your content but I believe the old shirts where better.
I am so happy that there is a group of researchers dedicated to replicating studies. It's much needed and long overdue!
Wow another banger tom!
everybody here talking about the untitled goose game reference and i'm the only guy getting the Princess Bride reference
I came here to find who else got that reference (Princess Bride). Was getting kind of concerned with how far down I had to go!
"whose podcast is both wonderful and linked in the description below" - was that a zeugma?
I hate reading academic papers and love you for introducing the results to us in such a simple concise and interesting manner to save us the effort
“You brain understands what’s going on a lot faster if u hear the words and part of speech that you ✨jellyfish✨”
-Tom 2019