It very simple. Sneaky Nitrogen Ninja sneak into Diamond lattice. Want to be quiet and not detected so it does not interact with neighbors. Quiet ninja good for computation since no one knows what quiet ninja is doing.
I actually designed, built, and tested a cryogenic system to do these types of NMR experiments, and I used these types of spectroscopy synthetic diamond NV centers to validate it! Very cool to see a video on your channel about it :)
Does this means that it would be possible to do the experimental equivalent of calculating a NICS value, for instance in the middle of a diatropic or paratropic ring current?
I love that quantum sensing is becoming more "mainstream". I work on quantum networking, but a big part of selling that is showing that other things can also be done with quantum networks such as, you guessed it, various quantum sensing applications. Edit: I just wanted to add a small correction to your analogy @5:50 . Extending coherence isn't exactly like noise cancelling headphones since they actively mitigate outside noise. The "dynamic decoupling" you mentioned is more of a "photon echo" effect. Imagine a bunch of racers of various speeds lined up on the starting line in perfect coherence. The starting gun fires and they're off. The fastest ones go further and the slowest travel the least, slowly decohering as time progresses and the slowest and fastest of the group get further and further apart. To fix this, periodically you have the starting gun fired again and have everyone turn around and run the other way. The fastest of the group have longer to travel, but they're moving quicker so they make up the extra distance. By the time everyone gets back to the starting line, everyone is roughly lined back up and in coherence again
Does this mean it could be possible in the future to have an AFM-style probe to measure magnetic shielding/deshielding in (anti)aromatic molecules independently of the presence of atoms for NMR spectroscopy? Like an experimental NICS value?
Go watch his catalog of videos. He does a lot of different topics but is straight into the details, no bullshit, dry nerdy humor, makes it all really digestible for idiots like myself to understand.
I think I only understood 10% of what he said, but it's a beginning. I love that he covers this bleeding edge tech, but with a certain sarcasm at the tech buzz words.
Apparently that is done via lithography, at least that's how it seemed to me from this video. I guess Lithography can make very small regular patterns, but this still sounds like quite the challenge.
@@afaircomparison using a focused ion beam is normal. Photolithography is used to develop photoresist which creates a mask that is a chemical resistant and process resistant - a stencil basically. Depending on your process you might use a mask layer as well as an ion beam to change the behavior in sections of a wafer.
Usually they add a sacrifical layer on top . e.g. 20 microns thick and then edge the sacrifical layer at the spots they want to have those implantation centers. In that way you have a hard mask. The Nitrogen implantation itself is homogeneous,but can't penetrate the sacrifical layer. PS:I am not sure if in current state of the art the sacrifical layer itself can be a simple photolithography
This is what I understood at a very general level from the video, if anybody see conceptual errors, please comment it out so we can get a more accurate version. Diamonds are a bunch of Carbon atoms in a special configuration (a three dimensional shape), which we're going to call CC. If in the CC configuration, a Carbon atom is replaced by a Nitrogen atom and another neighboring Carbon atom is removed (creating a vacancy, i.e. the absence of the Carbon atom that normally occupies that place in the CC configuration), then another special configuration called NV (Nitrogen-Vacancy) is created. In turn, that NV configuration has different sub-configurations, depending on the electrons it is having. The one that matters is when the NV configuration has 6 electrons, which gives it a net negative charge. I'm going to call this sub-configuration the NV6 configuration. A small digression, an electron has a special property called spin (we can think of that property as the "colors" of the electron). Now, that property can only take a fixed and predefined set of values (for example green, black, blue, red and yellow). That is why it is said that this property is quantized. Interestingly, we can measure the spin of an electron and also operate on the electron to change its spin. It is said that there is coherence when we can operate, that is, manipulate the spin of a set of electrons in such a way that it is possible to pass from one state (i..e. the set of spin values that each of those electrons has at that moment), to another state in a predictable and reversible way (that is, I can reverse the applied operation so that I can obtain the original state). This is usually possible for extremely short times, since these electron systems are very sensitive to any type of interference, which makes the result of the operation neither predictable nor reversible. Not having coherence is like having a calculator where I perform an operation, and the results are random, in that case the calculator is useless to me, I can't perform operations on it, which is the ultimate goal of a calculator. Well, it turns out that the electrons of the NV6 configuration form a coherent system at room temperature, that is, they work like a calculator, in the sense that I can do operations on them at room temperature, and the results are predictable and reversible (I can undo the operation by returning to the original result). Additionally they behave like a calculator in that they have a "screen" that allow me to observe the result of my operation in a "simple" way. The "screen" of this atomic calculator is that as it is changing of state, the atomic calculator is emitting a fluorescence that varies with the result of the operation (i.e., by measuring the variation of the fluorescence that the atomic calculator emits, I can know the result of the operation). In short, what I have now is a viable atomic-sized a calculator that is possible to operate at normal temperatures ("room temperatures"). Well, I have that mini atomic calculator that occurs in a natural way, but I have to solve several problems to be able to use it in any meaningful way: (1). Calculation power: if I have a single NV6, I only have 6 electrons to perform my operation, that's very little. I need a lot of them (2). Layout: I have to be able to group many NV6 so that they are close to each other, so that the operation affects them all, and also they have to be close to the surface, so as to use as little energy as possible in the operation. (3). Manufacturing: in a natural diamond, the NV6 configuration occurs randomly, so, it is extremely unlikely that it will be produced in such a way as to solve problems 1 and 2. Therefore, the only way to resolve the problems 1 and 2 is through manufacturing. It is necessary to manufacture synthetic diamonds with the NV6 configuration that solve problems 1 and 2. But since we are talking about nano-scale, we have to use the technologies that are used to create the current chips, to create a diamond chip with NV6 configurations that solve problems 1 and 2. (4). Operation mechanism: finally, even if I have a diamond chip that offers me a powerful atomic calculator that works at normal temperature, I need to implement on this some kind of mechanism that allows me to perform operations on it and read its result. A special operation is to use the diamond chip as a sensor, and the mechanism to be used is that this chip is predictably sensitive to a magnetic field, that is, the values on the "screen" of that diamond chip, atomic calculator, change predictably with the variations of the electromagnetic field (e.g. moving a magnet closer or further away). The way to use it is as follows, I expose the diamond chip to a magnetic field, and I get a certain value on the "screen". Now, I move the diamond chip closer to a sample, for example a human tissue, and I emit the same magnetic field again, now, this magnetic field is going to be modified by the sample, so my diamond chip is going to receive a magnetic field different from the original, and therefore it is going to produce a different value in its "screen", the difference between the original and the current value allows me in turn to infer properties of the sample, but with a sensitivity at the atomic level, that is, I can now measure properties of the sample at atomic levels, which gives me a gigantic level of detail. Finally, the reason for the title, it is called quantum sensing, because it is being used a sensor at the atomic scale (my atomic calculator or diamond chip), and everything that operates at that scale is governed by the laws of Quantum Mechanics. i.e., the possible values that the spin of an electron takes and the way it changes state is governed by Quantum Mechanics, not the Einsteinian or Newtonian mechanics.
I was just quickly going through a paper with the author about this topic less than 2 weeks ago. It's insane. Thank you for bringing this topic to the forefront!
8:07 - I went to high school with David DiVincenzo back in the 1970s. The guy was the smartest person in our graduating class, from a prep high school that attracted top students. No surprise he became a brilliant scientist.
stevebabiak6997 True, a brilliant theoretical physicist, IBM asked him to develop a working quantum computer ! Short developing cycle, what if Eisenstein did that, build what he predicted in his laws.
Now I see why some developers are using light, rather than electrons, for Quantum Computing Hardware. Angstrom's of light, and physical reflectors do not need cold, expensive environments, or clumsy magnets. Angstrom measures are a lot smaller than the Nano-Metre scale. Twisted Field Transistors (like the monitor you are now looking at) make for tiny, fast switching mirrors and filters. Light is a lot easily to shield than Electro-magnetic fields. We already have the science to emit a single photon, on command.
You can see a few of these effects in a rudimentary way yourself with a cheap, zwb2 filtered 365nm ultraviolet flashlight. Many natural diamonds, and virtually all synthetic HPHT and CVD diamonds have lattice defects of some kind or another and the electrons trapped at these defects DO flip their spin when bumped into an excited state by the UV excitation. Because the electrons cannot relax back to the ground state without first flipping their spin again (forbidden transitions), they have to wait until a phonon of lattice vibration comes along and spontaneously flips the spin. Because this takes significant amounts of time in the very stiff lattice of diamond, as mentioned, the crystal will glow in the dark for many seconds after the UV light is shone on it - phosphorescence.
Really enjoyed this video - I'm currently doing research in this field, and have definitely heard much worse explanations of the NV centre and diamond quantum sensing!
I learnt long ago the basic methods of how they make chips and things.... but since stumbling upon your channel i keep being amazed at how they actually do it, and how small it all is.
Quantum navigation is a potentially revolutionary technology for military and potentially aviation. GPS is too easy to jam so the US military wants a backup. Current commercially available inertial navigation systems, for example, can navigate with an error accumulation of roughly one nautical mile over 360 hours. Atomic interferometers could be 1000 times more accurate.
The way you described embedding nitrogen into the diamond at 12:57-using lithography to pattern the defects-is mind-blowing. Feels like we're building quantum tech like we do semiconductors.
The idea of diamonds and other Cristals in quantum computing reminds me of when Superman used his Cristal holographic computer at his home at in the north.
At 5:50, love the correction on dynamic decoupling-'photon echo' as an analogy really adds nuance. It shows how even small shifts can have big impacts in coherence!
Spin: It is not the rotation of the Earth around its own axis. It is the change of place of the axes. For example, if the magnetic field pointing to the north suddenly does a backflip and comes to the south, then there will be a 1/2 spin.
@@fyfaenihelvete Yeah, many people don't get QM analogies. Try reading what he said after taking a moment away and you'll see he didn't contradict himself.
3:54 : it can reasonably be described as being in units of hbar (which makes sense, as it is an angular momentum value). People often leave out the hbar.
Any time I forget how stupid I am I just watch/read anything with the word Quantum in the title and I instantly remember. It’s still enlightening though. Thanks. 😊
So to summarize: we place individual atoms inside ideal diamond crystal to create quantum "holes" that act like traps for individual electrons so that we next can shine individual photons to these trapped electrons and record their fluorescence back with a camera to detect extremely small changes in magnetic fields so we than can check if we arranged other atomic sized structures correctly, right? Sounds like flywheel that will be turning faster with each iteration.
It isn't enough to just have the right energy for something with spin, there are also selection rules, which is why you can do optical pumping. Coherence of spin in solids can be quite long. Si nuclear spin can live very long for instance, but they are of course very isolated. Kane's proposed qubit might have been better than the quantum dot one. NV diamond sensor I think are quite good for spatially resolved sensing, for instance MFM; which as been done for quite a long time now. NMR and these kinds of sensors are somewhat similar in the quantum mechanics. Glad you commented on SQUIDs and the AMO vapor sensors. Atomic clocks are very much close to the vapor sensors. SiC have defects you can use for things like this also.
You should start understanding Quantum Dot colors first, these modern monitors are easy to understand. What minerals produce what colors, and for how long.
If I am not mistaken, the first transistor was successfully demonstrated back in 1947. It wasn't, at the time, ready to replace radio tubes but was shown as a proof-of-concept idea, and it took a long time before transistors were the norm and not the exception. That being said, does this diamond sensor fall into the proof-of-concept idea requiring decades of research before it becomes the norm, or is this a new touted game changer that will lead to a technical dead end?
I remember reading about them far back in 2011. I was in Uni, and there was a nearby shop selling old, thrown away journals. It was quite a diamond mine (pun intended) for those who are interested. There I've read this very very interesting thing.
I did this! In a lab at CalTech i sprinkled diamond NV centers onto Silicon Nitride optical resonators to enhance optical mode coupling then sent the light to a single photon counter. Blip! Blip! Blip! Go the diamond single photons one by one, entanglement under the sun.
When you compared something to a pearl you should have again made a reference to that video you made about pearls that nobody watched, like a recurring theme.
Yeah spin is weird. Baryons like electrons have a diameter, but not in a physical sense as they are wave points bouncing on the field. Fractional spin is wild too but it is the whole reason baryonic matter even exists.
The part I am stuck on is reading a quantum state without effecting the quantum state. If this spin was entangled, wouldn’t that enable information travel faster than light?
@@skyak4493 Well, you are measuring ("reading") the excitement of the electron; it just happens to be that that depends on it current spin, and that changing its exitement does not also change the spin. You're thus not directly measuring the quantum state you're interested in. As for the entanglement, I don't see how you would do that, as the whole setup does not change the spin. Thus measuring your particles spin also tells you the other particles' spin, but taht does not do you any got to transmit information faster than light. What you would need is a way to change the spin of your particle without loosing the entanglement, and that is not possible, as messing with the particles' spin will disentangle it from its original entanglement partner...
@@AkantorJojo While it is entangled, isn’t it both spins until it is read? If you indirectly learn the value, does the entanglement still break? If not you would know somthing at a distance instantly.
Electrons are Leptons, protons are Baryons - both are Fermions, which obey the Pauli Exclusion Principal (two particles cannot exist in the same place with the same quantum state). One can contemplate Thomas Aquinas's musings about angels and pins through the lens of Quantum Theory via Boson's and Fermions. For, if they are latter, the answer, however large, is finite. If the former - Infinite. Religion aside, Aquinas was way ahead of his time.
Fascinating, though I did not see the real-world application until you mentioned it at the very end. I guess this is not a topic for general (layperson) viewers, though you did a great job getting the message across.
Now that's what I'm talking about. Dr Lincoln's and Spacetime videos and semiconductor tech pretty much all rolled into one video on a real world application. As a side note, as some that has interest in minerals, lasers and quantum mechanics, of course I have blasted various gems and minerals with high intensity xenon flash and UV lasers, many minerals lase such as ruby, some like calcite varieties with certain metal impurities excited by UV laser exhibit phosphorescence, sometimes as long as 15-20 sec to the naked eye, likely much longer with a sensitive camera. They do this in various colours too. Fun fact, your teeth are phosphorescent for a few sec when pulsed with a xenon flash, bright green.
You might want to look at the Mr. SQUID from Star Cryoelectronics. It's a neat little toy that demonstrates the quantum effects of a Josephson array. Just add liquid nitrogen.
People if we keep going down this rabbit hole it’s gonna keep getting deeper and deeper please people just get off your phone and look at the worlds state as a whole
Interesting the cold shoulder towards quantum computing. Best indicator of current state is widespread use as a teaching tool - because those who can’t do… We might have to explain the measurement problem before having a shot at using it.
Super interesting video! Thank you! I actually thought this would go into this submarine navigation thing. I thought it was also about quantum sensing something? 🤔
Now all I can think about is whether spin is like a gyroscope that resides inside of a particle, and it is attached in some way to the external particle? You would be able to see the gyroscopes effects on the particle, but not necessarily in the same way to see a tops effects. It would want to "move" in a direction, which could be interpreted as spin?
Decoherence has taken over my iTunes. Dead or Alive - "You Spin me Round", volumes locked. Can't turn the volume up or down. Maybe I need to invest in Quantum Sensing? Create a remote control, that doesn't measure directly, monitors output from speakers. Measure for measure, this Quantum World is not as complicated as people think! All "SIX" of the human senses, are Quantum senses. Let that sink in...
Hi. Carbon is also semiconductor material and in the 80s there were for some special applications diamond substrates with carbon transistors. However they didn't live long. Some ideas for optoelectronics didn't stand up the time with diamonds, but quantum computing perhaps offers the best deployment for diamonds. Diamonds are women's best friend, but obviously we must include now scientists. Diversity in action 😁
The University of Calgary, University of Alberta, and National Research Council Canada are expanding nanofabrication capabilities to build a foundry system capable of expanding on these nitrogen vacancy diamond quantum sensors, centered around the Barclay research team and other groups in this trio of institutions that add their own specialties to add the many technologies together to create real world applicable devices.
![Gucci Mane & Sexyy Red - You Don't Love Me [Official Music Video]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/j7IBqyFKT4c/mqdefault.jpg)
Just watched this with the whole team, thanks for featuring this! 💎
And simply amazing how you condensed such a complex topic into 17mins!
Of course there's a RUclips account for quantum diamonds.
I'm very surprised but at the same time, I'm not surprised at all 😂
What do you do exactly @Quantum_Diamonds?
Indeed @@NervousNoodles
I need to wrap my head in duct tape to keep it from exploding.
Hey, when in doubt, duck it! 😊
It very simple. Sneaky Nitrogen Ninja sneak into Diamond lattice. Want to be quiet and not detected so it does not interact with neighbors.
Quiet ninja good for computation since no one knows what quiet ninja is doing.
Source: PhD in physics and i used to do single photon tests with Nitrogen Vacancy centers.
I actually designed, built, and tested a cryogenic system to do these types of NMR experiments, and I used these types of spectroscopy synthetic diamond NV centers to validate it! Very cool to see a video on your channel about it :)
Does this means that it would be possible to do the experimental equivalent of calculating a NICS value, for instance in the middle of a diatropic or paratropic ring current?
Fascinating 😮
I love that quantum sensing is becoming more "mainstream". I work on quantum networking, but a big part of selling that is showing that other things can also be done with quantum networks such as, you guessed it, various quantum sensing applications.
Edit: I just wanted to add a small correction to your analogy @5:50 . Extending coherence isn't exactly like noise cancelling headphones since they actively mitigate outside noise. The "dynamic decoupling" you mentioned is more of a "photon echo" effect. Imagine a bunch of racers of various speeds lined up on the starting line in perfect coherence. The starting gun fires and they're off. The fastest ones go further and the slowest travel the least, slowly decohering as time progresses and the slowest and fastest of the group get further and further apart. To fix this, periodically you have the starting gun fired again and have everyone turn around and run the other way. The fastest of the group have longer to travel, but they're moving quicker so they make up the extra distance. By the time everyone gets back to the starting line, everyone is roughly lined back up and in coherence again
Does this mean it could be possible in the future to have an AFM-style probe to measure magnetic shielding/deshielding in (anti)aromatic molecules independently of the presence of atoms for NMR spectroscopy? Like an experimental NICS value?
Sounds like something that would be done on a clock signal. A quantum clock cycle.
Man this is a great channel how am I just NOW finding this?
There should be more like this, but I haven’t really found that many good scientific channels yet
Welcome from an old subscriber.
Go watch his catalog of videos. He does a lot of different topics but is straight into the details, no bullshit, dry nerdy humor, makes it all really digestible for idiots like myself to understand.
Honestly one of the best explanation of spin I’ve seen.
It's basically "up" or "down", how difficult can that be to understand?
@mrhassell Why did you feel the need to be a posturing midwit?
"Nitrogen vacancy centered diamonds are a girl's best friend"....m'ais naturellement!
It's really refreshing seeing DiVincenzo's paper here, that was the beginning of spin qubit.
I think I only understood 10% of what he said, but it's a beginning. I love that he covers this bleeding edge tech, but with a certain sarcasm at the tech buzz words.
Great video, as always.
Made me smile to see Espoo, Finland mentioned, as I have many happy memories from my semiconductor days there.
What I'm lost on is how MPCVD can maintain periodicity of the defects. That sounds astronomically difficult, if not outright impossible.
He says right in the video, using the same mask/resist lithography techniques as with semiconductors but with a nitrogen ion beam instead of photons.
Apparently that is done via lithography, at least that's how it seemed to me from this video. I guess Lithography can make very small regular patterns, but this still sounds like quite the challenge.
@@afaircomparison using a focused ion beam is normal. Photolithography is used to develop photoresist which creates a mask that is a chemical resistant and process resistant - a stencil basically. Depending on your process you might use a mask layer as well as an ion beam to change the behavior in sections of a wafer.
Usually they add a sacrifical layer on top . e.g. 20 microns thick and then edge the sacrifical layer at the spots they want to have those implantation centers. In that way you have a hard mask. The Nitrogen implantation itself is homogeneous,but can't penetrate the sacrifical layer.
PS:I am not sure if in current state of the art the sacrifical layer itself can be a simple photolithography
Periodicity is not important if you don't go to the 'several nm' resolution end.
You'll have 'enough' NVs in each pixel
This is what I understood at a very general level from the video, if anybody see conceptual errors, please comment it out so we can get a more accurate version.
Diamonds are a bunch of Carbon atoms in a special configuration (a three dimensional shape), which we're going to call CC. If in the CC configuration, a Carbon atom is replaced by a Nitrogen atom and another neighboring Carbon atom is removed (creating a vacancy, i.e. the absence of the Carbon atom that normally occupies that place in the CC configuration), then another special configuration called NV (Nitrogen-Vacancy) is created. In turn, that NV configuration has different sub-configurations, depending on the electrons it is having. The one that matters is when the NV configuration has 6 electrons, which gives it a net negative charge. I'm going to call this sub-configuration the NV6 configuration.
A small digression, an electron has a special property called spin (we can think of that property as the "colors" of the electron). Now, that property can only take a fixed and predefined set of values (for example green, black, blue, red and yellow). That is why it is said that this property is quantized. Interestingly, we can measure the spin of an electron and also operate on the electron to change its spin.
It is said that there is coherence when we can operate, that is, manipulate the spin of a set of electrons in such a way that it is possible to pass from one state (i..e. the set of spin values that each of those electrons has at that moment), to another state in a predictable and reversible way (that is, I can reverse the applied operation so that I can obtain the original state). This is usually possible for extremely short times, since these electron systems are very sensitive to any type of interference, which makes the result of the operation neither predictable nor reversible. Not having coherence is like having a calculator where I perform an operation, and the results are random, in that case the calculator is useless to me, I can't perform operations on it, which is the ultimate goal of a calculator.
Well, it turns out that the electrons of the NV6 configuration form a coherent system at room temperature, that is, they work like a calculator, in the sense that I can do operations on them at room temperature, and the results are predictable and reversible (I can undo the operation by returning to the original result). Additionally they behave like a calculator in that they have a "screen" that allow me to observe the result of my operation in a "simple" way. The "screen" of this atomic calculator is that as it is changing of state, the atomic calculator is emitting a fluorescence that varies with the result of the operation (i.e., by measuring the variation of the fluorescence that the atomic calculator emits, I can know the result of the operation). In short, what I have now is a viable atomic-sized a calculator that is possible to operate at normal temperatures ("room temperatures").
Well, I have that mini atomic calculator that occurs in a natural way, but I have to solve several problems to be able to use it in any meaningful way:
(1). Calculation power: if I have a single NV6, I only have 6 electrons to perform my operation, that's very little. I need a lot of them
(2). Layout: I have to be able to group many NV6 so that they are close to each other, so that the operation affects them all, and also they have to be close to the surface, so as to use as little energy as possible in the operation.
(3). Manufacturing: in a natural diamond, the NV6 configuration occurs randomly, so, it is extremely unlikely that it will be produced in such a way as to solve problems 1 and 2. Therefore, the only way to resolve the problems 1 and 2 is through manufacturing. It is necessary to manufacture synthetic diamonds with the NV6 configuration that solve problems 1 and 2. But since we are talking about nano-scale, we have to use the technologies that are used to create the current chips, to create a diamond chip with NV6 configurations that solve problems 1 and 2.
(4). Operation mechanism: finally, even if I have a diamond chip that offers me a powerful atomic calculator that works at normal temperature, I need to implement on this some kind of mechanism that allows me to perform operations on it and read its result. A special operation is to use the diamond chip as a sensor, and the mechanism to be used is that this chip is predictably sensitive to a magnetic field, that is, the values on the "screen" of that diamond chip, atomic calculator, change predictably with the variations of the electromagnetic field (e.g. moving a magnet closer or further away). The way to use it is as follows, I expose the diamond chip to a magnetic field, and I get a certain value on the "screen". Now, I move the diamond chip closer to a sample, for example a human tissue, and I emit the same magnetic field again, now, this magnetic field is going to be modified by the sample, so my diamond chip is going to receive a magnetic field different from the original, and therefore it is going to produce a different value in its "screen", the difference between the original and the current value allows me in turn to infer properties of the sample, but with a sensitivity at the atomic level, that is, I can now measure properties of the sample at atomic levels, which gives me a gigantic level of detail.
Finally, the reason for the title, it is called quantum sensing, because it is being used a sensor at the atomic scale (my atomic calculator or diamond chip), and everything that operates at that scale is governed by the laws of Quantum Mechanics. i.e., the possible values that the spin of an electron takes and the way it changes state is governed by Quantum Mechanics, not the Einsteinian or Newtonian mechanics.
my brain starts smoking with some of your videos man : )
There are definitely parts where I am like “it probably takes a bachelors degree at least to fully understand this stuff he is talking about”
He's compressing decades of research into a 20 minutes video, of course it is mind-blowing
I was just quickly going through a paper with the author about this topic less than 2 weeks ago. It's insane. Thank you for bringing this topic to the forefront!
Chief Quantum AI blockchain researcher here:
I did not appreciate the intro. 😆
You make these advanced topics understandable - thanks.
So many great well researched high quality videos, well done mate!
8:07 - I went to high school with David DiVincenzo back in the 1970s. The guy was the smartest person in our graduating class, from a prep high school that attracted top students. No surprise he became a brilliant scientist.
stevebabiak6997
True, a brilliant theoretical physicist, IBM asked him to develop a working quantum computer !
Short developing cycle, what if Eisenstein did that, build what he predicted in his laws.
Now I see why some developers are using light, rather than electrons, for Quantum Computing Hardware. Angstrom's of light, and physical reflectors do not need cold, expensive environments, or clumsy magnets. Angstrom measures are a lot smaller than the Nano-Metre scale.
Twisted Field Transistors (like the monitor you are now looking at) make for tiny, fast switching mirrors and filters. Light is a lot easily to shield than Electro-magnetic fields. We already have the science to emit a single photon, on command.
one for the meditation mat - noise cancelling headphone emit sound to make it seem quiet :)
I'm glad there are experts tackling this subject, because I'll leave them to it. lol
This is what The Diamond Age by Neil Stephenson is about.
**nods head** ...yes ...yes of course
Super interesting Jon! And I thought making "plain ol' chips" was tough enough!
You can see a few of these effects in a rudimentary way yourself with a cheap, zwb2 filtered 365nm ultraviolet flashlight. Many natural diamonds, and virtually all synthetic HPHT and CVD diamonds have lattice defects of some kind or another and the electrons trapped at these defects DO flip their spin when bumped into an excited state by the UV excitation. Because the electrons cannot relax back to the ground state without first flipping their spin again (forbidden transitions), they have to wait until a phonon of lattice vibration comes along and spontaneously flips the spin. Because this takes significant amounts of time in the very stiff lattice of diamond, as mentioned, the crystal will glow in the dark for many seconds after the UV light is shone on it - phosphorescence.
Really enjoyed this video - I'm currently doing research in this field, and have definitely heard much worse explanations of the NV centre and diamond quantum sensing!
0:16 That's an amazing word salad. Someone should start a restaurant to serve up buzzword drivel to customers.
Yeah totally! Where is that from? Is that a quote? :D
I learnt long ago the basic methods of how they make chips and things.... but since stumbling upon your channel i keep being amazed at how they actually do it, and how small it all is.
Quantum navigation is a potentially revolutionary technology for military and potentially aviation. GPS is too easy to jam so the US military wants a backup. Current commercially available inertial navigation systems, for example, can navigate with an error accumulation of roughly one nautical mile over 360 hours. Atomic interferometers could be 1000 times more accurate.
I’m more blown away by the use of slotted screws on the cover image.
The way you described embedding nitrogen into the diamond at 12:57-using lithography to pattern the defects-is mind-blowing. Feels like we're building quantum tech like we do semiconductors.
The idea of diamonds and other Cristals in quantum computing reminds me of when Superman used his Cristal holographic computer at his home at in the north.
At 5:50, love the correction on dynamic decoupling-'photon echo' as an analogy really adds nuance. It shows how even small shifts can have big impacts in coherence!
Spin: It is not the rotation of the Earth around its own axis. It is the change of place of the axes. For example, if the magnetic field pointing to the north suddenly does a backflip and comes to the south, then there will be a 1/2 spin.
you: It is not X
also you: it is X
Okay buddy
@@fyfaenihelvete Yeah, many people don't get QM analogies. Try reading what he said after taking a moment away and you'll see he didn't contradict himself.
3:54 : it can reasonably be described as being in units of hbar (which makes sense, as it is an angular momentum value). People often leave out the hbar.
As it turns out, a quantum rabbit hole.. is actually a quantum tunnel.. But use by quantic rabbits.. they're not.. they're not on our side.
quantic rabbits
Somehow, I like how this sounds ...
That’s a good one ☝🏻 😊
But can it see why kids love the taste of Cinnamon Toast Crunch?
There's hope in diamonds.
As Dr. Angela Collier says, "Quantum Quantum Quantum!"
this is So good, perfect info density, good narrative and illustrations.. one of the best presentation of information ive Ever seen good job!
So we going to get a real life tricorder in the near future
Another mind blowing technology covered by this awesome channel! No one else can sum up such cutting edge technology like you do!
Any time I forget how stupid I am I just watch/read anything with the word Quantum in the title and I instantly remember. It’s still enlightening though. Thanks. 😊
Whoa. Yes you made a video that actually bakes me brain. Awesome!
Graphene must be all played out...bring in the diamonds!
So to summarize: we place individual atoms inside ideal diamond crystal to create quantum "holes" that act like traps for individual electrons so that we next can shine individual photons to these trapped electrons and record their fluorescence back with a camera to detect extremely small changes in magnetic fields so we than can check if we arranged other atomic sized structures correctly, right?
Sounds like flywheel that will be turning faster with each iteration.
It isn't enough to just have the right energy for something with spin, there are also selection rules, which is why you can do optical pumping.
Coherence of spin in solids can be quite long. Si nuclear spin can live very long for instance, but they are of course very isolated. Kane's proposed qubit might have been better than the quantum dot one.
NV diamond sensor I think are quite good for spatially resolved sensing, for instance MFM; which as been done for quite a long time now.
NMR and these kinds of sensors are somewhat similar in the quantum mechanics.
Glad you commented on SQUIDs and the AMO vapor sensors. Atomic clocks are very much close to the vapor sensors.
SiC have defects you can use for things like this also.
Such a difficult cake to bake.
You should start understanding Quantum Dot colors first, these modern monitors are easy to understand. What minerals produce what colors, and for how long.
I vote we call this setup a Heisenburger
This is wild.
You going to do something on the massiv 122TB SSDs of Wetern Digital. How the heck are they doing it...
Looking forward to diamond NVRAM
This never ceases to amaze me.
Even as i am literally doing experiments on nv centres!
If I am not mistaken, the first transistor was successfully demonstrated back in 1947. It wasn't, at the time, ready to replace radio tubes but was shown as a proof-of-concept idea, and it took a long time before transistors were the norm and not the exception.
That being said, does this diamond sensor fall into the proof-of-concept idea requiring decades of research before it becomes the norm, or is this a new touted game changer that will lead to a technical dead end?
Quartz crystals then, Diamond crystals now, Dilithium, Kyber & Kryptonite are in the works 😁
It looks like BluGlass is going to be a large contributor to the oncoming Quantum leap with their RPCVD DFB lasers
Well, as far as I'm concerned, quantum is an ion implanter model that I work with, though this topic ended up being really interesting
The phone gives a quick dopamine hit but it dosent solve problems
I remember reading about them far back in 2011. I was in Uni, and there was a nearby shop selling old, thrown away journals. It was quite a diamond mine (pun intended) for those who are interested. There I've read this very very interesting thing.
The Diamond Age
I did this! In a lab at CalTech i sprinkled diamond NV centers onto Silicon Nitride optical resonators to enhance optical mode coupling then sent the light to a single photon counter.
Blip! Blip! Blip! Go the diamond single photons one by one, entanglement under the sun.
this video is ̶s̶p̶o̶n̶s̶o̶r̶e̶d̶ ̶b̶y̶ ̶b̶r̶i̶l̶l̶i̶a̶n̶t̶ saved in my watch later playlist because i didn't understand a single thing!
When you compared something to a pearl you should have again made a reference to that video you made about pearls that nobody watched, like a recurring theme.
I saw the title and thought I was getting Deepak Chopra type videos recommended to me.
Yeah spin is weird. Baryons like electrons have a diameter, but not in a physical sense as they are wave points bouncing on the field. Fractional spin is wild too but it is the whole reason baryonic matter even exists.
The part I am stuck on is reading a quantum state without effecting the quantum state. If this spin was entangled, wouldn’t that enable information travel faster than light?
@@skyak4493 Well, you are measuring ("reading") the excitement of the electron; it just happens to be that that depends on it current spin, and that changing its exitement does not also change the spin. You're thus not directly measuring the quantum state you're interested in.
As for the entanglement, I don't see how you would do that, as the whole setup does not change the spin. Thus measuring your particles spin also tells you the other particles' spin, but taht does not do you any got to transmit information faster than light. What you would need is a way to change the spin of your particle without loosing the entanglement, and that is not possible, as messing with the particles' spin will disentangle it from its original entanglement partner...
Electrons are not Baryons ( I think, from wiki).
@@AkantorJojo While it is entangled, isn’t it both spins until it is read? If you indirectly learn the value, does the entanglement still break? If not you would know somthing at a distance instantly.
Electrons are Leptons, protons are Baryons - both are Fermions, which obey the Pauli Exclusion Principal (two particles cannot exist in the same place with the same quantum state). One can contemplate Thomas Aquinas's musings about angels and pins through the lens of Quantum Theory via Boson's and Fermions. For, if they are latter, the answer, however large, is finite. If the former - Infinite. Religion aside, Aquinas was way ahead of his time.
will there be any videos on additive manufacturing, printing technologies, flexible hybrid electronics? will love your take :)
Melted my brain a lil bit. Thanks
There is a kind of sapphire that can give unbelievable readings, I think it's Omega.
Fascinating, though I did not see the real-world application until you mentioned it at the very end.
I guess this is not a topic for general (layperson) viewers, though you did a great job getting the message across.
Now that's what I'm talking about. Dr Lincoln's and Spacetime videos and semiconductor tech pretty much all rolled into one video on a real world application.
As a side note, as some that has interest in minerals, lasers and quantum mechanics, of course I have blasted various gems and minerals with high intensity xenon flash and UV lasers, many minerals lase such as ruby, some like calcite varieties with certain metal impurities excited by UV laser exhibit phosphorescence, sometimes as long as 15-20 sec to the naked eye, likely much longer with a sensitive camera. They do this in various colours too.
Fun fact, your teeth are phosphorescent for a few sec when pulsed with a xenon flash, bright green.
Actually working on room temperature NV center ODMR right now!
You might want to look at the Mr. SQUID from Star Cryoelectronics. It's a neat little toy that demonstrates the quantum effects of a Josephson array. Just add liquid nitrogen.
People if we keep going down this rabbit hole it’s gonna keep getting deeper and deeper please people just get off your phone and look at the worlds state as a whole
This breakthrough is to modern computing as the LED is to incandescent lighting. Holy super-dense shit!
White LED was the only real evolution, still is.
all colors we need, what minerals do that !
Interesting the cold shoulder towards quantum computing. Best indicator of current state is widespread use as a teaching tool - because those who can’t do… We might have to explain the measurement problem before having a shot at using it.
Even diamonds are based these days?
Hanging out at Startup Terrace recently? 😉
Make a vid about glass substrates if you haven't yet! Super cool story!
Edit: Grab a Sakurai edition
Thanks!
Super interesting video! Thank you! I actually thought this would go into this submarine navigation thing. I thought it was also about quantum sensing something? 🤔
This does not stream past 11:45. Strange.
Now all I can think about is whether spin is like a gyroscope that resides inside of a particle, and it is attached in some way to the external particle? You would be able to see the gyroscopes effects on the particle, but not necessarily in the same way to see a tops effects. It would want to "move" in a direction, which could be interpreted as spin?
I absolutely love this dude, he lived shaped my entire career and maybe life, I literally work in research because of him
If quantum tunneling can trigger the sensor, can transistors' speeds be tripled?
No. I swear the internet is packed with stupid.
@@Katchi_ if not tripled then doubled or quadrupled?
Congrats for soon 1 M sub
🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳
Decoherence has taken over my iTunes. Dead or Alive - "You Spin me Round", volumes locked. Can't turn the volume up or down.
Maybe I need to invest in Quantum Sensing?
Create a remote control, that doesn't measure directly, monitors output from speakers.
Measure for measure, this Quantum World is not as complicated as people think! All "SIX" of the human senses, are Quantum senses.
Let that sink in...
Quantum quantum quantum
Hi. Carbon is also semiconductor material and in the 80s there were for some special applications diamond substrates with carbon transistors. However they didn't live long. Some ideas for optoelectronics didn't stand up the time with diamonds, but quantum computing perhaps offers the best deployment for diamonds. Diamonds are women's best friend, but obviously we must include now scientists. Diversity in action 😁
Youll be surprised when all you need to do is the best you can do great video
The University of Calgary, University of Alberta, and National Research Council Canada are expanding nanofabrication capabilities to build a foundry system capable of expanding on these nitrogen vacancy diamond quantum sensors, centered around the Barclay research team and other groups in this trio of institutions that add their own specialties to add the many technologies together to create real world applicable devices.
Could this property be used for a super-dense memory system?
How is the color change a function of spin and not coherence ?
So when do we get downloadable pizza?
AI, Quantum, NFT etc
Is the British monarch the biggest quantum sensor?
1:51 Nanometers or Ångström?
"Coherence" is a terrible sci-fi movie. Darn you Pepper Hicks for suggesting it!
9:01
Maybe more like a electron microscope...
But maybe much much less invasive and will not destroy a sample... And for measuring magnetic fields...
i'm surprised how much of this i understood...or at least think i understand
Can we use this diamond sensor technology to sense the health of Schrödinger’s cat?
😃
Thank you, finally
Ah yes, witchcraft.