@@tank-eleven It's like Duolingo then. All the non English languages uses ai or Americans speaking the language with American accent when ai is not available. Except tlhlngan Hol and High Valerian where it uses real humans with quote good pronunciation with inferior sound quality.
Funny thing, in roman lead pipelines lead poisoning was actually decreased in drinking water as time went on. Not because they stopped using lead pipes, but because the water was so mineral rich that it calcified the interior of the pipes and created and insulating layer between the lead and the water.
@karldubhe8619 Crazy how no one saw that coming, especially not seeing how getting a rush job of cans wouldnt cause the cans to be of low quality and able to cause scurvy
They used to drink "Sugar of Lead" A lead cup with a certian wine that disolves some lead, giving the drink a sweet taste. So, keep reading. But props for going this far on your journey of knowledge. You have surpassed most as it is.
@@ATJonzie gotcha. I fully agree. Random thought, did you know that when humans switched to copper pipes (also discovered to cause neurological conditions i.e. alzheimers (
I worked on CUORE in 2007-2008, and one thing I'd like to add is: we don't measure temperature the normal way. We measured vibrations in the TeO2 crystal structure. These were perfect blocks of TeO2 crystals without defect, so a single phonon of vibration at the double beta decay energy could be detected. And what you'd see is a slight squeeze and expansion of the size of the TeO2 block as the phonon bounced through the crystal. This heat cannot even be dissipated because it is a single quanta of vibration, so it just bounces back and forth in the crystal until it quantum tunnels away into some other medium
Perfect crystals without defect? Without any at all or with a known fraction of defects? I don't know much about particle physics but with a decent understanding of chemistry this sounds made up, there are no perfect crystals
@@alexrogers777 if you grow a crystal SLOWLY from a seed, then the new material deposition on your surface will be aligned with the lattice with no kinks. Then, you can cleave the crystal along the lattice like you would with mica. It's very important that we made perfect crystals because we were counting on the phonon transmission through the crystal as a proxy for temperature. If there was a dislocation in the crystal structure, then there'd be a chance for transmission and a chance for reflection off of the dislocation, and we'd have a hard time calculating whether the phonon we observed was the initial decay or a reflected phonon
Tragic as the loss of an artifact might be, I kind of take a philosophical stance on these particular artifacts. They're ingots; they're a transitional state in human craftsmanship. They're just a convenient way to store metal until it's turned into something else. By using their metal to build something, they're finally fulfilling the purpose for which they were intended. The hard work of those ancient smelters is finally paying off, and their handiwork was immensely helpful to people two millennia in the future! There's something I find very... human, about that.
This is very true, the biggest loss is if we develop new techniques to answer questions with these artefacts in the future. But still, it sounds like they went about it in the right way in this case.
in fact its most likely these ingots would either only be used to mass produce certain things like coins or trinkets, or be used to line a barricade for extra defense... which im not saying is a bad use for them, but they have been lying dormant and unused for so many years, being used instead to solve the fundamental laws of the probabilities that anything could exist sounds like a monumentally better use... even if they have an immense amount of history, at the very least their history will continue onto making even more of history.
And in a way it’s a very basic „universe“ thing too. From the beginning of the existence of the universe before the big bang on things were always changing. The Big Bang created the possibility (probably) that galaxies could form. Stars live and then „die“ to create something new. Nupernovas are necessary to create most of the elements of the periodic table, including everything that made our planet and us humans. And so on. So it’s wonderful they can be used in a way that gives them a new, not formerly thought about purpose. And I think the people who made them would find that very cool because it basically makes those lead ingots even more valuable.
One of the reasons that Roman Emperors were incredibly wealthy is that Claudius insured ships. Roman ships were not crewed by slaves, but by free sailors. If a ship was lost, the ship owner had to pay the families of the crew a substantial amount. I have read that if the owner could not pay, they could be sold into slavery. So ship owners would not send out ships during the winter stormy season. There wasn't a huge chance that any individual ship would be lost, but the risk was too high for the ship owners. While in Egypt, there was a huge amount of cheap grain available because they could harvest crops twice a year. In Rome, food would sometimes not be available during the off season. There was nothing like starvation to motivate riots that could bring down an emperor. So Claudius insured ships, the owners were protected, the crews knew that their families were protected and the Emperor made a fortune from the profits while also being protected from food riots.
The year is 5750. Inside a glass case in a museum there is a letter written in a long-forgotten language. Written in it is a complaint by physicists regarding the quality of some lead ingots archeologists sold them.
The letter is considered evidence of the endurance of the Roman Empire as it’s goods continued to be traded millennia after some claims the Empire had collapsed
Golden Fleece? Pythagoras means 'Heart of the Serpent', he was born in Sidon, a fishing Port in Phoenicia. His mother received a prophecy from the Oracle at Delphi that he would become a great Leader & Teacher. Sidon means 'Kingdom of the Fish', & the Essenes, who wrote the Dead Sea scrolls, worshipped Pythagoras. The Sarcophagus of Eshmun III found in Sidon names him as the 'Widow's Scion', aka Hiram Abiff, Founder of Freemasonry, of which Tyre was the premier Capital (at least equal to Thebes). In 911BC Rameses II married the Queen of Sidon, home of Jezebel (Daughter or consort of Baal, ie "Queen") founding Neo Assyrian Babylon, an alliance between Egypt & Hiram, Father of Jezebel, & King of Assyria; forming the Phoenician colonies, & building the Temple of Melqart to commemorate their alliance. The Si in Sidon is the basis of the Latin Exe, or X, and is the basis of the Cross, or Chi Rho that Constantine painted on his shields. Also known as the Cross of Tyre, or Cross of Baal, being Ra-El, or Ba'El. Using Euler's number to map irrational numbers also produces a Templar Cross: ie where Eclipses are most likely to occur, called the 'Saros' Cycle. This cross can also be seen around the neck of Nimrod in Assyria, consistent with the Union Jack, & Solstice Calendar found in the Vatican's Shiva Lingam. Shiva is the Hebrew word for 7, & their culture also found its way to Korea & Japan (via the Philippines) ultimately becoming Shintoism. It was the Phoenicians who gave their name to the Pole Star, _Phoenice,_ which they used to Navigate the Oceans using the Zodiac, that's what the Antikythera mechanism was for, & with it they wrote the Byblos Baal; what we now call the Bible. The first form of the Bible was written in 325BC & called 'Vaticanus Graecus', or 'Son of the Sacred Serpent', ie Sirius, the basis of the Sothic Calendar, which uses a Hex Decimal & base 60 system found in all Megalithic sites around the world. In the second century AD the Astronomer Valentinus Vettori transcribed it into a Lunar chart of 13 houses, what we now call the Zodiac. Horoscope means 'Star Watcher', or 'Time Keeper' & the Phoenician word for Saturn, or El, was *_Israel_* or _El,_ (Fruit) of Isis (Ishtar) & (Amin) Ra. Equally El is the 'Father' of Ra the Sun, & Consort of Isis the Earth Mother, ergo _'El Ptah'_ is the *Moon* or Set, the Stranger. Phoenicia was the interim between Egypt & Greece, with artisans & culture exceeding that of the Greeks, whom literally adopted the Phoenician Alphabet, which we still use to this day; sounding out words phonetically. 'Phoenician' is alliterated in 'Venetian', & 'Vikings', being Kings of the Sea, [Sea Pharoahs] El is the primary God of the Phoenicians, representing the offspring of Egypt, & his consort Astarte or Ishtar represents the Assyrian half of the alliance. Such lineages & alliances can be traced (through the naming of gods) to Ireland & the Vikings, Indonesia, the Americas; even as far away as Australia, & New Zealand. It denotes Sirius as 'Son' of Orion & Pleiades, which sits at 33 degrees of the Zodiac. The basis of the Sothic (Seth) Decan Calendar of the Egyptians. The New Moon in this position marks Rosh Hashanah, the Egyptian, Celtic, Phoenician, & Assyrian New Year, with the first New Moon of September, so called as it's the 7th House of the Zodiac, when the Sun is in Ophuichus. 'Phoenix', 'Benben', or 'Bennu', is Egyptian for 'Heron', or Feathered 'Serpent'. It baptised itself in frankincense & myrrh at Baalbek, then alights atop the Great Pyramid, upon the Holy Grail, or Altar of Ra, every 630 years to take three days off the calendar; during the course of the first New Moon of Nisan, which means 'Prince'. The Capstone of Pyramids is even called the Benben or Bennu. The Phoenix is found in all religions, which are all Astrological Allegory for the Moon traversing the Constellations as a soul migrating from body to body. Thus is the basis of Joseph Campbell's Monomyth, or 'Hero's Journey' with the cycles & orbits of the planets serving as portents, omens, allies, etc. Thus Astrology was the Science of the Bronze Age & Reincarnation was the early teaching of the Gnostic Christian Church, & relates to the lineage of Kings: "The Pan is Dead! _Long live Pan!"_ The Bennu is the Egyptian Phoenix, to Phoenicians the Hoyle, Etruscans saw birds as sacred too, as did Celts, & Picts. Hebrew & Iberia have the same root; meaning _'over'_ ie _'overseas'_ or 'those [whom travel] over [the] sea'. A colony called Iberia also appeared on the Eastern shores of the Black Sea, with the same Dolmen & Megalithic culture originating in Ireland and Brittany circa 4500BC. _Phoenician_ means 'Scion of the Phoenix', the first Bible: Vaticanus Graecus; 'Scion of the Sacred Serpent' (Prince). Then there's the Essenes; :Sons of Light', the Tuatha De Danaan; Sons of Light, Anunnaki; Sons of Light, Arthur Pendragon; Arthur [Thor] 'Son of the Dragon'. Chertoff is Russian for "Son of the Devil" & Dracula also means 'Scion of the Dragon'. Masons call themselves the "Brotherhood of the Great White Serpent", & the Ziggurat of Anu denotes her as a great white Serpent too, while at New Grange & the Bru na Boinne, Ireland (4000BC) the white quartz ramparts also denote the Moon. The Moon itself travels either side of the Solar Elliptic by 5 degrees through specific constellations in a serpentine fashion that is always changing, but repeats every 19 years, the time it took to train a Druid or Magi, Magi meaning 'Teacher'. The Phoenix is also associated with this sacred number 19. "Pharoah" means 'Great House' or 'House of Light' & Cairo used to be called Babel. Pharaohs were called 'Commander in Chief' & wore a hooded crown representing feathers, as do Native American Chiefs, ie the Feathered Serpent. Aztecs also had 'Serpent Kings', (Canaan means Serpent Kings, & Sidon was a Son of Canaan & Great Grandson of Noah) who were called to lead with "cunning & guile" being the virtue of their "right to rule"; being seen as "just" in public, while shrewd in private. "As wise as Serpents, (while appearing as) _gentle_ as Doves." The old Egyptian flag of an Eagle holding a Snake is also reflected in the Modern Mexican flag, denoting the Constellations of Serpentis (13th sign of the Zodiac) and Aquila. The dimensions & 12 mathematical constants of the Great Pyramid are also found in New Grange, & Stonehenge, as well as in Watson Brake, (2500BC) & Teotihuacan, which correlates to the Phoenician/ Sumerian Seximal system, which is what our modern systems of time are based on, unlocking a fractal pattern reflected in the musical chord, electrical resistance, relative Planetary orbits, indeed; throughout _all_ creation. Officially no one knows who invented Astrology, the Zodiac, navigation by the stars, or time keeping. But whoever built the pyramids, & pioneered the 24hr clock in Egypt 5000 years ago already knew the exact dimensions of the Earth, & the speed of light. Because these can all be calculated using these Megalithic sites as a Surveyor use a Theodolite. Specifically at Teotihuacan; 230 degrees opposite Cairo, & with the exact same footprint. The ideal positions to determine the speed of light using the transit of Venus, allowing for accurate Longitude for Maritime navigation. Capt Cook did the same thing in 1774 when he 'discovered' Easter Island. The only culture that fits the bill was wiped out "not one stone upon the other" by the Romans in 146BC. Tyre, the capital of Phoenicia (Israel) sat just offshore from Ursu Salaam: City of the New Moon; City [or 'Rock'] of Peace; root of the name _'Jerusalem'_ & was also seized by Rome in 70AD after a 3.5 year siege. The gap between is 216 years (6x6x6). Greek Dionysians built the Temple of Solomon (now called the Temple of Melqart) representing the Solar Lunar (Solomonic) Metonic Calendar on which this system is based. They also carried mirrors, same as Magi, Druids, Greeks, & Egyptian scholars. These Mirrors are Astrological charts called 'Cycladic _Pans'_ & record the cycles of the planets. The first Temple of Melqart ( Phoenician Horus, Hercules, Pan, Thor) represents the 13th Constellation of Ophiuchus or 'Serpent Bearer' (hence Orphic Serpent worship) & had pillars of Emerald (Jasper) & Gold, ie Isis (Tree of Life) and Osiris (Tree of Knowledge). The Jerusalem Temple only took payment in "Shekels of Tyre" a currency minted during the Israelite rebellion against Rome, hence _"give that which is Caesar's unto Caesar"_ When Alexander sacked Tyre in 332BC they relocated to Carthage meaning "New City" or New Jerusalem, & built a second temple with Pillars of Bronze. Nebuchadnezzar also sieged Tyre for 13 years, taking the City captive in 573BC: the same time as the biblical account, & again the Romans in 70AD after a 3.5 year siege, also consistent with the same biblical accounts. Palaset was the name of a tribe of the Sea Peoples, Pallas _Set_ denotes the New Moon of Ammun Ra rising in Gemini, the *Pallas* Constellation of the Twins "that stand before Orion", due West of the Temple between the Gates [Pillars] of Gibraltar; "Gabriel's Altar", ie 'Pallas Stein', or Pallas Stone, 'Phallus' or Philosopher's Stone: the _"Rising Son"._ So 'Wormwood', like 'Tyre' means 'Bitter Rock', for the same reason; as the Son rising from the 'Bitter' [Salt or 'Black'] Sea of the Underworld; The 'Black Rock' or 'Gatestone' 🌑 The Cross of Tyre or Ba'El ❌ represents Lunar maximums & minimums & correlates with the Cross Quarter days of the Solstice Calendar. Align the Cross ❌ Chi Rho Christian ✝️ & Star 🔯 to the Zodiac, & you have a Compass & Timepiece that correlates to the Nautical Mile; allowing for global Maritime navigation. It is in fact an Astrological allegory for a Sothic Metonic Saros Zodiac Calendar using Accusations in a Mirror 🪞 *A Phoenix **_Cypher_*
Most people don't know that "who framed Roger rabbit" has an underlying plot line that is based off the true story of the rubber and oil companies buying up all the light rail lines in Hollywood and tearing them up to promote highways. You can still find remnants of this time period when walking around towns like Oakland, California where the original rail lines were just left in the ground because it was easier. This is part of why the taxi is a lead character in the last half of the movie and there are many references to trains.
Such rail-lines remain in the Seattle area and form the basis for walking and bike paths. Was a day you could take a tram from Tacoma to Everett...for a nickle! Electrically powered...of course.
I live in a rural, remote place in NW Europe. Less than 100 years ago we had inter-village railways. Then came the car. A brief mirage we call freedom but that will not last another 100 years, and for which we gave up on our way of life, our health, our environment.
For some reason this feels oddly parallel with this exact story too. An old ingot of metal being ripped up for a particular reason... Just like with the Roman lead. I know it's for completely different reasons, one for cynical & financial and the other for noble & scientific, but still.
Since so many people ask the same question: The reason there is Lead-210 (Pb-210) in the ore in the first place, is because it is a decay product in the Uranium-238 (U-238) decay chain. In the lead ore there is always some amount of U-238 present, so Pb-210 is constantly produced (and it is in equilibrium: just as much Pb-210 is produced in the decay of U-238 as goes away by the decay of Pb-210). If you extract the lead from the ore, the Pb-210 goes with the rest of the lead, but the source of it (the U-238 and decay products) is removed: so once extracted the Pb-210 that decay isn't replenished and the amount of Pb-210 starts to decrease.
@@mrosskne For the first, the theory that the ship was sunk to stop its being stolen from by pirates. For the second, the team salvaging them were compelled to sell the ingots, in part due to concerns the ingots may be stolen.
But if modern pirates stole the ingots, would that not also be fulfilling a Cosmic Destiny? Which viewed so, seemingly implies the many worlds theory. Note: Uncanny (mental) Valley ahead! 🤣
2000 years ago some dude was running errands and was so good at it, his boss put his name on a piece of lead that ended up being used in an experiment to understand the universe.
there is a interesting story how the width of the solid fuel rocket boosters is given by the width of the train tunnels they have to pass through. And the tunnels are as wide as they have to be for the trains. And the trains run on tracks which are the same size as the tram tracks. And the trams are as wide as the carriages before them. And they have the width that fits the roads layed by the roman empire, and they have the fitting width for 2 horses in front of a roman chariot. So the technology to bring us to space depends on roman technology design...
The script writing this episode is top notch. A really good job breaking down a tough topic, and Hank's delivery is *perfect*. Great for keeping your attention so you stay invested in listening and learning. 13:45 - Anonymous off camera person, you have excellent comedic timing.
@@francescodalo8828 That number is almost-certainly very wrong for pandas. First, though, we need to clarify that Red Pandas are the official pandas, while Giant Pandas were named as such due to their similar appearance. Phylogenetics, one of the few subjects that seem even more arbitrary and pedantic than Metrology.
For the TL;DR watching crowd: The ship sunk with a rather, substantial, amount of a type of lead which is needed as a shielding substance for a neutrino experiment by physicists. The results of said experiment could help solve the mystery of why there was a tiny imbalance in the matter - antimatter annihilation at the beginning of the universe. disclaimer: not trying to steal SciShows thunder. I love this guy. Sometimes you just don't have a half hour to get to the punchline. Today I did, this is for those that didn't.
@@natedagreat19 if he was brilliant he obviously didn't waste money on bull sht. That's a study that has less meaning than a study on why is water wet. It just is, that's good damn enough. Studying a balance and imbalance in matter or anti matter at the creation of the universe doesn't mean anything.
I really appreciate the writing and editing of this episode. The random inclusions of cars, the second camera for sassy quips, Hank getting words wrong. Felt like I was watching more Hank does stand-up but with less crowdwork and more science
It's my Dad's birthday today, he was a physicist. I remember growing up I found out about neutrinos moving so fast the mass of the Earth doesn't slow them down and I began to wonder if I even existed. I haven't been able to celebrate today with him since 2015, but this video found me, now. I miss him, so much. I can't tell you how much I would cherish a super nerdy deep dive about my favorite particle and anti particle) please please please, neutrino video, please?
Grew up in a household where brilliant minds came together to "chat" the conversations i heard still blow my mind 45 years later........wonderful post kathryn!
Check out veritasium videos called "neutrino detector, and even better, "if a supernova happens close to earth." He goes into detail about the nature of neutrinos.
I love how most advanced experimental physics is basically one of two things: - Can we make things go really fast and crash, so we can measure the craziness? - It’s going crazy fast, can we trap it so we can look at it?
@jacqueslheureux9161 The 'laws' of physics aren't prescriptive. They are descriptive - describing our current understanding of how the universe we find ourselves in works. They are decently accurate as far as we know, but still just a description of our observations
@@Matthew-by2xx I stand corrected, as a layperson with a lifelong interest but who certainly isn’t a scientist in the field, I’m sure reality is far more nuanced and filled with all sorts of nooks and crannies to explore - not always through these more well-publicized, eye-catching efforts! My comment had more to do with how, no matter how complex or startling these experiments in high energy physics become, in the end they boil down to this almost childlike fascination we humans have with the universe… A lifetime of pursuit in science begins with kids damming small streams to see the water change course, or smashing toys together for the sheer joy of seeing the parts fly, then putting them together again. Trite, perhaps, but there’s to me a poetry in how these ultra-intricate experimental efforts like CUORE or CUPID resemble that so much.
Please, please make that video that is being debated. Cosmic study, particle physics, and theoretical existentially calming and disturbing physics, are all endlessly intriguing for me.
I love how they have the off-camera pronunciation correction and constant reminders it’s complicated to explain who is in favor of talking about leptogenesis.
Whoever did the writing on this script did a PHENOMENAL job. Watching this video was probably the most focused, enthralled and entertained I've been all week. I've also been loving all the new set designs ya'll have been doing. Keep up the amazing work, and thank you for being such a fun and trusted educational source!
I'm astounded. This video is so different and much more clear and information packed than I'm used to. Please take your time and make more of these than just pumping out "content". I watch them anyway, but so much more appreciate these types.
Slight correction, from a person who studied mining engineering: Technically galena, the mineral, is lead and sulphur, nothing more, nothing less. However, even really high quality ore deposits are not all one mineral, and sulphide deposits have a lot of neat stuff in them. Silver and zinc sulphide ores (sphalerite for zinc, acanthite and argentite for silver) tend to show up in the same formations that have a lot of galena. Which is to say, silver isn't in the galena, it's in the same rock that the galena is in. (And so is zinc, but given that wasn't isolated until 1746, it's pretty safe to say the Romans weren't mining for it...whereas these days, if you see a lead mine, it's probably a lead-zinc-silver mine.)
I would love to be able to agree with your thoughtful and well-posed comment, but when I play dwarf fortress, you melt galena down into lead and silver, and I trust dwarves when it comes to mining, so…
Last semester i gave a talk on cuore, leptogenesis and the see-saw mechanism and nothing would bring me more joy than to see a scishow episode about these. Granted, I fully acknowledge that the full implications of the non-diagonality of the Yukawa coupling matrix may be a bit beyond the reach of a general-audiences show like this, but it would still be so cool
Since the lead was not a finished product. There’s something poetic about those people’s labor not going to waste, but ultimately being used 1000s of years later in the pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of all humanity.
At first I thought they had to use ancient lead because of the background radiation from atmospheric nuclear tests. Steel made before the 1940s is very valuable because smelting streel introduces radioactivity from the atmosphere, so ww2 shipwrecks are sometimes mined for their low background steel to be used in sensitive scientific equipment
This story is so wild that if there was literally any other person on any other channel giving the intro to this video, I would have immediately judged it clickbait pseudoscience and left.
Yes, please make an episode on leptogenesis, right handed buttons and the sea saw mechanism. Particle physics is not something I learned in school and the above would be neat information to help the audience's understanding on how matter came to be, or at last I think that's what it those things help explain. Thank you (in advance!
I'd like to see a SciShow about the science of spinning, knotting, weaving, knitting, crocheting, roping and braiding. All the ways we get loose fibers to stay together just by twisting them.
I’ve been watching Scishow regularly since my middle school science teachers showed it to us in class. I’m now 24, and as someone who regularly listens these in the car on my way to… just about anywhere, I LOVE the longer story time format of this.
This is gnarly as hell - mixing some of my favorite topics - Rome, archaeology and astrophysics. I like these long-form, kind of narrative videos. But a SciShow video I'd like to see - especially a long one - is one about those LFTR reactors. Haven't heard much about them lately - not sure if they flopped or if there's already a video on the channel but I remember thinking it seemed like a solid, interesting concept. Also, yes - to answer the question in the video - I'd love to see a video on leptogenesis. And to go off-topic, typing is hard - especially trying to use proper grammar, punctuation and capitalization - having my right hand wrapped in a ball basically, from a flexor tenosynovitis staph infection and surgery on my middle finger and palm (surgeons made ample jokes) and mainly typing one handed. I broke the doc's orders (all the nurses said, despite his personable nature, he's pretty authoritarian about his bandaging - they wouldn't touch it) and freed my index finger from the bundle so I could use my computer's mouse. I can't just _not_ play video games. That's absurd and barbaric... Lol
The funny thing is, all of my uncles form a circle every family reunion and talk about everything from philosophy to quantum physics to advanced mathematics. Me learning about leptogenisis would likely not make them confused.
Hank again demonstrates why he's the king of science explaining! There's no one more expressive and comprehensible. So glad you're doing well. Thanks and keep up the good work!
The concept of "Nothing" represented by the number "0" (zero) did not exist in the beginning. The number "0" (zero) is a relatively recent human innovation in mathematics. But, there has always been "1" (one). The fact that one (1) exists and can generate the position/concept of "nothing" (0) shows that there first exists one (1). Thus, nothing (0) does not truly exist alone: One (1) must first exist that can create the position/concept of nothing (0). Mathematically, Absolute nothing "could be" expressed as 0 to the power of 0, which can equal 1. "Nothing" IS "Something"; because, it comes from "Something". Moreover, since Nothing (perceived) is not Nothing (actual), then it is possible for Something to come from Nothing (actual). Because, Something (1) is inherently pre-existing within Nothing (actual), hence, 0 to the power of 0 can equal 1. Simply put, Something [One (1)] exists before Nothing [Zero (0)] can exist. In the beginning, there was Singularity (1).
You know what I was just thinking this morning? "God, I wish there was a RUclips video on leptogenesis, and right handed neutrinos, and the seesaw mechanism!"
That's interesting! Please include that definition in the dictionary!! Let's make a petition. 🧐 Person /pah:son/ (Adjective): "to describe how human-like someone is." Forms: Personed, personify, personality. Example: "This book shows the person of the author." Synonyms: Enthusiastic, quotidian, spirit. Antonyms: Monotone. Lifeless.
What do we want? An episode on leptogenesis, and right-handed neutrinos, and the see-saw mechanism! When do we want it? At a reasonable timeline to produce it with the same quality that SciShow has maintained up until now!
Fun fact, the Romans were so attached to using lead in plumbing, the word plumbing is from the Romans word for lead! And it's why the chemical symbol for lead is Pb
Yes, "plumbum" was the Latin word for lead, hence it's Pb on the periodic table, and the root of the word plumbing. (Darn Roman lead water pipes and the side effects they caused! 🤯☠ Don't get me started on pigments/paints and makeup over the ages too! 😱) ... At least etymology and history are interesting! 😅
@@HannahRainbow88the one that makes me laugh/cry the most is the romans who used lead for wine casks. They realized it made the wine sweeter so it became a regular thing!
idk why but it made my heart so happy to hear hank refer to archaeology as a science. it often gets written off as "not a real science" so ty for the acknowledgment!
Fun fact, it's not just roman lead that is used as a low background material. Steel from before the nuclear age is (or was) a hot commodity for many years for use in particle detectors as well. This is because making steel involves contact with the atmosphere, which between 1944-1963 always contains some small fraction of radionuclides. So yeah, shipwrecks are important for particle detectors in a few ways.
The idea that "bad winds" somehow got translated to fart and they had to change it to tummy ache is the best part of this to me. Also thanks for using some American measurements like school bus length and weight of a small child/fraction of a Kia Sorento.
2 месяца назад+14
It's a misinterpretation of the Sardinian "Malu 'Entu" (bad winds), not a translation like that. Sure, it sounds funny, but really it was just Italians mishearing the Sardinians. In Romance languages the words for wind and the words for stomach don't share a root. Wind in Italian is vento originating from the Latin ventus, from proto-Italic wentos, from PIE h₂weh₁-: to blow. While stomach is ventre, from the latin venter (you may have heard cognates in English, i.e. ventral as opposed to dorsal), from PIE wend-tri-, meaning abdomen. "Bad stomach" for bellyache is an ancient expression probably used back in Roman times. (Though knowing the Romans' sense of humor, they have _definitely_ made the same pun about stomachache and bad wind.)
I'm sure that long before the Romans encountered the island it had fumarole activity from undersea volcanic ' ventlets ' tiny pressure release valves like what created the Hawaiian isles .there would have been noxious gasses on occasion that made people sick or dizzy or may have killed.
I was half expecting this to turn into an ad for Hank's new venture: Awesome Lead Club. "Every month we ship you one ingot of ethically sourced ancient Roman lead!"
I knew this was gonna be one of those “metal under the sea for 2000 years isn’t radioactively corrupted like everything on the surface and is good for experiments” type things
SHUT UP SCISHOW DID NOT JUST MAKE A VIDEO ABOUT MY EXPERIMENT!!! I just submitted my PhD dissertation for my contributions to CUORE yesterday. What a crazy coincidence.
complete nonsense. The universe is a technological feature. It coems out of a portal. The cosmos floats in an ocean and that ocean also comes out of a portal. Reality starts 2 portals away.
Jessica Rabbit era; "young and indescribably hot" LMAOO on a serious note though, that was freaking amazing. two completely different fields colliding like that, both with such important and worthwhile information to learn -- my brain is singing! i too felt so torn, wanting to preserve the precious ancient artifacts, but also the hunger at the invaluable chance to find out the origin of matter and our very existence. you presented it so well together Hank; this was an absolute joy. thank you :')
What a great video! I'm a PhD student working on the CUORE Experiment, and I was able to spend some time onsite at LNGS this summer. There is so much wonderful science going on there, and you did a wonderful job covering the goal and operation of the CUORE Experiment. There are extra lead bars kept on site underground, and I got to see them up close, super super cool :). You bring up a good point about the balance between the usefulness of the lead ingots to particle physics vs their invaluable and irreplaceable benefits to the field of Archaeology of Ancient Rome. I was told that the upper few centimeters of the ingots with the inscribed names of the producers are removed before melting down, so the outer part of the ingot is not lost completely and can still be studied for archaeological purposes. Great explanation of how the helium is used to keep the bulk of the detector system at 10mK, as that analogy fits for the Dilution Unit cooling system. An even cooler part to me is that it uses Isotopic Phase separation, as He3 is effectively "boiled" out of the He4 mixture because of its slightly different boiling point, and this "boiling" removes heat from the system. However, the main bulk of cooling power used to keep the detector at temperature uses a different technology, called Pulse Tubes which circulate high and low pressure helium gas which is used as a refrigerant to cool the system down to about 4K, while the Dilution Unit cools the rest of the way to ~10mK. Pulse Tubes work more closely to how typical AC work, just with different pressure differences and uses helium as the refrigerant. Fun fact: JWST uses a Pulse Tube to keep one of its instruments (MIRI) cold enough to operate and detect the infrared light needs to because ambient radiative cooling wont get it cool enough. Because of the sensitivity of the detector system at that low of a temperature, there are all sorts of mechanical background noises that we pick up which makes it harder to detect low energy events. A faint signal in the data has been correlated with the height of sea-waves in the Mediterranean, even though the lab is more than 50km from the sea! Basically all of the sloshing of the enormous amount of water slamming into the coast cause low frequency "microseisms" which travel through the ground and alter the 'noisiness' of the detectors. Earthquakes also produce noise in our detector and mess with our data collection. We've seen signals in the data from earthquakes as far away as Japan. To your point about the detection mechanism at 17:05, when double beta decay occurs, two electrons fly out of the nucleus with a large amount of energy. But then, usually right after emission, the electrons deposit their energy right back into the same crystal they decayed in. This energy deposition causes the cube to heat up by a very very tiny, but measurable amount. And the amount of energy deposited by these electrons from double beta decay would look different based on whether or not it is regular double beta decay or neutrinoless double beta decay.
@@johnhunt2390 Because it is dense, it is good at blocking external radiation. Because it was purified a long time ago, the radioactive parts of the lead itself have had time to decay, meaning that this lead can be very very close to the detector system and not cause any issues with extra radiation intrinsic to the metal itself.
@@johnhunt2390 Great point, yes it does, but there are also other contaminants in a mine, which are decaying INTO radioactive lead, so when refined from fresh ore, all of the lead is collected at once, the radioactive stuff, and the stable stuff. After the lead is purified into a giant chunk of lead, it's radioactivity goes down over time.
Cosmologist: i never thought id solve the mysteries of the universe with an archiologist Archiologist: how about with a friend? Cosmologist: aye i could do that Edit:i love everyone debating the mispelled "grave robbers" and noone batting an eye at me calling astro physcists cosmologists
I'm sure the archeologist community has their objections about artifacts being destroyed and repurposed for new experiments/technologies, but I personally think there is something so beautiful about the peak of human technology from a 1,000 + years ago reaching out like a hand across time to help new discoveries and advancements in science. It really makes me feel like I'm a part of one long continuum of human ingenuity.
This sort of use case is perfectly fine. The government of Sweden letting a non-swedish bureaucrat destroy viking artifacts is the kind of thing that gets people riled up.
Solution is straight forward: Thoroughly analyse, record, and preserve one sample for the sake of archeology. The rest is undoubtely better used in further advencement of science and progress. It’s a very simple sacrifice to make.
@@MAASKED-WNo, it's a video about an archeological discovery that could be useful in testing some long-standing theories in physics with a Babble ad in it.
Anybody who doesnt wana take sht like this and better humanity with it is a bottom feeder. Museum went “omg we could makw ao much money by just having those sit in a glass case!”
@@ithmiths Not at all! Archeology is an important part of the betterment of humanity too! Our past affects our future, it's important to understand it as thoroughly as we can. You can see that even the physicists understood this with how they agreed in their initial offer to spend much of their time (sounded like years from the way Hank phrased it? But I could be understand that wrong) getting as much archeological data as they reasonably could out of the bars before destroying their worth as artifacts. Now, there are a lot of unethical and questionable things happening in museums and the archeology field, don't get me wrong. But I have my doubts the people on the floor trying to recover these artifacts, and calling a 10% loss of them a _painful_ decision, are malicious or self centered in their intent. (also not really much a profit loss if they were trying to just exhibit them, not to mention that the monetary deal they were offered wasn't exactly lucrative, it was just enough to keep the "dig" going. That doesn't _prove_ anything about their intentions, sure, but its enough for me to give the benefit of the doubt)
Leptogenesis and right-handed neutrinos and the see-saw mechanism PLEASE! That sounds incredible! Any discussion about symmetry on a cosmic scale is always so fascinating!
If you're interested in stuff like that, I HIGHLY, HIGHLY recommend the book "Strange Matters: Undiscovered Ideas at the Frontiers of Space and Time" by Tom Seigfried. It's ALL about topics like these, and written in a really fun and approachable way. It's one of my all-time fave nonfiction books.
Me, a physicist waiting outside CUORE; Let's go testing! No decay aw dang it! No decay aw dang it! No decay aw dang it! Repeat for 38 trillion trillion years
Great video as always : the music could be nice touch but the fact that it's always changing makes it a bit distracting, especially in complicated topics!
Has anyone else noticed scientists really love digging holes, and not just your backyard holes like you would plant a tree in, but it seems some of the biggest and most impressive feats are scientists trying to shield something from another thing.
The lead poisoning from lead pipes would probably be less of a problem compared to Sapa. Sapa was a sweetener produced in ancient rome made by boiling unfiltered wine in lead pots which would create lead acetate. You dont need lead poisoning from residual lead leeching into the water supply if you pour the stuff directly into your beverages.
Also the pipes tend to form an oxidization layer that prevents lead from leaching into the water unless the pipe is damaged. One of the problems was people breaking open unplanned access points to the aqueducts so they didn't have to go all the way to the built in outlets. That damaged the lead lining and caused poisoning. But yeah, using it as a sweetener was worse for the people who did it
Sapa is still made and readily available in Italian Delis (near the Balsamic vinegar shelf). It is no longer boiled in lead pots. It tastes like a beautiful sweet Balsamico. I sometimes drizzle some over a brunch of grilled peach & burrata, with lemon thyme, baby basil & crushed pistachios. Eat it with biscotti as a spoon. Yummo!
*"why does lead only decay after it's mined". In every radioactive series, the final element formed is lead. if it's still in the ground, lead is still being formed both by absorption of radiation and the decay of heavier elements.*
Good to know! I was thinking that somehow, just by being in galena, the radioactive lead was made more stable. It makes sense that there would be some heavier impurity decaying _into_ the radioactive isotope and that, once the impurity was removed, the processed lead would slowly lose its concentration of the radioactive isotope.
Is it also the case that refining the lead introduces background radiation from the air used in the refining process, or is that only for refining steel/iron?
As a historian, I love seeing history preserved through use. Since there are so many ingots that are still preserved for study, and there was a public exchange for the lead, I think it's kind of beautiful seeing a historical act (sinking of a ship) which led to the only possible means of conducting something today. I agree that I wish there was some sort of archeologist-sanctioned, UN market for these kind of materials though.
This is one of the most unbelievably cool stories I’ve ever heard. Using ancient artifacts to understand the universe and maybe improve the future! I also love how worth it the deal was. It was a total win-win.
I was away ahead of you. Back in the 90's I wrote a control system for a company that built low-intensity radiation-measurement devices. The measurement chambers were shielded by a stack of lead bricks, and the innermost of these came from - guess where? I was rather chuffed, later on, to learn that my software was running at Chernobyl, to measure residual radiation levels in the environment.
Please do the neutrino deep dive video! I would love to see you guys branch into more technical science stuff. I know it will be for your whole audience, but I trust your take on this stuff more than a lot of sources out there. And your creative enough to give it a try.
Exactly, the whole neutrino thing needs to be given a critical treatment. From the outset the neutrino was given magical power of undetectability. Let's rethink why neutrinos should even exist at all. While you're at it take a hard look at the relatively few allegedly detected neutrinos and check for those resulting from something other than neutrinos.. I'm not convinced neutrinos even exist. Please try to find a different explanation for the missing kinetic energy allegedly escaping from so many observed nuclear reactions. Thank you.
Neutrino deep dive at multiple levels: 1. Explained to an elementary student 2. Explained to a highschool student 3. Explained to a college student 4. Explained to a PhD student
@@Quroxify it's been given critical treatment. It's been proven experimentally in many different ways, with direct and indirect techniques. Please stop spreading pseudoscience, especially if you don't know the history or the details of what you are describing
I would just like to kindly ask for more long form content ❤ It's so good and calming to focus on one topic for 25-30 minutes in our current digital landscape
I have to give a shout out to the remarkable late Italian physicist Ettore Fiorini who not only had the vision for CUORE in the 1980s, but helped the INFN secure the Roman lead, and transformed this fantastical idea into reality with literally generations of his brilliant students and long-time collaborators. Many of those former students are now the lead scientists currently on the experiment - and they in turn continue to train students to work on CUORE and CUPID. In some sense this really is a multi generational family (science family, that is) science project…
33 tons was probably not a problem in itself for a ship of that size, but if it was all in the same place then it's inertia could be problematic in rough water.
This is the longest I’ve sat through a video in a long time without feeling I needed to do something else. You had 100% of my attention, I don’t know what you did or if I was just really interested in old lead but great video!!
Fascinating how the ancient past and future collide in the world of science. The Roman shipwreck leading to fundamental explorations in cosmological phenomena is truly astounding.
And the guy who plays stupid was supposed to be the ultimate villain.... Idk like the guy saying ai will kill us but then putting ai in our faces and we're are just standing with it 😂
Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel. Get up to 60% OFF your subscription here: bit.ly/SciShowAugust
Also sponsored by Kia Sorento?
@@afaulconbridge
Is that a question? 😂
Babbel can help you cringe even better after hearing their pronunciation of "Mal di ventre"
@@tank-eleven
It's like Duolingo then.
All the non English languages uses ai or Americans speaking the language with American accent when ai is not available. Except tlhlngan Hol and High Valerian where it uses real humans with quote good pronunciation with inferior sound quality.
what are you talking about?
The Roman Republic was not Democratic; get your facts straight.
Funny thing, in roman lead pipelines lead poisoning was actually decreased in drinking water as time went on. Not because they stopped using lead pipes, but because the water was so mineral rich that it calcified the interior of the pipes and created and insulating layer between the lead and the water.
@karldubhe8619 Crazy how no one saw that coming, especially not seeing how getting a rush job of cans wouldnt cause the cans to be of low quality and able to cause scurvy
@karldubhe8619The water was also boiled, making it void of any impurities. This pure water leeched the lead right in. It was just an overall tragedy.
They used to drink "Sugar of Lead"
A lead cup with a certian wine that disolves some lead, giving the drink a sweet taste. So, keep reading. But props for going this far on your journey of knowledge. You have surpassed most as it is.
@@adamaddams6472 I mean directly from the water anyways
@@ATJonzie gotcha. I fully agree. Random thought, did you know that when humans switched to copper pipes (also discovered to cause neurological conditions i.e. alzheimers (
I worked on CUORE in 2007-2008, and one thing I'd like to add is: we don't measure temperature the normal way. We measured vibrations in the TeO2 crystal structure. These were perfect blocks of TeO2 crystals without defect, so a single phonon of vibration at the double beta decay energy could be detected. And what you'd see is a slight squeeze and expansion of the size of the TeO2 block as the phonon bounced through the crystal. This heat cannot even be dissipated because it is a single quanta of vibration, so it just bounces back and forth in the crystal until it quantum tunnels away into some other medium
Thanks for contributing your specialised knowledge to the discussion. That's awesome! :)
Perfect crystals without defect? Without any at all or with a known fraction of defects? I don't know much about particle physics but with a decent understanding of chemistry this sounds made up, there are no perfect crystals
@@alexrogers777 if you grow a crystal SLOWLY from a seed, then the new material deposition on your surface will be aligned with the lattice with no kinks. Then, you can cleave the crystal along the lattice like you would with mica.
It's very important that we made perfect crystals because we were counting on the phonon transmission through the crystal as a proxy for temperature. If there was a dislocation in the crystal structure, then there'd be a chance for transmission and a chance for reflection off of the dislocation, and we'd have a hard time calculating whether the phonon we observed was the initial decay or a reflected phonon
Wow! You'd want to be VERY confident in the consistency of your crystals' cleavage planes
Thanks for your insight. It's amazing to me that quasi particles really exist and that one can detect them singly. Interesting!
Tragic as the loss of an artifact might be, I kind of take a philosophical stance on these particular artifacts. They're ingots; they're a transitional state in human craftsmanship. They're just a convenient way to store metal until it's turned into something else. By using their metal to build something, they're finally fulfilling the purpose for which they were intended. The hard work of those ancient smelters is finally paying off, and their handiwork was immensely helpful to people two millennia in the future! There's something I find very... human, about that.
This is very true, the biggest loss is if we develop new techniques to answer questions with these artefacts in the future. But still, it sounds like they went about it in the right way in this case.
in fact its most likely these ingots would either only be used to mass produce certain things like coins or trinkets, or be used to line a barricade for extra defense... which im not saying is a bad use for them, but they have been lying dormant and unused for so many years, being used instead to solve the fundamental laws of the probabilities that anything could exist sounds like a monumentally better use... even if they have an immense amount of history, at the very least their history will continue onto making even more of history.
Meanwhile me: PUT LEAD IN THE WATER
And in a way it’s a very basic „universe“ thing too. From the beginning of the existence of the universe before the big bang on things were always changing. The Big Bang created the possibility (probably) that galaxies could form. Stars live and then „die“ to create something new. Nupernovas are necessary to create most of the elements of the periodic table, including everything that made our planet and us humans. And so on. So it’s wonderful they can be used in a way that gives them a new, not formerly thought about purpose. And I think the people who made them would find that very cool because it basically makes those lead ingots even more valuable.
hard work of those ancient slaves*
One of the reasons that Roman Emperors were incredibly wealthy is that Claudius insured ships. Roman ships were not crewed by slaves, but by free sailors. If a ship was lost, the ship owner had to pay the families of the crew a substantial amount. I have read that if the owner could not pay, they could be sold into slavery. So ship owners would not send out ships during the winter stormy season. There wasn't a huge chance that any individual ship would be lost, but the risk was too high for the ship owners. While in Egypt, there was a huge amount of cheap grain available because they could harvest crops twice a year. In Rome, food would sometimes not be available during the off season. There was nothing like starvation to motivate riots that could bring down an emperor. So Claudius insured ships, the owners were protected, the crews knew that their families were protected and the Emperor made a fortune from the profits while also being protected from food riots.
It's cool that both are teams of historians just in a completely different time scale.
Cool comment
Yes.
What an incredible thing to think about. Great comment!
The year is 5750.
Inside a glass case in a museum there is a letter written in a long-forgotten language. Written in it is a complaint by physicists regarding the quality of some lead ingots archeologists sold them.
The letter is considered evidence of the endurance of the Roman Empire as it’s goods continued to be traded millennia after some claims the Empire had collapsed
Ea-Nasir reference spotted!!!!
the classics nerds in these comments ❤
Golden Fleece? Pythagoras means 'Heart of the Serpent', he was born in Sidon, a fishing Port in Phoenicia. His mother received a prophecy from the Oracle at Delphi that he would become a great Leader & Teacher. Sidon means 'Kingdom of the Fish', & the Essenes, who wrote the Dead Sea scrolls, worshipped Pythagoras. The Sarcophagus of Eshmun III found in Sidon names him as the 'Widow's Scion', aka Hiram Abiff, Founder of Freemasonry, of which Tyre was the premier Capital (at least equal to Thebes).
In 911BC Rameses II married the Queen of Sidon, home of Jezebel (Daughter or consort of Baal, ie "Queen") founding Neo Assyrian Babylon, an alliance between Egypt & Hiram, Father of Jezebel, & King of Assyria; forming the Phoenician colonies, & building the Temple of Melqart to commemorate their alliance.
The Si in Sidon is the basis of the Latin Exe, or X, and is the basis of the Cross, or Chi Rho that Constantine painted on his shields. Also known as the Cross of Tyre, or Cross of Baal, being Ra-El, or Ba'El. Using Euler's number to map irrational numbers also produces a Templar Cross: ie where Eclipses are most likely to occur, called the 'Saros' Cycle. This cross can also be seen around the neck of Nimrod in Assyria, consistent with the Union Jack, & Solstice Calendar found in the Vatican's Shiva Lingam. Shiva is the Hebrew word for 7, & their culture also found its way to Korea & Japan (via the Philippines) ultimately becoming Shintoism.
It was the Phoenicians who gave their name to the Pole Star, _Phoenice,_ which they used to Navigate the Oceans using the Zodiac, that's what the Antikythera mechanism was for, & with it they wrote the Byblos Baal; what we now call the Bible. The first form of the Bible was written in 325BC & called 'Vaticanus Graecus', or 'Son of the Sacred Serpent', ie Sirius, the basis of the Sothic Calendar, which uses a Hex Decimal & base 60 system found in all Megalithic sites around the world.
In the second century AD the Astronomer Valentinus Vettori transcribed it into a Lunar chart of 13 houses, what we now call the Zodiac. Horoscope means 'Star Watcher', or 'Time Keeper' & the Phoenician word for Saturn, or El, was *_Israel_* or _El,_ (Fruit) of Isis (Ishtar) & (Amin) Ra. Equally El is the 'Father' of Ra the Sun, & Consort of Isis the Earth Mother, ergo _'El Ptah'_ is the *Moon* or Set, the Stranger.
Phoenicia was the interim between Egypt & Greece, with artisans & culture exceeding that of the Greeks, whom literally adopted the Phoenician Alphabet, which we still use to this day; sounding out words phonetically. 'Phoenician' is alliterated in 'Venetian', & 'Vikings', being Kings of the Sea, [Sea Pharoahs]
El is the primary God of the Phoenicians, representing the offspring of Egypt, & his consort Astarte or Ishtar represents the Assyrian half of the alliance. Such lineages & alliances can be traced (through the naming of gods) to Ireland & the Vikings, Indonesia, the Americas; even as far away as Australia, & New Zealand.
It denotes Sirius as 'Son' of Orion & Pleiades, which sits at 33 degrees of the Zodiac. The basis of the Sothic (Seth) Decan Calendar of the Egyptians. The New Moon in this position marks Rosh Hashanah, the Egyptian, Celtic, Phoenician, & Assyrian New Year, with the first New Moon of September, so called as it's the 7th House of the Zodiac, when the Sun is in Ophuichus.
'Phoenix', 'Benben', or 'Bennu', is Egyptian for 'Heron', or Feathered 'Serpent'. It baptised itself in frankincense & myrrh at Baalbek, then alights atop the Great Pyramid, upon the Holy Grail, or Altar of Ra, every 630 years to take three days off the calendar; during the course of the first New Moon of Nisan, which means 'Prince'. The Capstone of Pyramids is even called the Benben or Bennu.
The Phoenix is found in all religions, which are all Astrological Allegory for the Moon traversing the Constellations as a soul migrating from body to body. Thus is the basis of Joseph Campbell's Monomyth, or 'Hero's Journey' with the cycles & orbits of the planets serving as portents, omens, allies, etc. Thus Astrology was the Science of the Bronze Age & Reincarnation was the early teaching of the Gnostic Christian Church, & relates to the lineage of Kings: "The Pan is Dead! _Long live Pan!"_
The Bennu is the Egyptian Phoenix, to Phoenicians the Hoyle, Etruscans saw birds as sacred too, as did Celts, & Picts. Hebrew & Iberia have the same root; meaning _'over'_ ie _'overseas'_ or 'those [whom travel] over [the] sea'. A colony called Iberia also appeared on the Eastern shores of the Black Sea, with the same Dolmen & Megalithic culture originating in Ireland and Brittany circa 4500BC.
_Phoenician_ means 'Scion of the Phoenix', the first Bible: Vaticanus Graecus; 'Scion of the Sacred Serpent' (Prince). Then there's the Essenes; :Sons of Light', the Tuatha De Danaan; Sons of Light, Anunnaki; Sons of Light, Arthur Pendragon; Arthur [Thor] 'Son of the Dragon'. Chertoff is Russian for "Son of the Devil" & Dracula also means 'Scion of the Dragon'. Masons call themselves the "Brotherhood of the Great White Serpent", & the Ziggurat of Anu denotes her as a great white Serpent too, while at New Grange & the Bru na Boinne, Ireland (4000BC) the white quartz ramparts also denote the Moon. The Moon itself travels either side of the Solar Elliptic by 5 degrees through specific constellations in a serpentine fashion that is always changing, but repeats every 19 years, the time it took to train a Druid or Magi, Magi meaning 'Teacher'. The Phoenix is also associated with this sacred number 19.
"Pharoah" means 'Great House' or 'House of Light' & Cairo used to be called Babel. Pharaohs were called 'Commander in Chief' & wore a hooded crown representing feathers, as do Native American Chiefs, ie the Feathered Serpent. Aztecs also had 'Serpent Kings', (Canaan means Serpent Kings, & Sidon was a Son of Canaan & Great Grandson of Noah) who were called to lead with "cunning & guile" being the virtue of their "right to rule"; being seen as "just" in public, while shrewd in private. "As wise as Serpents, (while appearing as) _gentle_ as Doves." The old Egyptian flag of an Eagle holding a Snake is also reflected in the Modern Mexican flag, denoting the Constellations of Serpentis (13th sign of the Zodiac) and Aquila.
The dimensions & 12 mathematical constants of the Great Pyramid are also found in New Grange, & Stonehenge, as well as in Watson Brake, (2500BC) & Teotihuacan, which correlates to the Phoenician/ Sumerian Seximal system, which is what our modern systems of time are based on, unlocking a fractal pattern reflected in the musical chord, electrical resistance, relative Planetary orbits, indeed; throughout _all_ creation.
Officially no one knows who invented Astrology, the Zodiac, navigation by the stars, or time keeping. But whoever built the pyramids, & pioneered the 24hr clock in Egypt 5000 years ago already knew the exact dimensions of the Earth, & the speed of light. Because these can all be calculated using these Megalithic sites as a Surveyor use a Theodolite. Specifically at Teotihuacan; 230 degrees opposite Cairo, & with the exact same footprint. The ideal positions to determine the speed of light using the transit of Venus, allowing for accurate Longitude for Maritime navigation. Capt Cook did the same thing in 1774 when he 'discovered' Easter Island.
The only culture that fits the bill was wiped out "not one stone upon the other" by the Romans in 146BC. Tyre, the capital of Phoenicia (Israel) sat just offshore from Ursu Salaam: City of the New Moon; City [or 'Rock'] of Peace; root of the name _'Jerusalem'_ & was also seized by Rome in 70AD after a 3.5 year siege. The gap between is 216 years (6x6x6).
Greek Dionysians built the Temple of Solomon (now called the Temple of Melqart) representing the Solar Lunar (Solomonic) Metonic Calendar on which this system is based. They also carried mirrors, same as Magi, Druids, Greeks, & Egyptian scholars. These Mirrors are Astrological charts called 'Cycladic _Pans'_ & record the cycles of the planets. The first Temple of Melqart ( Phoenician Horus, Hercules, Pan, Thor) represents the 13th Constellation of Ophiuchus or 'Serpent Bearer' (hence Orphic Serpent worship) & had pillars of Emerald (Jasper) & Gold, ie Isis (Tree of Life) and Osiris (Tree of Knowledge). The Jerusalem Temple only took payment in "Shekels of Tyre" a currency minted during the Israelite rebellion against Rome, hence _"give that which is Caesar's unto Caesar"_
When Alexander sacked Tyre in 332BC they relocated to Carthage meaning "New City" or New Jerusalem, & built a second temple with Pillars of Bronze. Nebuchadnezzar also sieged Tyre for 13 years, taking the City captive in 573BC: the same time as the biblical account, & again the Romans in 70AD after a 3.5 year siege, also consistent with the same biblical accounts.
Palaset was the name of a tribe of the Sea Peoples, Pallas _Set_ denotes the New Moon of Ammun Ra rising in Gemini, the *Pallas* Constellation of the Twins "that stand before Orion", due West of the Temple between the Gates [Pillars] of Gibraltar; "Gabriel's Altar", ie 'Pallas Stein', or Pallas Stone, 'Phallus' or Philosopher's Stone: the _"Rising Son"._ So 'Wormwood', like 'Tyre' means 'Bitter Rock', for the same reason; as the Son rising from the 'Bitter' [Salt or 'Black'] Sea of the Underworld; The 'Black Rock' or 'Gatestone' 🌑
The Cross of Tyre or Ba'El ❌ represents Lunar maximums & minimums & correlates with the Cross Quarter days of the Solstice Calendar. Align the Cross ❌ Chi Rho Christian ✝️ & Star 🔯 to the Zodiac, & you have a Compass & Timepiece that correlates to the Nautical Mile; allowing for global Maritime navigation.
It is in fact an Astrological allegory for a Sothic Metonic Saros Zodiac Calendar using Accusations in a Mirror 🪞
*A Phoenix **_Cypher_*
😂😂😂
Most people don't know that "who framed Roger rabbit" has an underlying plot line that is based off the true story of the rubber and oil companies buying up all the light rail lines in Hollywood and tearing them up to promote highways. You can still find remnants of this time period when walking around towns like Oakland, California where the original rail lines were just left in the ground because it was easier. This is part of why the taxi is a lead character in the last half of the movie and there are many references to trains.
Such rail-lines remain in the Seattle area and form the basis for walking and bike paths.
Was a day you could take a tram from Tacoma to Everett...for a nickle!
Electrically powered...of course.
@@pirobot668beta Return public transport to the people!
I live in a rural, remote place in NW Europe. Less than 100 years ago we had inter-village railways. Then came the car. A brief mirage we call freedom but that will not last another 100 years, and for which we gave up on our way of life, our health, our environment.
For some reason this feels oddly parallel with this exact story too. An old ingot of metal being ripped up for a particular reason... Just like with the Roman lead. I know it's for completely different reasons, one for cynical & financial and the other for noble & scientific, but still.
@@pirobot668beta That whole thing “…stinks like yesterday’s diapers!”
Fun fact: The ship classification "Navis Oneraria Magna" translates to "Great Mule Ship". It's the ancient Roman equivalent of a cargo freighter.
Since so many people ask the same question: The reason there is Lead-210 (Pb-210) in the ore in the first place, is because it is a decay product in the Uranium-238 (U-238) decay chain. In the lead ore there is always some amount of U-238 present, so Pb-210 is constantly produced (and it is in equilibrium: just as much Pb-210 is produced in the decay of U-238 as goes away by the decay of Pb-210).
If you extract the lead from the ore, the Pb-210 goes with the rest of the lead, but the source of it (the U-238 and decay products) is removed: so once extracted the Pb-210 that decay isn't replenished and the amount of Pb-210 starts to decrease.
Thank you! The question you're answering had wandered into my mind, and I didn't really have any hope of having it answered, haha.
I have no idea why this isn't in the video, it's like a huge plot hole in a film. Thanks for fixing it!
Thank you. I was curious and now I'm satiated. Cheers
Fantastic answer! I was scratching my head from the moment this came up.
Ohh TYSM!! I was wondering about that
I like the idea that the lead bars being used by CUORE were sacrificed to avoid pirates profiting off of them not once, but twice
Once, you mean.
You saw it written 15 times. CUORE. From cordis in Latin. Like cordial.
@@mrosskne For the first, the theory that the ship was sunk to stop its being stolen from by pirates.
For the second, the team salvaging them were compelled to sell the ingots, in part due to concerns the ingots may be stolen.
But if modern pirates stole the ingots, would that not also be fulfilling a Cosmic Destiny? Which viewed so, seemingly implies the many worlds theory.
Note: Uncanny (mental) Valley ahead! 🤣
@@mrosskne Once from the initial pirates and once from the salvaging pirates, so twice
2000 years ago some dude was running errands and was so good at it, his boss put his name on a piece of lead that ended up being used in an experiment to understand the universe.
maybe they were in love
Ain't life grand?
Meanwhile, in a timelinewhere Rome didn't collapse:
"Good thing we split that into two loads, huh?"
"Yeah, it was just way too heavy."
It isn't every day you find a modern thing with a supply chain that includes the ROMAN EMPIRE.
If you include roads that were started by the Romans it's more of a common occurrence. They made roads and routes that are still used.
SPQR
You mean, like a wristwatch company that started out selling sundials?
there is a interesting story how the width of the solid fuel rocket boosters is given by the width of the train tunnels they have to pass through. And the tunnels are as wide as they have to be for the trains. And the trains run on tracks which are the same size as the tram tracks. And the trams are as wide as the carriages before them. And they have the width that fits the roads layed by the roman empire, and they have the fitting width for 2 horses in front of a roman chariot.
So the technology to bring us to space depends on roman technology design...
All men know that isn't true. We think about it a lot.
Everything, in some way, leads you back to the Roman Empire.
Everything...
The script writing this episode is top notch. A really good job breaking down a tough topic, and Hank's delivery is *perfect*. Great for keeping your attention so you stay invested in listening and learning.
13:45 - Anonymous off camera person, you have excellent comedic timing.
They sounded like Savannah to me.
@@EggnogTheNog I was thinking the exact same thing: That off-camera interjection sure sounded a lot like them!
Top notch, like a 2002 Kia Sorento!
Cannot agree. Anyone who writes "we shouldn't exist" is doing poor science communication.
@@TheDanEdwards Not at all.
For our European friends who aren't familiar with American units of measure, a Kia Sorrento weighs about the same as 82 emus.
No no no, the emus are for Australians
We should tell the Europeans that a Kia Sorrento weighs about 867 Kiwi birds
No no no, the kiwi birds are from New Zealand.
We should tell the europeans that a Kia Sorento weighs 4.5 adult pandas 😅
Ok stop mocking and tell how many Hamburger per Eagles it is.
@@francescodalo8828 That number is almost-certainly very wrong for pandas. First, though, we need to clarify that Red Pandas are the official pandas, while Giant Pandas were named as such due to their similar appearance. Phylogenetics, one of the few subjects that seem even more arbitrary and pedantic than Metrology.
But how big is it? Please compare the size to a standard reference pear.
For the TL;DR watching crowd: The ship sunk with a rather, substantial, amount of a type of lead which is needed as a shielding substance for a neutrino experiment by physicists. The results of said experiment could help solve the mystery of why there was a tiny imbalance in the matter - antimatter annihilation at the beginning of the universe.
disclaimer: not trying to steal SciShows thunder. I love this guy. Sometimes you just don't have a half hour to get to the punchline. Today I did, this is for those that didn't.
I scrolled too far for this comment. I appreciate you
All the 💰 in that study won't help mankind in the slightest.
@@Edwarddiaz21As a brilliant doctor once said, “Marty, you’re not thinking 4th dimensionally.”
@@natedagreat19 if he was brilliant he obviously didn't waste money on bull sht. That's a study that has less meaning than a study on why is water wet. It just is, that's good damn enough. Studying a balance and imbalance in matter or anti matter at the creation of the universe doesn't mean anything.
The "punchline" was like at 15 minute mark at best.
YES, COVER IT! More particle physics and cosmology!!!! (This premiered on my birthday, so thank you SciShow for the gift
Yes!
happy birthday!
happy birthday :D
I reallly want to see a video that goes in to an extreme amount of technical depth just for the sake of it :D
Adding to the chorus of "cover it," here.
I really appreciate the writing and editing of this episode. The random inclusions of cars, the second camera for sassy quips, Hank getting words wrong. Felt like I was watching more Hank does stand-up but with less crowdwork and more science
it makes it way more enjoyable to watch.
yes very well-written, performed and edited.
It's my Dad's birthday today, he was a physicist. I remember growing up I found out about neutrinos moving so fast the mass of the Earth doesn't slow them down and I began to wonder if I even existed. I haven't been able to celebrate today with him since 2015, but this video found me, now. I miss him, so much. I can't tell you how much I would cherish a super nerdy deep dive about my favorite particle and anti particle) please please please, neutrino video, please?
See you again
Grew up in a household where brilliant minds came together to "chat" the conversations i heard still blow my mind 45 years later........wonderful post kathryn!
He sounded like a wonderful man. I miss my father too and think about him all the time.
Check out veritasium videos called "neutrino detector, and even better, "if a supernova happens close to earth." He goes into detail about the nature of neutrinos.
Wishing you the best ❤
I’m so happy Hank is looking healthy and happy again
As a maritime history nerd, I feel compelled to point out that the sail on the animation of the ship is facing the wrong way.
Thats why it sank
An "Appeal to Authority" is not necessary nor impressive. Many non-"maritime history nerds" also put their sails the right way.
😂
@@mikemondano3624 It's not an appeal to authority. It's an explanation why they feel compelled to care enough.
@@mikemondano3624he feels compelled to comment because he is a maritime history nerd, how is that an apeal to authority you pedantic coelacanth.
I love how most advanced experimental physics is basically one of two things:
- Can we make things go really fast and crash, so we can measure the craziness?
- It’s going crazy fast, can we trap it so we can look at it?
That’s specifically in high energy physics. Most modern experiments in physics are much smaller in scale.
The Universe has to follow the law of physics, not the other way...??
@jacqueslheureux9161 The 'laws' of physics aren't prescriptive. They are descriptive - describing our current understanding of how the universe we find ourselves in works. They are decently accurate as far as we know, but still just a description of our observations
Speed it up!!!!!! Slow it down in zero kelvin plasma!!!!! Smash it together!!!
@@Matthew-by2xx I stand corrected, as a layperson with a lifelong interest but who certainly isn’t a scientist in the field, I’m sure reality is far more nuanced and filled with all sorts of nooks and crannies to explore - not always through these more well-publicized, eye-catching efforts!
My comment had more to do with how, no matter how complex or startling these experiments in high energy physics become, in the end they boil down to this almost childlike fascination we humans have with the universe… A lifetime of pursuit in science begins with kids damming small streams to see the water change course, or smashing toys together for the sheer joy of seeing the parts fly, then putting them together again. Trite, perhaps, but there’s to me a poetry in how these ultra-intricate experimental efforts like CUORE or CUPID resemble that so much.
I love this meeting of two seemingly completely independent disciplines of science. Just goes to show that all of them are important.
Yes, important and interconnected. It's great to see where they come together!
and also that all of them are just 'guessing' at everything, yes
@@Munenushino?
@@Munenushi I implore you to research the scientific method, come back to this comment and tell me if you still believe science is a guessing game
Love love love this new era of SciShow. It's whimsical and has a genuine sense of humor yet thorough and rigorous.
Please, please make that video that is being debated. Cosmic study, particle physics, and theoretical existentially calming and disturbing physics, are all endlessly intriguing for me.
Yes, agreed!
@@AMcAFaves I am also interested, and would also like the video being debated!
Yes! Please do.
Watch
Symbols of an Alien Sky
Do not go to profeasor dave. He is a nut. Watch the videos. Paid for by normal people like me.
absolutely, yes scishow should do an episode on leptogenesis, right handed neutrinos, and the see-saw mechanism! Particle Physics is awesome!
I "second" this ✌️😤
I have no idea what all that is BUT I want to learn. SO YES MORE KNOWLEDGE, pleassssssssssse. 🤓
I would love to watch this episode!
I love how they have the off-camera pronunciation correction and constant reminders it’s complicated to explain who is in favor of talking about leptogenesis.
Whoever did the writing on this script did a PHENOMENAL job. Watching this video was probably the most focused, enthralled and entertained I've been all week. I've also been loving all the new set designs ya'll have been doing. Keep up the amazing work, and thank you for being such a fun and trusted educational source!
I'm astounded. This video is so different and much more clear and information packed than I'm used to. Please take your time and make more of these than just pumping out "content". I watch them anyway, but so much more appreciate these types.
Slight correction, from a person who studied mining engineering:
Technically galena, the mineral, is lead and sulphur, nothing more, nothing less. However, even really high quality ore deposits are not all one mineral, and sulphide deposits have a lot of neat stuff in them. Silver and zinc sulphide ores (sphalerite for zinc, acanthite and argentite for silver) tend to show up in the same formations that have a lot of galena.
Which is to say, silver isn't in the galena, it's in the same rock that the galena is in. (And so is zinc, but given that wasn't isolated until 1746, it's pretty safe to say the Romans weren't mining for it...whereas these days, if you see a lead mine, it's probably a lead-zinc-silver mine.)
Near where I live in the UK, you can tour an old silver and lead mine.
I would love to be able to agree with your thoughtful and well-posed comment, but when I play dwarf fortress, you melt galena down into lead and silver, and I trust dwarves when it comes to mining, so…
@@johndoe-rq1puwhy did you send this high-level discussion into the basement? 😒
@@LathropLdST The Dwarves found Galena in the floor of that basement! ;)
yes they knew, they needed to make bronze.
Last semester i gave a talk on cuore, leptogenesis and the see-saw mechanism and nothing would bring me more joy than to see a scishow episode about these. Granted, I fully acknowledge that the full implications of the non-diagonality of the Yukawa coupling matrix may be a bit beyond the reach of a general-audiences show like this, but it would still be so cool
Damn you! Now I really want to know! 😆
15:50 absolutely yes to leptogenesis, we're all nerds here.
Yes please
Bump
+
Yes yes yes, an entire full length video on leptogenesis, right-handed neutrinos and the Seesaw mechanism please!! 😛
+1
I like how this video is full of phrases like “could have lead” that finally have a full right to be double-understood.
Since the lead was not a finished product. There’s something poetic about those people’s labor not going to waste, but ultimately being used 1000s of years later in the pursuit of knowledge for the benefit of all humanity.
*They never knew the strikes from their hammers would ring so far*
God works in mysterious ways.
The universe is an extremely complex self-aware system of energy flow.
I like to think those original miners would be delighted and proud.
At first I thought they had to use ancient lead because of the background radiation from atmospheric nuclear tests. Steel made before the 1940s is very valuable because smelting streel introduces radioactivity from the atmosphere, so ww2 shipwrecks are sometimes mined for their low background steel to be used in sensitive scientific equipment
“Here’s a fact I read on wikipedia”
@@NoYoSaySo"Here's a person disenfranchising the curiosity of someone else."
@@NoYoSaySo Why do ppl like you justve to make the world worse?
@@NoYoSaySo imagine knowing less than wikipedia. You clearly know more.
@@NoYoSaySospread love, not hate
This story is so wild that if there was literally any other person on any other channel giving the intro to this video, I would have immediately judged it clickbait pseudoscience and left.
Yes, please make an episode on leptogenesis, right handed buttons and the sea saw mechanism. Particle physics is not something I learned in school and the above would be neat information to help the audience's understanding on how matter came to be, or at last I think that's what it those things help explain. Thank you (in advance!
I just watched the intro and I don't think any intro or trailer or anything of that nature has ever gotten me as excited for something. Holy moly.
I'd like to see a SciShow about the science of spinning, knotting, weaving, knitting, crocheting, roping and braiding. All the ways we get loose fibers to stay together just by twisting them.
excellent idea
So... knots
Hell yeah!!!
omg yes
I think there are much less overqualified scientists that can explain that
I’ve been watching Scishow regularly since my middle school science teachers showed it to us in class. I’m now 24, and as someone who regularly listens these in the car on my way to… just about anywhere, I LOVE the longer story time format of this.
This is gnarly as hell - mixing some of my favorite topics - Rome, archaeology and astrophysics. I like these long-form, kind of narrative videos. But a SciShow video I'd like to see - especially a long one - is one about those LFTR reactors. Haven't heard much about them lately - not sure if they flopped or if there's already a video on the channel but I remember thinking it seemed like a solid, interesting concept. Also, yes - to answer the question in the video - I'd love to see a video on leptogenesis.
And to go off-topic, typing is hard - especially trying to use proper grammar, punctuation and capitalization - having my right hand wrapped in a ball basically, from a flexor tenosynovitis staph infection and surgery on my middle finger and palm (surgeons made ample jokes) and mainly typing one handed. I broke the doc's orders (all the nurses said, despite his personable nature, he's pretty authoritarian about his bandaging - they wouldn't touch it) and freed my index finger from the bundle so I could use my computer's mouse. I can't just _not_ play video games. That's absurd and barbaric... Lol
Yeah, now I'm craving an episode on leptogenesis! I need new subjects to let my uncles conclude I'm getting crazier every year at the family meetings.
The funny thing is, all of my uncles form a circle every family reunion and talk about everything from philosophy to quantum physics to advanced mathematics. Me learning about leptogenisis would likely not make them confused.
glossopharyngeal and lingual sensory nerve memory is great at parties
Lol
You either defeat the crazy uncles or live long enough to become one
Try to convince your uncles that 1 times 1 = 2. That'll get them started. (Sorry Terrence Howard lol)
Hank again demonstrates why he's the king of science explaining! There's no one more expressive and comprehensible. So glad you're doing well. Thanks and keep up the good work!
this may be the most sophisticated clickbait I've seen
There were multiple teaser posts too!
Yes never underestimate how far click bait titles will go.😅@@ajchapeliere
It worked pretty damn well
Too good to be mad though.
The concept of "Nothing" represented by the number "0" (zero) did not exist in the beginning. The number "0" (zero) is a relatively recent human innovation in mathematics. But, there has always been "1" (one). The fact that one (1) exists and can generate the position/concept of "nothing" (0) shows that there first exists one (1). Thus, nothing (0) does not truly exist alone: One (1) must first exist that can create the position/concept of nothing (0). Mathematically, Absolute nothing "could be" expressed as 0 to the power of 0, which can equal 1. "Nothing" IS "Something"; because, it comes from "Something". Moreover, since Nothing (perceived) is not Nothing (actual), then it is possible for Something to come from Nothing (actual). Because, Something (1) is inherently pre-existing within Nothing (actual), hence, 0 to the power of 0 can equal 1. Simply put, Something [One (1)] exists before Nothing [Zero (0)] can exist. In the beginning, there was Singularity (1).
Yes! Please make an episode on leptogenesis, right handed neutrinos and the see saw mechanism! Make it long and challenging!
Jessica Rabbit Era! 😂
Yes, to deep dive in particle physics, please.
That cracked me up!
how bout a deep dive on jessica rabbit ?
Yes please.
@@stuart940 She was originally much raunchier and they had to tone her down.
@@stuart940 That seems more fitting for a Weird History episode!
You know what I was just thinking this morning? "God, I wish there was a RUclips video on leptogenesis, and right handed neutrinos, and the seesaw mechanism!"
Yeah it's really fascinating if you're into that kind of thing 😉
Legit, same
Man, the amount of personality in this video is astonishing. Who knew a person could, like, PERSON as hard as Hank Green just did.
Hank is the person-y-est person to ever person, confirmed.
That's interesting! Please include that definition in the dictionary!! Let's make a petition. 🧐
Person /pah:son/ (Adjective):
"to describe how human-like someone is."
Forms: Personed, personify, personality.
Example: "This book shows the person of the author."
Synonyms: Enthusiastic, quotidian, spirit.
Antonyms: Monotone. Lifeless.
I love you, Hank. And your hair looks GLORIOUS! On behalf of curly-haired nerds everywhere, you represent us very well!
What do we want?
An episode on leptogenesis, and right-handed neutrinos, and the see-saw mechanism!
When do we want it?
At a reasonable timeline to produce it with the same quality that SciShow has maintained up until now!
+
+
+
*on a platform that doesn't support terrorism through vehement censorship of constitutionally protected natural rights
+
Fun fact, the Romans were so attached to using lead in plumbing, the word plumbing is from the Romans word for lead! And it's why the chemical symbol for lead is Pb
Yes, "plumbum" was the Latin word for lead, hence it's Pb on the periodic table, and the root of the word plumbing.
(Darn Roman lead water pipes and the side effects they caused! 🤯☠ Don't get me started on pigments/paints and makeup over the ages too! 😱)
... At least etymology and history are interesting! 😅
@@HannahRainbow88the one that makes me laugh/cry the most is the romans who used lead for wine casks. They realized it made the wine sweeter so it became a regular thing!
@@HannahRainbow88 Also the lead sugars they used to sweeten their wines 😵 The Romans sure loved their lead
I was never a schoolboy, that's why I did not know that! Thank you!
@@HannahRainbow88 its*
idk why but it made my heart so happy to hear hank refer to archaeology as a science. it often gets written off as "not a real science" so ty for the acknowledgment!
Im of the firm belief that science is a process not a subject, sociology, history, archaeology, etc are all just as scientific as physics or biology.
I consider Archaeology is an Applied Science
there is just something about the way you speak that just holds my interest throughout the whole video.
Fun fact, it's not just roman lead that is used as a low background material.
Steel from before the nuclear age is (or was) a hot commodity for many years for use in particle detectors as well. This is because making steel involves contact with the atmosphere, which between 1944-1963 always contains some small fraction of radionuclides.
So yeah, shipwrecks are important for particle detectors in a few ways.
Geiger counters also need uncontaminated material that's sourced from these wrecks as well, if I'm not mistaken
Not fun, just a fact.
The idea that "bad winds" somehow got translated to fart and they had to change it to tummy ache is the best part of this to me. Also thanks for using some American measurements like school bus length and weight of a small child/fraction of a Kia Sorento.
It's a misinterpretation of the Sardinian "Malu 'Entu" (bad winds), not a translation like that. Sure, it sounds funny, but really it was just Italians mishearing the Sardinians. In Romance languages the words for wind and the words for stomach don't share a root.
Wind in Italian is vento originating from the Latin ventus, from proto-Italic wentos, from PIE h₂weh₁-: to blow. While stomach is ventre, from the latin venter (you may have heard cognates in English, i.e. ventral as opposed to dorsal), from PIE wend-tri-, meaning abdomen. "Bad stomach" for bellyache is an ancient expression probably used back in Roman times. (Though knowing the Romans' sense of humor, they have _definitely_ made the same pun about stomachache and bad wind.)
I'm sure that long before the Romans encountered the island it had fumarole activity from undersea volcanic ' ventlets ' tiny pressure release valves like what created the Hawaiian isles .there would have been noxious gasses on occasion that made people sick or dizzy or may have killed.
I was half expecting this to turn into an ad for Hank's new venture: Awesome Lead Club. "Every month we ship you one ingot of ethically sourced ancient Roman lead!"
It's like the opposite of Fair trade chocolate, it's guaranteed to have more slave labor behind it than modern lead.
I knew this was gonna be one of those “metal under the sea for 2000 years isn’t radioactively corrupted like everything on the surface and is good for experiments” type things
Thanks for summarizing the 30+ minute video so succinctly, I was having trouble staying focused with all the new information 😂
right. took way too long to get to what we already knew
I think it's the other way around, stomachaches can lead to bad winds...
Sometimes also a light drizzle or torrential downpour
Oh man, this could be it. I’ve been waiting for an episode dedicated to leptogenesis, right-handed neutrinos, and the see-saw mechanism for AGES now!
SHUT UP SCISHOW DID NOT JUST MAKE A VIDEO ABOUT MY EXPERIMENT!!! I just submitted my PhD dissertation for my contributions to CUORE yesterday. What a crazy coincidence.
Really great video! :) Congrats by the way on finishing up!!!
Thank you!
Big ups to you good sir
Can confirm I know this guy and he’s a huge dork about his epic science experiment
@@Stoneworksinsane Stoneworks spotted
WOW. this was interesting and fun to follow and absorb. you all are great at what you do!! thanks so much.
“The universe was in its Jessica Rabbit era, young and indescribably hot.” 😂 The way I did not expect that.
I love whoever wrote that line
complete nonsense. The universe is a technological feature. It coems out of a portal. The cosmos floats in an ocean and that ocean also comes out of a portal. Reality starts 2 portals away.
@@andriesquast2028 Cool theory lol
Lol
@@andriesquast2028 You're right; that was complete nonsense.
Is it click bait? Sure.
Is fascinating? Absolutely.
Thank for the content
i think it was accurate :)
It's okay, though. It's more click than bait.
16:03 yes, we want see saws! 😅
Jessica Rabbit era; "young and indescribably hot" LMAOO
on a serious note though, that was freaking amazing. two completely different fields colliding like that, both with such important and worthwhile information to learn -- my brain is singing! i too felt so torn, wanting to preserve the precious ancient artifacts, but also the hunger at the invaluable chance to find out the origin of matter and our very existence.
you presented it so well together Hank; this was an absolute joy. thank you :')
What a great video! I'm a PhD student working on the CUORE Experiment, and I was able to spend some time onsite at LNGS this summer. There is so much wonderful science going on there, and you did a wonderful job covering the goal and operation of the CUORE Experiment. There are extra lead bars kept on site underground, and I got to see them up close, super super cool :). You bring up a good point about the balance between the usefulness of the lead ingots to particle physics vs their invaluable and irreplaceable benefits to the field of Archaeology of Ancient Rome. I was told that the upper few centimeters of the ingots with the inscribed names of the producers are removed before melting down, so the outer part of the ingot is not lost completely and can still be studied for archaeological purposes.
Great explanation of how the helium is used to keep the bulk of the detector system at 10mK, as that analogy fits for the Dilution Unit cooling system. An even cooler part to me is that it uses Isotopic Phase separation, as He3 is effectively "boiled" out of the He4 mixture because of its slightly different boiling point, and this "boiling" removes heat from the system. However, the main bulk of cooling power used to keep the detector at temperature uses a different technology, called Pulse Tubes which circulate high and low pressure helium gas which is used as a refrigerant to cool the system down to about 4K, while the Dilution Unit cools the rest of the way to ~10mK. Pulse Tubes work more closely to how typical AC work, just with different pressure differences and uses helium as the refrigerant. Fun fact: JWST uses a Pulse Tube to keep one of its instruments (MIRI) cold enough to operate and detect the infrared light needs to because ambient radiative cooling wont get it cool enough.
Because of the sensitivity of the detector system at that low of a temperature, there are all sorts of mechanical background noises that we pick up which makes it harder to detect low energy events. A faint signal in the data has been correlated with the height of sea-waves in the Mediterranean, even though the lab is more than 50km from the sea! Basically all of the sloshing of the enormous amount of water slamming into the coast cause low frequency "microseisms" which travel through the ground and alter the 'noisiness' of the detectors. Earthquakes also produce noise in our detector and mess with our data collection. We've seen signals in the data from earthquakes as far away as Japan.
To your point about the detection mechanism at 17:05, when double beta decay occurs, two electrons fly out of the nucleus with a large amount of energy. But then, usually right after emission, the electrons deposit their energy right back into the same crystal they decayed in. This energy deposition causes the cube to heat up by a very very tiny, but measurable amount. And the amount of energy deposited by these electrons from double beta decay would look different based on whether or not it is regular double beta decay or neutrinoless double beta decay.
Why is this lead so special?
@@johnhunt2390 Because it is dense, it is good at blocking external radiation. Because it was purified a long time ago, the radioactive parts of the lead itself have had time to decay, meaning that this lead can be very very close to the detector system and not cause any issues with extra radiation intrinsic to the metal itself.
@@MTristanHurst Doesn’t the lead in a mine decay at the same rate?
@@MTristanHurstMy question is why does the clock start once the metal has been mined?
@@johnhunt2390 Great point, yes it does, but there are also other contaminants in a mine, which are decaying INTO radioactive lead, so when refined from fresh ore, all of the lead is collected at once, the radioactive stuff, and the stable stuff. After the lead is purified into a giant chunk of lead, it's radioactivity goes down over time.
Cosmologist: i never thought id solve the mysteries of the universe with an archiologist
Archiologist: how about with a friend?
Cosmologist: aye i could do that
Edit:i love everyone debating the mispelled "grave robbers" and noone batting an eye at me calling astro physcists cosmologists
Haaahaha. Nice
archeologist
@@rampaginwalrus 👎
@@rampaginwalrus *archaeologist
This was very good.
I'm sure the archeologist community has their objections about artifacts being destroyed and repurposed for new experiments/technologies, but I personally think there is something so beautiful about the peak of human technology from a 1,000 + years ago reaching out like a hand across time to help new discoveries and advancements in science. It really makes me feel like I'm a part of one long continuum of human ingenuity.
From an archaeologist, no big deal...
modern science needed materials so rare only history could have forged them
This sort of use case is perfectly fine. The government of Sweden letting a non-swedish bureaucrat destroy viking artifacts is the kind of thing that gets people riled up.
@@Nope_handlesaretrash This is happening? 😬
Science rules!
Solution is straight forward:
Thoroughly analyse, record, and preserve one sample for the sake of archeology. The rest is undoubtely better used in further advencement of science and progress.
It’s a very simple sacrifice to make.
I feel like this whole video is secretly an ad for Hank's old 2002 Kia Sorento that he's tryna get rid of
no its an ad for babble..
@@MAASKED-WNo, it's a video about an archeological discovery that could be useful in testing some long-standing theories in physics with a Babble ad in it.
Wait ... a 2002 Kia Sorento hasn't gotten rid of itself yet?
It should decade into a Hyundai Getz by now@@Riverdeepnwide
I can now only think about an archeologist and a physicist arguing,
"It belongs in a museum!"
"No, it belongs in my laboratory!"
Anybody who doesnt wana take sht like this and better humanity with it is a bottom feeder. Museum went “omg we could makw ao much money by just having those sit in a glass case!”
@@ithmiths Not at all! Archeology is an important part of the betterment of humanity too! Our past affects our future, it's important to understand it as thoroughly as we can. You can see that even the physicists understood this with how they agreed in their initial offer to spend much of their time (sounded like years from the way Hank phrased it? But I could be understand that wrong) getting as much archeological data as they reasonably could out of the bars before destroying their worth as artifacts.
Now, there are a lot of unethical and questionable things happening in museums and the archeology field, don't get me wrong. But I have my doubts the people on the floor trying to recover these artifacts, and calling a 10% loss of them a _painful_ decision, are malicious or self centered in their intent. (also not really much a profit loss if they were trying to just exhibit them, not to mention that the monetary deal they were offered wasn't exactly lucrative, it was just enough to keep the "dig" going. That doesn't _prove_ anything about their intentions, sure, but its enough for me to give the benefit of the doubt)
and thus the pitch for "indiana Jones vs Incredible Hulk" began
Leptogenesis and right-handed neutrinos and the see-saw mechanism PLEASE! That sounds incredible! Any discussion about symmetry on a cosmic scale is always so fascinating!
Please, please, please, please, please!
(please)
Just wait for the adult parody .
Yes please
If you're interested in stuff like that, I HIGHLY, HIGHLY recommend the book "Strange Matters: Undiscovered Ideas at the Frontiers of Space and Time" by Tom Seigfried. It's ALL about topics like these, and written in a really fun and approachable way. It's one of my all-time fave nonfiction books.
@@zekenelsons2069 I'll check it out. Thanks!
What a great story wonderfully told, and with such humor.
Can we please get an episode on leptogenesis, right-handed neutrinos, and the seesaw mechanism? Pretty please with cherries on top?
I'm invested 💯
And whipped cream
@@brenta2634 yeah! And whipped cream!
Me, a physicist waiting outside CUORE;
Let's go testing!
No decay aw dang it!
No decay aw dang it!
No decay aw dang it!
Repeat for 38 trillion trillion years
You are not a Physicist.
This is how I farm items in games
You're going to explain why I exist? Good I have been looking to hold someone responsible for this
I was also born without my consent
Whoever's responsible for all of... *vague gesturing.*
have you checked the bible? it's got an interesting claim in there that's relevant to your question :p
Great video as always : the music could be nice touch but the fact that it's always changing makes it a bit distracting, especially in complicated topics!
YES! Do an entire Sci episode on leptogenesis, right handed neutrinos and the see-saw mechanism!!!!! Nerd out on science--we love it!
imagine making ingots today and your product is first used in the year 4100
Whiskey distillers: we aged this 25 years!
Lead smelters: hold my beer.
@@NedTheUndeadhold my ingot *
@@abdelmouladhia8560 for 2000 years.
@@abdelmouladhia8560*hold my crucible/tongs?
That sounds like something Isaac Arthur would talk about in one of his space colonization episodes
Has anyone else noticed scientists really love digging holes, and not just your backyard holes like you would plant a tree in, but it seems some of the biggest and most impressive feats are scientists trying to shield something from another thing.
They're probably researching the Earth's crust
Digging holes, stacking blocks and throwing rocks.
That covers about 90% of human endeavours.
@@DisgruntledPeasant agreed, other dudes will join in if you deep a big enough hole at the beach
Typically deep experiments use old mineshafts rather than purpose dug holes. Why dig your own hole when someone else will do it for you?
@@karl0ssus1 my point still stands,
Please make video on leptogenesis, right-handed neutrinos and the see-saw mechanism!
The lead poisoning from lead pipes would probably be less of a problem compared to Sapa. Sapa was a sweetener produced in ancient rome made by boiling unfiltered wine in lead pots which would create lead acetate.
You dont need lead poisoning from residual lead leeching into the water supply if you pour the stuff directly into your beverages.
Also the pipes tend to form an oxidization layer that prevents lead from leaching into the water unless the pipe is damaged. One of the problems was people breaking open unplanned access points to the aqueducts so they didn't have to go all the way to the built in outlets. That damaged the lead lining and caused poisoning. But yeah, using it as a sweetener was worse for the people who did it
I believe they also powdered their faces with lead....just in case drinking it was not enough : )
Sapa is still made and readily available in Italian Delis (near the Balsamic vinegar shelf). It is no longer boiled in lead pots. It tastes like a beautiful sweet Balsamico. I sometimes drizzle some over a brunch of grilled peach & burrata, with lemon thyme, baby basil & crushed pistachios. Eat it with biscotti as a spoon. Yummo!
@@CheeseWyrmdoes it still use lead
@@thatyoutubeguy7583 It is no longer boiled in lead pots .... NIL Pb in the modern version, yay! :)
*"why does lead only decay after it's mined". In every radioactive series, the final element formed is lead. if it's still in the ground, lead is still being formed both by absorption of radiation and the decay of heavier elements.*
Here, primarily U-238 into radioactive Pb-210, 22-year half life. Refining, not mining, removes the parent U-238.
Good to know! I was thinking that somehow, just by being in galena, the radioactive lead was made more stable. It makes sense that there would be some heavier impurity decaying _into_ the radioactive isotope and that, once the impurity was removed, the processed lead would slowly lose its concentration of the radioactive isotope.
Is it also the case that refining the lead introduces background radiation from the air used in the refining process, or is that only for refining steel/iron?
@@michaels.3709 you would need to purify the lead again to get rid of the stable isotope that the radioactive lead decayed into.
@@jonathanodude6660
Pb-210, beta decay > [ 22 year half life]
Bismuth-210, beta decay > [ 5 days]
Polonium-210, alpha decay > [ 138 days]
Pb-206, [stable]
Lead-206 IS the stable isotope.
As a historian, I love seeing history preserved through use. Since there are so many ingots that are still preserved for study, and there was a public exchange for the lead, I think it's kind of beautiful seeing a historical act (sinking of a ship) which led to the only possible means of conducting something today. I agree that I wish there was some sort of archeologist-sanctioned, UN market for these kind of materials though.
I appreciate your ability to summarize complex science experiments and theories in generally graspable layman's terms. Very well-made video!
This is one of the most unbelievably cool stories I’ve ever heard. Using ancient artifacts to understand the universe and maybe improve the future! I also love how worth it the deal was. It was a total win-win.
I was away ahead of you. Back in the 90's I wrote a control system for a company that built low-intensity radiation-measurement devices. The measurement chambers were shielded by a stack of lead bricks, and the innermost of these came from - guess where? I was rather chuffed, later on, to learn that my software was running at Chernobyl, to measure residual radiation levels in the environment.
Please do the neutrino deep dive video! I would love to see you guys branch into more technical science stuff. I know it will be for your whole audience, but I trust your take on this stuff more than a lot of sources out there. And your creative enough to give it a try.
Exactly, the whole neutrino thing needs to be given a critical treatment.
From the outset the neutrino was given magical power of undetectability. Let's rethink why neutrinos should even exist at all.
While you're at it take a hard look at the relatively few allegedly detected neutrinos and check for those resulting from something other than neutrinos..
I'm not convinced neutrinos even exist.
Please try to find a different explanation for the missing kinetic energy allegedly escaping from so many observed nuclear reactions.
Thank you.
Neutrino deep dive at multiple levels:
1. Explained to an elementary student
2. Explained to a highschool student
3. Explained to a college student
4. Explained to a PhD student
@@Quroxify it's been given critical treatment. It's been proven experimentally in many different ways, with direct and indirect techniques. Please stop spreading pseudoscience, especially if you don't know the history or the details of what you are describing
I would just like to kindly ask for more long form content ❤ It's so good and calming to focus on one topic for 25-30 minutes in our current digital landscape
I have to give a shout out to the remarkable late Italian physicist Ettore Fiorini who not only had the vision for CUORE in the 1980s, but helped the INFN secure the Roman lead, and transformed this fantastical idea into reality with literally generations of his brilliant students and long-time collaborators. Many of those former students are now the lead scientists currently on the experiment - and they in turn continue to train students to work on CUORE and CUPID. In some sense this really is a multi generational family (science family, that is) science project…
The physics version of Cosa Nostra
ITALIAN science family with all sorts of added on aunts, uncles, cousins, etc.
Started with Rome, ended with rome
"lead scientists" ;)
@@meeb_consumer
“All roads…”?
"Jessica rabbit era: young and indescribably hot" that is such an out of pocket way to describe the early universe lmao
Dude is kinda a creep for that fr fr
Lol Jessica rabbit is hot af and idk if you really care about whether she's 18 or 21. As along as she isn't 14, which she isn't lol @@jordanp5283
Not a creep, just reality. That's the point of her character.
I also will never up vote this use of "out of pocket". 😂
10:38 for anyone who wants to know
I can tell by the way you misused "out of pocket" that you're a millennial...
"flavious, load all the lead."
"but sire, it is heavy"
"what could go wrong? we build the best ships"
My thoughts exactly
And this is why Archimedes's discovery on mass was so relevant to industry 😅
Ah, good ol' Flavius-Flav with his big lead clock-medallion! ;)
@@sarahmiller4084 I wonder if ancient ships used Archimedes' Screws - to bail out excess water. (There were no pumps then, right?)
33 tons was probably not a problem in itself for a ship of that size, but if it was all in the same place then it's inertia could be problematic in rough water.
Excellent video and presenter….thanks
This is the longest I’ve sat through a video in a long time without feeling I needed to do something else. You had 100% of my attention, I don’t know what you did or if I was just really interested in old lead but great video!!
Yes, yes! Leptogenesis, right-handed Neutrino and Seesaw Mechanism episode please! And all that particle physics goodness. Thanks Hanks!
Fascinating how the ancient past and future collide in the world of science. The Roman shipwreck leading to fundamental explorations in cosmological phenomena is truly astounding.
I just saw those ingots in Cabras this summer!!! And also, yes to leptogenesis video.
PLEASE release the full explenation!! One of the most intersting episode's to date IMO
1:09 - That sounds like a long, long, long, long time ago... and more than likely occurred in a galaxy far, far, far, far, far away.
I thought his delivery drove it home. And so cool to try to fathom.
😂😂😂
And the guy who plays stupid was supposed to be the ultimate villain.... Idk like the guy saying ai will kill us but then putting ai in our faces and we're are just standing with it 😂
"Throw a dart at a timeline and you are gonna hit some Roman Turmoil" was savage af, and tbh i was also thinking the same