Last week I had a lecture on metabolism at my medical school and I was so frustrated halfway through the lecture that I stopped listening then I went on youtube and saw your simplification of metabolism and it clicked! You made it soooo much easier to understand
Hello Armando, as a health coach in Amsterdam, your videos are excellent stuff for me to learn and understand the processes my cliënts getting through during their treatments. THANKS a MILLION and keep serving us/ humankind with these great information. My humble request to you . . . . Can you make a video about the way our lymphatic system works, why it is very important, and the role of our lymphatic fluid comparing to our (blood)plasma. Am sure you 'll be able to get us something excellent agin.
Holy Moly Armando! You’re truly amazing my brain! Thank you❤️ as I watch this though, I wonder how my liver cirrhosis handles my short fasts. I’ll be asking my gastroenterologist in 2 weeks. Thank you for your hard, time consuming work. You are a Hero.
Bravo‼️ man, that was an awesome video.. You explained everything to the "T". I literally have no questions because you answered all of them in that video.. thank you very much 😁👍🏾
Fasting of few weeks in most cases is not starvation. Herbert Shelton describes difference between fasting and starvation in his book Fasting Can Save Your Life.
These videos are really helpful, you really make it easier to visualize when studying. Thanks a ton. I also want to know which subjects you are studying.
You are awesome! I am learning and most importantly retaining what I hear from your lectures! I am preparing for a comprehensive exam. These vids are big help! Thanks!!!!
Dude! You have just saved me from being kicked out from Pharmacy School! Your lectures are well explained, detailed, captivating, and yet fun to watch. YOU ROCK!!!! love the the drawings as well. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!
Awesome video, and this is how a overweight person can lose weight by fasting. I say that because I used to be overweight, I was prediabetic, and started to intermittent fast hours, days at at time until I can go 3-5 days without any food.
5:28 Note to those interested: While the blood _levels_ only change slightly during fasting, this does not mean that the _amount_ of glucose used by the body doesn't decrease drastically in favor of a higher _amount_ of free fatty acids being burned.
HI, I am wondering something. I take caffein before a workout to give me some energy. I know that caffein has several effects on the brain (increase adrenaline, dopamine), and it increases the lipolysis. My question is when people get used to caffein the effect on the brain stimulation is not as strong as before but I wonder if the lipolysis effect will remain as high as at the beginning or if the lipolysis is related to the brain stimulation which would mean that if the brain effect decrease the lipolysis will decrease ? Thank you very much !
Hi! Thank you so much for this video it has helped me with my work! I have a question, could you recommend me a textbook which inludes all that information? I'm writing an essay on fasting and I gotta include legic sources. Thanks!
You forgot to mention the increase Human Growth Hormone during fasting, as an method the intelligent body used, to protect the important tissue "muscle, skin, organs, etc." from being burned for energy. If you deplete all your fat, then you are entering in a danger zone and even so, the body will begin to burn the damaged proteins first like tumors, cancer bodies, damaged cell even before touching the good ones. But overall, nice explanation and illustrations, thanks!
maybe it's beyond the scope of this video, but i would like to add 2 things - important is to know that glucagon has no effect whatsoever on muscles, but it stimulates an enzyme called hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue which provides glycerol and fatty acids from triglycerols (and of course all the other things you mentioned) - proteolysis of muscle tissue is induced by cortisol
mali hali Read this on wikipedia but couldn't find a source: "Previously, glucagon was thought to activate HSL, however the removal of insulin's inhibitory effects ("cutting the brakes") is the source of activation" Could you please state your source on glucagon having a direct stimulating effect on HSL? EDIT: I think it's the same statement as "glucagon increases insulin", while this is true it's not the direct mechanism. Glucagon increases blood glucose which by itself will increase insulin secretion.
salmjak Well, I think you are right that rather the absence of insulin activates HSL than the presence of glucagon. I wrote this 1 year ago (based on the available information my university provided me with) now that I have read the whole Robins - Basic Pathology it makes also a lot more sense. When you look at Non alcoholic fatty liver disease for example, you have an accumulation of fat in your liver. Why? Obese people tend to have insulin resistance --->HSL doesn't stay deactivated ---> HSL becomes activated and all these free fatty acids that have been released from the peripheral adipose tissue go to the liver and accumulate (very very general explanation).
Wouldnt AA entering the liver from proteins in the muscle also be converted into acetyl coa then ketones for ATP production? Gluconeogenic vs Ketogenic AA types (Leu, Lys).
Love this. I experimented the water fasting myself for 7 days and tested my blood glucose level 10 times per day. I need to warm everyone that the glucose level dropped to one third of normal level 3 days after last meal. It is not a smooth curve like you draw in this video. It has sharp collapse points. Driving at one third level of glucose is the same as drunk driving because it is very hard to focus, and generally a person becomes careless for all daily tasks. I did my experiment during a Christmas vacation time because everyone was having a jolly spirit, and my drunk behavior was less noticeable.
love it, at 7:03 Acetly CoA do not covert back to pyruvate and then again in to storage form because there is lake of enzyme specifically Insulin. thank you for what you are doing. keep going.
I'm approaching 48h too. I'm going for 5 days. I have only ever managed 96 hours and 82 hours. Hopefully I will achieve my goal of 120 hours. I'll have a few months off and then go for 144 hours. etc. I was 15 stone and 9 pounds. I'm hoping to see 14 stone 7 pounds. I achieved this last time. The problem is I love chocolate ice cream and chocolate and sweets and kebabs hahahaha 😆 oh and full fat milk lovely
@B Byng I cracked all those problems a few months back. Now I'm 12.5 stone. Less than 9% body fat. Just did a 4 day fast. Am enjoying a months winter sun in Gran Canaria. Just went snorkeling where I was surrounded by fish. Life is good.
Great video! I noticed your time line in days but wanted to say on a Keto diet, waking up with a blood glucose of 5.0mmol/l and then going for a 10km run this dropped my blood glucose to 3.7mmol/l (after a 16km run the day before) I then had a black coffee, worked in the garden for 30 mins or so and then retested my blood glucose and it was 5.1. All within a few hours not days. I've been measuring Beta Hydroxybutyrate, after my run it was 1.3mmol/l.
My question is how do you increase the break down acetyl coa or what type of supplements will increase the break down of acetyl coa during fasting? It seems to me that if acetyl coa was to be broken down faster, than we would have more energy to use as according to your video.
At the 7min mark (and in the the khan video, 'How does the body adapt to starvation') it's mentioned that during the first day or so, most fatty acids (aceytl coa) enter the kreb cycle to produce ATP, but that prolonged fasting will cause NADH levels to rise and cause a switch to make ketone bodies from the excess aceytl-coa... but if FAAs enters the kreb cycle to produce ATP, isn't this glucogensis? Also if you consume exogenous ketones (ex. mct oil, red raspberries, etc), in an otherwise normal (non-carb restrictive) diet, what would be the brain's glucose vs ketone utilization? Are there any genetic component or polymorphisms that would make the liver less capable of producing endogenous ketones from excess acetyl-coa? Is it widely accepted that diseases of the brain (alzheimer's, parkinson's, huntington's, etc) are likely the result of insulin resistance of the brain? And therefore ketone therapy may be helpful?
Hey! Very nice video. I love your work and am pleased to see it becoming better with time. I even borrowed your brain drawing for my profile, hope you don't mind! However I'm currently reviewing this topic at med school, and I was told proteinolysis can be, in fact, one of the first mechanisms to occur during absolute starvation. Your fat storages are actually saved for later it seems, I think this happens when you have an extra stress acting upon your body. This is especially important when considering parenteral nutrition in unawake obese patients in an intensive care unit. If you don't supply adequate daily nutrition, they will enter a catabolic state culminating in enough protein loss to impair respiratory muscle function. One would think that, having enough fat in their bodies, they would just burn it all up, but it seems our body hold a firm grasp on that. If you would like, I can search for a reference and link it here.
This is great. It would have been useful to mention that fatty acids can’t pass through the blood brain barrier and that’s why it needs ketones. And there’s something about red blood cells not being able to use fatty acids for energy either. (And sorry if I missed it if you mentioned this, but I think it’s important, because you did mention that the heart uses the fatty acids and then ketones, but you didn’t mention why the brain doesn’t, I think)
I do a Ketogenic diet 3 times a year which helps me loose some weight and resets my energy levels. I go zero carbs for 2 weeks then very low carb (diary only) for the last 2 weeks and keep my blood ketones between 1.1 and 1.7mmol/L for optimum weight loss. I maintain a balanced diet with exercise when im not on Keto. Honestly the best results I've ever seen!
Doesn’t make sense - you said heart prefers fatty acids as energy source - so why would it use ketones that derive from fatty acids in liver? Heart can use fatty acids directly.
We were made for feast and famine. There is too much food available...so we need to create our own famine. So a good fast is maybe a good cure for many ailments in our society!!!
If the body doesn't break down muscle for awhile then where is it getting the amino acids to convert to glucose? Your fasted so it's not coming from dietary protien...
6:18 "during starvation"? Ketogenesis already happens after 24 to 48 hours of fasting or at least very low carb consumption. It takes weeks before the body would begin entering starvation, as that relies on protein and fat stores getting depleted. You mean just 'fasting' where you talk of 'starvation', same with day 2 vs day 7 for example.
P.S he didnt mention that protein breakdown doesnt happen if you workout the muscles while fasting you can maintaine your muscles has been proven in multiple studies
That marker moving fast is so very annoying that I don't think I could resist to the end of presentation. But I will give it a try because I'm interested in the subject. If you can please do this without that marker to be seen. You will win time and we could watch. Thank you.
Excellent clear presentation, the best I have seen.
Last week I had a lecture on metabolism at my medical school and I was so frustrated halfway through the lecture that I stopped listening then I went on youtube and saw your simplification of metabolism and it clicked! You made it soooo much easier to understand
Did you finish school now? 8)
@@Chris-ro7mn Lol. I was going to ask the same question
@@fatimahkadiku7368 i think she hit the Streets bruh bruh
@@Chris-ro7mn that would be sad🥲
Hello Armando, as a health coach in Amsterdam, your videos are excellent stuff for me to learn and understand the processes my cliënts getting through during their treatments. THANKS a MILLION and keep serving us/ humankind with these great information.
My humble request to you . . . .
Can you make a video about the way our lymphatic system works, why it is very important, and the role of our lymphatic fluid comparing to our (blood)plasma.
Am sure you 'll be able to get us something excellent agin.
Great job with the white board explanation of fasted state effects.
Really great!
Holy Moly Armando! You’re truly amazing my brain! Thank you❤️ as I watch this though, I wonder how my liver cirrhosis handles my short fasts. I’ll be asking my gastroenterologist in 2 weeks. Thank you for your hard, time consuming work. You are a Hero.
Bravo‼️ man, that was an awesome video.. You explained everything to the "T". I literally have no questions because you answered all of them in that video.. thank you very much 😁👍🏾
Awesome! Beautiful! So clear and perfect and fun to watch!
The human body is truly a remarkable machine
Armando, very good video! Intuitive, organized and very well displayed! Thanks a lot!!!
Fasting of few weeks in most cases is not starvation. Herbert Shelton describes difference between fasting and starvation in his book Fasting Can Save Your Life.
If fasting goes beyond 3 days that s starvation!
@@thisumamarasinghe8171 balls
Crap@@thisumamarasinghe8171
Yes agreed@@thisumamarasinghe8171
@thisumamarasinnoghe8171 no its not starvation untill you run out of fat ,educate yourself
This was the best, most thorough explanation I have seen. Thank you!
The pace at which u described everything in this video was perfect man, great drawing, great explanation, great job! :D
These videos are really helpful, you really make it easier to visualize when studying. Thanks a ton. I also want to know which subjects you are studying.
You are awesome! I am learning and most importantly retaining what I hear from your lectures! I am preparing for a comprehensive exam. These vids are big help! Thanks!!!!
This video was very informative and gives me the science behind fasting of what happens to the body. Great Job and easy to follow.
Absolutely fantastic! Thank you. So concise
Excellent video! Thank you so much!!
Thank you so much! Great job!
Excellent videos man thank you. You should have printable versions of your amazing drawings, just a thought!
Thank you for everything
you are amazing....big thank
Great video, You made it so easy for me and many to understand the Fasted State.
Dude! You have just saved me from being kicked out from Pharmacy School! Your lectures are well explained, detailed, captivating, and yet fun to watch. YOU ROCK!!!! love the the drawings as well. THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!
"You have just saved me from being kicked out from Pharmacy School!" Hilarious comment.
your videos are amazing armando!
thank you
One of the best explanation, so inspire
Thank you for making this video!
Awesome video, and this is how a overweight person can lose weight by fasting. I say that because I used to be overweight, I was prediabetic, and started to intermittent fast hours, days at at time until I can go 3-5 days without any food.
5:28 Note to those interested: While the blood _levels_ only change slightly during fasting, this does not mean that the _amount_ of glucose used by the body doesn't decrease drastically in favor of a higher _amount_ of free fatty acids being burned.
Hello Armando as a curative medicine student from Afghanistan 🇦🇫 I am big fun of you❤️
HI,
I am wondering something. I take caffein before a workout to give me some energy. I know that caffein has several effects on the brain (increase adrenaline, dopamine), and it increases the lipolysis. My question is when people get used to caffein the effect on the brain stimulation is not as strong as before but I wonder if the lipolysis effect will remain as high as at the beginning or if the lipolysis is related to the brain stimulation which would mean that if the brain effect decrease the lipolysis will decrease ?
Thank you very much !
would be very nice at the end of the video to get the whole drawing in the shot for screen cap purposes to study. Thanks
Awesome explanation ! Thank you very much!
Excellent! Thank you.
Excellent! Thx👍
amazing! thank you so much!
He makes all of this make sense! This is by far the BEST example of how fasting works in the body.
thankyou so much this is the best lecture on startvation
Thank you
Hi! Thank you so much for this video it has helped me with my work! I have a question, could you recommend me a textbook which inludes all that information? I'm writing an essay on fasting and I gotta include legic sources. Thanks!
I love you man🥹🥹. This video is the best in linking all the biochemistry of ketone bodies, glucose and lipids. Love this video!!! literally saved me
Excellent thank you
Too good love you armando♥️
quite the breakdown. thx armando
very clear and useful. thx
amazing job on that bro, and what was that sound hhhhhhhh
You forgot to mention the increase Human Growth Hormone during fasting, as an method the intelligent body used, to protect the important tissue "muscle, skin, organs, etc." from being burned for energy. If you deplete all your fat, then you are entering in a danger zone and even so, the body will begin to burn the damaged proteins first like tumors, cancer bodies, damaged cell even before touching the good ones. But overall, nice explanation and illustrations, thanks!
Is it a good or bad thing that the body burns the bad proteins?
@@fatimahkadiku7368 it's good thing
God bless you!
you are amazing thank you very much
3.57 that's sounds familiar lol nice presentation id like to see a video done on protein synthesis and ketosis
Thank u so much .. ❤️
Hey, you said that the Pancreas detects the decrease in Blood glucose levels, how do they do this??
Could you please make a video about how long term fasting affects the digestive and lymphatic systems?
The other RUclips narrators were either too lazy to explain fasting's physiology in detail or too airheaded to do it ... or both.
maybe it's beyond the scope of this video, but i would like to add 2 things
- important is to know that glucagon has no effect whatsoever on muscles, but it stimulates an enzyme called hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue which provides glycerol and fatty acids from triglycerols (and of course all the other things you mentioned)
- proteolysis of muscle tissue is induced by cortisol
mali hali Read this on wikipedia but couldn't find a source: "Previously, glucagon was thought to activate HSL, however the removal of insulin's inhibitory effects ("cutting the brakes") is the source of activation"
Could you please state your source on glucagon having a direct stimulating effect on HSL?
EDIT: I think it's the same statement as "glucagon increases insulin", while this is true it's not the direct mechanism. Glucagon increases blood glucose which by itself will increase insulin secretion.
salmjak Well, I think you are right that rather the absence of insulin activates HSL than the presence of glucagon. I wrote this 1 year ago (based on the available information my university provided me with) now that I have read the whole Robins - Basic Pathology it makes also a lot more sense. When you look at Non alcoholic fatty liver disease for example, you have an accumulation of fat in your liver. Why? Obese people tend to have insulin resistance --->HSL doesn't stay deactivated ---> HSL becomes activated and all these free fatty acids that have been released from the peripheral adipose tissue go to the liver and accumulate (very very general explanation).
Glucagon also has no effect on the brain correct?
Wouldnt AA entering the liver from proteins in the muscle also be converted into acetyl coa then ketones for ATP production? Gluconeogenic vs Ketogenic AA types (Leu, Lys).
Thanks for sharing such informative Video.
In the prolonged fasting state, does the smooth muscles and cardiac muscles waste as in the skeletal muscles?
The best presentation of metabolism ever
Thank you so much!
do the same mechanism happen in the starved state?
Excellent !
lmao what is that moan at 3:57??
( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
hubba hubba
It's the sound when fatty acid leaves adipose tissue...
holy shittt 😂😂
He's doing it.😂
Love this. I experimented the water fasting myself for 7 days and tested my blood glucose level 10 times per day. I need to warm everyone that the glucose level dropped to one third of normal level 3 days after last meal. It is not a smooth curve like you draw in this video. It has sharp collapse points. Driving at one third level of glucose is the same as drunk driving because it is very hard to focus, and generally a person becomes careless for all daily tasks. I did my experiment during a Christmas vacation time because everyone was having a jolly spirit, and my drunk behavior was less noticeable.
Did it stay at 1/³ Level? I'm two days in. 5 days is my goal.
True. But I found after 5 days the ketones kick in and my energy returns
love it,
at 7:03 Acetly CoA do not covert back to pyruvate and then again in to storage form because there is lake of enzyme specifically Insulin.
thank you for what you are doing. keep going.
Glucagon
Coming up on 48hrs for the 2nd time, no hunger pangs, feeling good, good energy still training, endurance is better
I'm approaching 48h too. I'm going for 5 days. I have only ever managed 96 hours and 82 hours. Hopefully I will achieve my goal of 120 hours. I'll have a few months off and then go for 144 hours. etc. I was 15 stone and 9 pounds. I'm hoping to see 14 stone 7 pounds. I achieved this last time. The problem is I love chocolate ice cream and chocolate and sweets and kebabs hahahaha 😆 oh and full fat milk lovely
@@ciaranbyrne62 I have the same problemo. 😂🤣😂
@B Byng I cracked all those problems a few months back. Now I'm 12.5 stone. Less than 9% body fat. Just did a 4 day fast. Am enjoying a months winter sun in Gran Canaria. Just went snorkeling where I was surrounded by fish. Life is good.
PERFECT JOB. tHX
Thank you a lots..................................................................................................................
You make it sound like no one goes into catabolisys (protein breakdown) UNTIL ketones are no longer in sufficient supply... Is that true?
Love this vid
Amazing video
Great video! I noticed your time line in days but wanted to say on a Keto diet, waking up with a blood glucose of 5.0mmol/l and then going for a 10km run this dropped my blood glucose to 3.7mmol/l (after a 16km run the day before) I then had a black coffee, worked in the garden for 30 mins or so and then retested my blood glucose and it was 5.1. All within a few hours not days. I've been measuring Beta Hydroxybutyrate, after my run it was 1.3mmol/l.
How do you measure beta hydroxybutrate?
great description....
Great thanks
thanks it helped a lot :)
How long does it take for the glycogen in the liver to turn back into glucose? Does it depend on people or what we ate at our last meal ?
same questions for the tryglecerides?
My question is how do you increase the break down acetyl coa or what type of supplements will increase the break down of acetyl coa during fasting? It seems to me that if acetyl coa was to be broken down faster, than we would have more energy to use as according to your video.
introduce more mitochondria into your body
At the 7min mark (and in the the khan video, 'How does the body adapt to starvation') it's mentioned that during the first day or so, most fatty acids (aceytl coa) enter the kreb cycle to produce ATP, but that prolonged fasting will cause NADH levels to rise and cause a switch to make ketone bodies from the excess aceytl-coa... but if FAAs enters the kreb cycle to produce ATP, isn't this glucogensis?
Also if you consume exogenous ketones (ex. mct oil, red raspberries, etc), in an otherwise normal (non-carb restrictive) diet, what would be the brain's glucose vs ketone utilization?
Are there any genetic component or polymorphisms that would make the liver less capable of producing endogenous ketones from excess acetyl-coa?
Is it widely accepted that diseases of the brain (alzheimer's, parkinson's, huntington's, etc) are likely the result of insulin resistance of the brain? And therefore ketone therapy may be helpful?
I believe that oxaloacetate is used as an actual substrate in gluconeogenesis rather than an energy source for it, as said in the video, right?
hey,
Yes that was what i was trying to imply. sorry for the confusion!
It's all good :). And btw thanks a million for the videos! Great drawings and the subjects are very well presented.
You had me at hello....
After how much h muscle start use fatty acid
Good job. Would be nice to see autophagy added into this.
Hey! Very nice video. I love your work and am pleased to see it becoming better with time. I even borrowed your brain drawing for my profile, hope you don't mind!
However I'm currently reviewing this topic at med school, and I was told proteinolysis can be, in fact, one of the first mechanisms to occur during absolute starvation. Your fat storages are actually saved for later it seems, I think this happens when you have an extra stress acting upon your body. This is especially important when considering parenteral nutrition in unawake obese patients in an intensive care unit. If you don't supply adequate daily nutrition, they will enter a catabolic state culminating in enough protein loss to impair respiratory muscle function. One would think that, having enough fat in their bodies, they would just burn it all up, but it seems our body hold a firm grasp on that.
If you would like, I can search for a reference and link it here.
Since glucagon forces the break of triglycerides, could injecting glucagon be a treatment for obesity?
It's really good
This is great. It would have been useful to mention that fatty acids can’t pass through the blood brain barrier and that’s why it needs ketones. And there’s something about red blood cells not being able to use fatty acids for energy either. (And sorry if I missed it if you mentioned this, but I think it’s important, because you did mention that the heart uses the fatty acids and then ketones, but you didn’t mention why the brain doesn’t, I think)
I do a Ketogenic diet 3 times a year which helps me loose some weight and resets my energy levels. I go zero carbs for 2 weeks then very low carb (diary only) for the last 2 weeks and keep my blood ketones between 1.1 and 1.7mmol/L for optimum weight loss. I maintain a balanced diet with exercise when im not on Keto. Honestly the best results I've ever seen!
How do you measure your ketones
@@collinfanning7231 using a blood ketone monitor. Some blood sugar monitors offer ketone readings too. You can also use urine dipsticks.
Ketone meter and test strips
شرحک جميل بصراحه
Doesn’t make sense - you said heart prefers fatty acids as energy source - so why would it use ketones that derive from fatty acids in liver? Heart can use fatty acids directly.
We were made for feast and famine. There is too much food available...so we need to create our own famine. So a good fast is maybe a good cure for many ailments in our society!!!
ISLAM IS THE SOLUTION THAT IS WHY ALLAH (SW) OBLIGATED US TO FAST 30 DAYS IN EVERY YEAR........
@@Senior2027 but you can still fast without being a muslim lol
@@Senior2027 Why must you make this a religious issue! 🤦♂️
@@Senior2027 Jesus Christ fasted 40 days
are you bataknese?
If the body doesn't break down muscle for awhile then where is it getting the amino acids to convert to glucose? Your fasted so it's not coming from dietary protien...
P Mo he mentions the liver as a source before skeletal muscle
I believe some of it has to due with transamination of pyruvate to alanine. High levels of acetyl coa in the muscle inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
6:18 "during starvation"? Ketogenesis already happens after 24 to 48 hours of fasting or at least very low carb consumption. It takes weeks before the body would begin entering starvation, as that relies on protein and fat stores getting depleted. You mean just 'fasting' where you talk of 'starvation', same with day 2 vs day 7 for example.
You really need to revisit this subject and do some more studying.
When autophagy happened?
P.S he didnt mention that protein breakdown doesnt happen if you workout the muscles while fasting you can maintaine your muscles has been proven in multiple studies
That marker moving fast is so very annoying that I don't think I could resist to the end of presentation. But I will give it a try because I'm interested in the subject. If you can please do this without that marker to be seen. You will win time and we could watch. Thank you.
8 years later, are you a teacher yet?
Those Free Fatty Acids that enter the liver after prolonged fasting, do they damage that organ?
Here is a study you can review to begin to tackle that good question:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3820070/
So fasting increases hepatic n-3 PUFA and decreases n-6 PUFA. Interesting.
Which underscores the anti-inflammatory nature of fasting. Since fasting promotes autophagy, this makes sense.
distracting shirt print!!
Great video, but saying that day 2 is "starvation" is not correct