Onslaught University: Boss and Patrol Trigger Mechanics

What causes a Boss or a Patrol to trigger, how frequent can it happen and how can you anticipate it so you can plan for it happening beforehand?
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Additional Resources for Boss and Patrol Triggers:
Map Triggers (by Kuli):
• Guide Series: Onslaugh...
Patrol Paths in Picures (by Kuli):
steamcommunity...
Patrol Paths in Videos (by b ab):
• All Patrol Paths | Ver...
Map Triggers (by Pestilence):
• Coaching: Trigger Mana...
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