Ketone Body Synthesis | Ketogenesis | Formation Pathway and Regulation
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- Опубликовано: 19 авг 2024
- Lesson on Ketone Body Synthesis (Ketogenesis): In-Depth, step-by-step pathway analysis of the formation of ketones, and regulation of the enzymes involved.
Hey everyone! This lesson is on ketone body synthesis, how ketone bodies are produced, the location of ketone body formation, and how ketone body synthesis is regulated by glucagon and insulin.
If you found this video helpful, please like and subscribe for my videos! Please also check out my videos for more lessons on human metabolism, health and disease.
***EXCLAIMER: The content (ex. images) used in this lesson are used in accordance with Fair Use laws and are intended for educational/teaching purposes only.***
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JJ
Bro just made me understand in less than five minutes rather than studying a slide of fourty pages four three hours 😂😂😂 and get nothing
This is flat out, the best explanation of this topic on RUclips. Great job.
AMAZING! My professor spend an entire class explaining this and I could not get it! You made it perfectly simple! Nice work
This video is life saving for biochemistry lectures. THANK YOU.
I’m a personal trainer and as of late I’ve been trying to broaden my nutritional knowledge. These vids are amazing! Keep it up 👍🏼
Good on you, sir! The world needs more professionals like you, who go out of their comfort zone to better serve their clients. Keep it up
Great videos. I do want to make one comment and the is to say that ketones are far from being a simple energy source. Ketones are signaling molecules of which bind to receptors and therefore cause down stream effects. Ketones mediate immune responses, they act as HDAC inhibitors and provide a very efficient and less reactive energy source.
There are dozens of good peer reviewed papers explaining the various ways in which ketones alter physiology advantageously.
If you are interested I suggest you search the following.
1. Epilepsy and ketones
2. Ketone signaling
3. Inflammasome (NLRP3) ketones
4. Hdac ketones and aging
5 metabolism and ketones
Please answer briefly if possible:
why should be the inhibition of a natural process (downregulation of momentarily unnecessary genes via
deacetylation of histones) be beneficial in general?
more biochem videos! med students are in need :) thank you!!!
Dentistry students are also
please
biGGer FONT is appreciated for US half blind people ...
THANKYOU
Hi are you medical student from Israel?
Wooow actually last 3 days lm reading about the ketone bodies but didn't got it l saw this video and completely understood even my professor also didn't explain this much thank you sooo much waiting more video if possible with CC
At 0:34, you said that decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity leads to high levels of acetyl CoA, but I think is PDH responsible for converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA, so isn't it the *increase in PDH activity* that leads to the higher level of acetyl CoA?
Most likely... but why would be PDH upregulated?
This is true. Acetyl coa provides feedback inhibition which will shift the equilibrium towards gluconeogenesis via pyruvate carboxylase. Relatively high concentrations of acetyl coa will thus push pyruvate towards making glucose.
As a future biochemist who's on a ketogenic diet, this is key
Your reasons for keto? if not private! Thanks
From Egypt 🇪🇬
Saying “ thank you ☺️ “
You’re very welcome! 😁 and greetings from Canada 🇨🇦
"Mitochondrial synthase or synthetase". Idk what you meant there, but they are not the same thing. Its name is HMG CoA Synthase. Synthetase means that uses ATP, which this enzyme doesn't use.
Why does decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity cause more acetyl CoA? Isnt that enzyme the one that converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA?
PDH enzyme activity when decreased will not direct acetyl-CoA to the Krebs cycle, thus acetyl-CoA can be used to generate ketone bodies. Moreover, in a FASTING STATE, the Krebs cycle is inhibited thereby more ketogenesis pathway for available acetyl-CoA. I hope this help :)
@@shereal3196 is that PDH directly responsible for directing acCoA into the Krebs ...?
Thank you! ❤@@shereal3196
This vedio is very helpful thank you👍❤️❤️
Glad you like it :)
Seen once. Shall be seen again. Great vid.
Wouldn’t decreased pdh activity lead to more pyruvate and less acetyl-CoA since it is the enzyme responsible for the conversion? @0:40
Thank you
Thank you for saving my life
It was really easy to understand with my notes.. thank you
Ikkadiki kuda chaccha ra mana vallu, chaa
Thank you for such a great video.
But I have a question; I don't understand how high levels of acetyl coA can be a consequence of decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity??
I think he did explain it right, so basically during fasting, free fatty acid are "mobilized" to liver, now fatty acid oxidation(beta oxidation) occurs converting FA's into Acetyl CoA, now this high level of acetyl CoA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (like a negative feedback)
Acetyl CoA also activates pyruvate carboxylase (which forms oxaloacetate) used for gluconeogenesis
So basically beta oxidation inc level of acetyl CoA which in turn inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
@@rukashniazi3178 but this means decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is a result of high level of acetyl CoA, not the other way round like what he stated at the beginning of the video
I love your channel 🙂💝💝💝💝
can you tell me how much ATP is generated from glucose and how much energy (ATP) from ketones? I cant figure this out, maybe asking you might help. Thank you very much!
Acetoacetate is formed first so is called primary ketone body.
Awesome video,thank you so much! I have a doubt: why could the decreased activity of Pyruvate DeHydrogenase result in high levels of acetyl CoA? Since pyruvate dehydrogenase synthesizes acetyl-CoA, aren't the acetyl CoA levels supposed to be lower during reduced PDH activity?
i think hes mistaken... or he mightve meant that when high levels of acetyl CoA accumulate they decrease the activity of PDH
@@ziadqumizakis7770 thank you for answering!
why high levels in acetyl coa is due to decrease level of pyruvate dehydrogenase when the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex helps in conversion of pyruavte to acetyl coa??
Thank you. This was really helpful
Thanks.
Thanks 🥰
I really tried sticking with the keto, but I just felt awful and it is also really tough to adhere to. I then tried the Agoge diet and it was life changing, I highly recommend it to everybody.
it's been really advantageous for me, I suppose it's not for everybody
Excellent lesson!!!!!
Love this explanation. One cinfusion on @0:55 wouldnt decreased levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase lead to decreased levels of acetyl coa since less pyruvate is being converted into aceytl coa?
absolute legend
Great video! Thank you so much!
Good clear explanation and good slides as well.
Really Helped with my BioChem II Class! Thanks
This is just so amazing
Amazing!! Thank you so much
I understood...thank you so much
Thank you for the great video
Thank you very much 🥰
My own experience suggests that the keto diet is over-hyped. A good diet shoould be easy to stick with and be healthy. Agoge diet is a good option, I lost a lot of persistent belly fat.
my biggest issue is that I want to bulk but I hate eating, for me, eating is the boring part 😆
Got my plan, looks good 👌
is the agoge diet based on plant-based protein, fiber and healthy fats?
If so, that's not so different from a classic ketogenic diet
Very interesting, thanks!
Thank you ❤❤❤
Excellent 😊
@JJ Medicine Thank you for the helpful and to-the-point videos. I have 2 questions on this one please. 1) if fats can't cross BBB then how does the brain use ketones for energy? and 2) can you explain how certain amino acids can feed into the ketogenesis pathway please (lysine and leucine?) Thanks!
Ketone bodies are water soluble which can cross the blood brain barrier once oxidized which substitutes the brain's need for glucose energy?
Why specifically lysine and leucine?
Great education video, thank you for sharing. ⚛️
Very nice explanation! Ty!
Thank you sooooo much
thanks so much for the help!
Thans a lot!
thank you very much for this
Amazing!👌🏾👌🏾💙💚
question, which part of it is responsible for losing weight rapidly? is it because the fat is burning non-stop?
1) Ketonic pathways on their own are less efficient at utilising the chemical energy...
2) the body will even turn on glucoNEOgenesis (the name speaks for itself), which uses up some energy, too
Body needs glucose. Period
I wouldn't be surprised if many of those on shorter term keto (two-three months) won't even absorb all the eaten fat, because the body isn't used to. (less efficient emulgent action...)
On the other hand low carbs, especially simple sugars are the easiest way to pump up the energy levels of the body, so it quickly decides to store some of the excess. Evolutionarily conserved traits in genes favour fat reserves in most of us.
Before the mass production of refined sugars and the use of artificial fertilizers there were much less calories available for an average individual.
I've read that many on keto simply aren't able to eat that much because higher fats and proteins satiete more...
Probably one of the reasons for binge eating is craving for sugar on the verge of an addiction
Thank you !!
High levels of Acetyl CoA from "decreased" pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?
TESRACT tex it works as an inhibitor, cause acetyl coA is the result from the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase
I think it's because there's not enough Oxaloacetate
I think he did explain it right, so basically during fasting free fatty acid are "mobilized" to liver, now fatty acid oxidation(beta oxidation) occurs converting FA's into Acetyl CoA, now this high level of acetyl CoA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (like a negative feedback)
Acetyl CoA also activates pyruvate carboxylase (which forms oxaloacetate) used for gluconeogenesis
So basically beta oxidation inc level of acetyl CoA which in turn inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
Thanks lot
decreased PDH activity?
Im actually asking myself the same
I think he did explain it right, so basically during fasting free fatty acid are "mobilized" to liver, now fatty acid oxidation(beta oxidation) occurs converting FA's into Acetyl CoA, now this high level of acetyl CoA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (like a negative feedback)
Acetyl CoA also activates pyruvate carboxylase (which forms oxaloacetate) used for gluconeogenesis
So basically beta oxidation inc level of acetyl CoA which in turn inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
seen the trails from the 50 I think it was when they dropped the bloodglucose levels in a few patients so low that they would have entered coma but didnt since they had fasted for such a long time that the brain more or less was not dependent on blood-glucose at all?
Is that possible for longer periods of time?
Why the beta Hodrxybutayrate is abundantly produce
Is it true that during dry fasting you can enter in ketosis much faster? If so can you explain why?
Very true
franzz chandi cause u don’t have much of energy , cause the glucose decreases 2 , so ketones are lysis to produce energy , so a lot of ketone may make a kitosis if it increase more than normal ,
Dry fasting?
Thank u so much.
Great explanation! Thanks alot sir❤️
great
Any transcripts available?
Really helpful, but where are the sources :/
If there are no errors, why the request for sources? This should be biochemistry 101, so each and every standard book would have to contain this info
Ничего непонятно. А то что понятно и так давно было известно. Жаль нет наглядности. Где-то находил 3D анимация химических реакций. Вот там намного лучше
God I hate metabolism.. why did choose this major what have I done ..:’’’’)
Hang in there buddy!
God loves you, its gonna be fine ☺️😙
No one has seen any of this under a microscope. Because we are talking about what takes place inside a body, de novo, naturally, organically. There is not one study done on the ketogenic diet that was done by a biochemist, nor any books on the keto diet that were penned by a biochemist. Even the original ketogenics had zero to do with foods - and certainly not bacon not butter. It was about no foods at all. It was about deprivation of foods. And those folks in medical science at the time these original studies were done, came to zero conclusions except that seizures had to do with certain proteins in the brain. Somehow, someway, modern man, non science folk, adopted this diet to mean we can eat steak and eggs all day and slather everything with copious amounts of butter. Love of fried foods is what gave the "keto Diet" it legs, it wings (pun intended). There is zero science knowledge exhibited by anyone who now writes or speaks about the keto diet and ketones etc. None of them realize that ketones are made by sugar. They also don't realize that sugar is NEVER EVER leaving the body - unless one is dead. And, none of them realize that when they speak to fat as fueling, ATP the endgame, final stage in energy (production/transfer) is sugar based. Yes, ATP is a sugar based molecule. So sugar wins the day always. Not fat, not at all fat. And they also don't realize that the fat we have on our body and in our body (with the exclusion of the stomach and digestive tracks), is made by us, via dietary carbohydrates. Yes, humans make their own fats, triglycerides. As for dietary fats, the list is long how they can harm us. You can google any of this stuff to see for yourself - but here are just a few things; Oxidized and rancid fats and oils can cause malnutrition, anemia, diarrhea, hair loss, dermatitis, swelling of the lips and eyes, kidney and liver bleeding, gastric papilloma (growths in the stomach), reproductive failure and loss of offspring, cancer, and death; Toxic oil syndrome (TOS) - fever, rash, muscle pain, and problems with blood vessels and white blood cells; respiratory failure (lungs stop working) is main cause of death;In continuing - muscle pain, muscle wasting, fluid retention, high triglycerides, pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs), liver disease, and sicca syndrome (aka Sjogren syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that stops tear and saliva production and is often accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis); main causes of death were thromboembolism (a blood clot that moves to an area of the body like the heart, brain, or lungs) and pulmonary hypertension. Corn Oil: contains very large amounts of biologically active fats called Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are harmful in excess and are associated with an increased risk of various diseases, like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity. Corn oil may also impair immune function. Omega 3 oils have never ever been proven to be effective in a human. And by proven i mean absolute proof of molecular efficacy. There is not one study wherein they tagged a fat molecule, O3 and tracked it from place of original, through the extraction process, through processing (purification, handling etc.), through digestion - and on to where all of these crap doctors on TV (Larry king show) say it will go and do what it will do. We are just now, in this century/decade, fine tuning various tech that gives us the ability to see what molecules are actually doing inside a cell, in real time, de novo. So anything prior to having this tech is speculative and assumptions - many which turned out to be wrong. And none of these food companies nor supplement companies have and use this tech
Thanks.... Good summary.
I think in the end we'll just realize that in general a balanced diet with quality food and some personal tweaking based on genetics and lifestyle will do the most what can be done for a healthy body/mind.
I'm curious if info on the microbiom in the gut will be of any special use...
Do oxidized (rancid) oils a concern in western parts of the world? I mean the nut creams, in specific
You don't want to forget of course all the DNA and RNA molecules which are also partly based on sugars: (deoxy)ribose
As a molecular biologist I have to add that some effects in our bodies will never be able to track down as directly as to individual molecules:
Some cell types can profit from specific changes, while others will have to "pay" for the adaptation, most of them will react neutrally (if at all): however, all of them will contribute to the final outcomes...
Take keto people as volunteers for a global experiment.
Those that argue the most either had achieved benefits (real and/or perceived) from this diet, or take it almost as a religion. Many just feel the need to defend their resoluteness...
Sadly (for me), most of them commenting under YT videos has biological knowledge restricted to keto-related....and/or other lifestyle issues.
... they think that "their" nutritional studies are (more) conclusive, than the majority
If keto-persons were to realise how little can be yet deduced about long term effects of such radical diet (those who are consuming less than 20% carbs), they wouldn't pursue this lifestyle more than two-three years.
Blah blah blah
Thank you
Thank you