Fritz Haber: The Giver and the Taker Away
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- Опубликовано: 30 сен 2024
- Fritz Haber was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber-Bosch process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. This invention is of importance for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives.
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Credits:
Host - Simon Whistler
Author - Arnaldo Teodorani
Producer - Jennifer Da Silva
Executive Producer - Shell Harris
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🎵Father of toxic gas and chemical warfare
His dark creation has been revealed
Flow over no man’s land, a poisonous nightmare
A deadly mist on the battlefield🎵
-“Father” by Sabaton
FELLOW SABATON FAN !!!
Haber-Bosch
The Great Alliance
Where's the contradiction?
Fed the world by ways of science
Sinner or a saint?
Father of toxic gas and chemical warfare
I had never heard of him; thanks for the food dude, but damn!
I learned of him through my chemistry manual. One part was about ammonia and the authors thought it would be nice to show a bit of backstory to the substance's usage even to this day.
Being a Biology/History double major, I got to learn about Fritz Haber on both fronts: Fritz Haber the creator of the Haber-Bosch process (chemistry and biology), and Fritz Haber the creator of chemical weaponry (WWI and WWII history). In biology he's a hero, in history he's a monster. I got a very interesting perspective having him spoken of in two completely different ways depending on the subject he was being taught in.
What do you think about Oppenheim, Einstein, and others from the Manhatten Project?
@@Ghreinos Einstein was not part of Manhattan project.
@@Pratik2588 Einstein made a discovery, which pratically led to the atomic bomb.
It's all perspective....
Depends how you see it, he was really proud of unified germany and didn't make unexesting discoveries with toxic Gas chlorine is elemental after all, I think in the end he choose the good side resigning after nazis took over
Oh this guy.
More people aught to know about this person.
Yes. Yes they should. I never heard of him before this (which is interesting) and I'm glad they made this.
" "
Father of toxic gas, and chemical warfare
His dark creation has been revealed
Flow over no man’s land, a poisonous nightmare
A deadly mist on the battlefield
Fed the world by ways of science
Sinner or a saint
A person of culture I see
Such a tragic figure. I've read about him so many times while studying early 20th century science. On one hand he saved millions with his advances in nitrogen extraction and on the second hand you have all the chemical weapons. It's hard to place him. He seems to be more blindly ambitious than evil.
I wouldn't consider him evil either. Chemical weapons weren't banned in war until 1925 and both sides used them during WW1, not just the Germans.
@@James-ip5gz Germans praised him
He probably thought what he did was right
@@aaaaaa-hh8cq he thought a scientist in peacetime owed their abilities to the world, and in wartime to the nation. It was a dead giveaway when that was said.
More like saving billions
He seems exactly the kind of evil that we see from all who use Chemical Weapons
Fritz sounds like a man of his time. Clara sounds like she was ahead of hers.
It's a shame it was his scientific mind was allowed to flourish while hers are now simply speculation on what could have been.
Great to hear the name of my hometown in the Biographics vid! Fritz Haber truly had a fascinating story. Alois Alzheimer (yes, the one) was also connected to our city, maybe a vid about him anywhere in the future?
Thanks Simon for a great content! All the best from Wrocław/Breslau
1:30 - Chapter 1 - Early years
3:25 - Chapter 2 - Years in academia
4:20 - Chapter 3 - Bread from air
6:00 - Chapter 4 - A scientist in war times
7:30 - Chapter 5 - Death is death
10:00 - Mid roll ads
11:20 - Chapter 6 - Clara
14:35 - Chapter 7 - 05/02/1915
16:55 - Chapter 8 - A controversial nobel prize
18:35 - Chapter 9 - Exile
20:05 - Chapter 10 - Epilogue
21:50 - Chapter 11 - Legacy
Nice
Another example of "Dying a hero or living long enough to become the villain."
Fucked up but true.
When you look at all the signs of Cluster B personality disorders that show in his abusive relationship with his wife, perhaps it should be, "Die young, or live long enough for everyone to realize you were really a villain all along."
Seriously. Put down the f* cking comic book.
@4:50
*funny fact* (maybe)
Bat droppings were so valuable as fertilizer that the term "bat sh!t crazy" emerged from people fighting over it. That story may be apocryphal but it sounds plausible.
During WWII Germany was pure evil but during WWI they were just a nation honoring it's alliances.
Two very different situations
Despite the comments on this post, Haber is very well known in chemistry. One wants to find a moral to the story. Here is a man whose brilliance enabled billions to live, yet brought about, directly and indirectly, the death of millions. I have no doubt Haber thought he was doing the right thing the entire way through.
Thank you for the comment. I was really on the fence about him and disturbed.
As do all men of war.
Most narcissistic sociopathic people are legends in their own minds. "Death is [just] death" are the words of a sociopath.
I see him as quite the tragic figure. He was working to beyter the world before the war, but changed to working for his country in WW1, falling victim to the same old lie that brought young men to the trenches. Afterwards, his WW1 work was also used in the systematic extermination of his people. I can't even imagine what he would have felt if he had lived long enough to witness the holocaust.
One could make a classic Greek play based on his life.@@jsw973
When i discovered this channel several months ago I was thinking we really need a video on Fritz Haber, so when i refreshed my subscriptions and saw his same i got really excited.
Now we just need one on Dennis Rader aka The BTK Killer.
We were waiting for you to refresh before we published it. Thanks for doing that.
@@Biographics
Lol
Like every famous person should be remembered. He was both evil and good, and every human being has a dark side. He should be remembered as a hero and villain.
R/Im14andthisisdeep
@Shirley Timple Agreed, we all have a dark side but some of his actions are just morally indefensible.
@Shirley Timple This is ridiculous. He was called to help his country by producing weapons. Why in the hell are you acting like he's Hitler? Think of his position, time, and place, then tell me if you really think you would have done otherwise. Go on. I'm just waiting to hear your reply...
Such a true fucking statement 👍
lets just go with villian "death is death"
I'm here because of Sabaton. I now get to know this guy.
Three generations of suicide. Jeeze that's crazy
Don't have kids with your cousin.
Sorry Mariela for previous comment. My 10 year old commandeered my telephone.
@@trobone ??????
Inbreeding
It's been shown that people whose parent has committed suicide are more likely to commit suicide themselves. You could see this as a multi suicide domino effect.
Can we get a video on Alan Turing please? Considering he was just voted the greatest icon of the 20th century (BBC).
@Ionasku Alexander any personal issues you wanna talk about?
Let's be real and not cite that ridiculous vote. The BBC and the British people clearly don't know what "iconic"means. If you picture "most brilliant scientist of the 20th century" in your mind, which face comes up? Starts with an A, ends with a "stein". Most people don't even know what Turing looked like. A brilliant man for sure. But not iconic.
Brits voted him in a british show on a british channel on top because he was british, not because that was true under any circumstances. The rest of the world just laughs.
Having said that, a Turing biographic would be nice of course.
Raphael Forkel I'm British and Turing was chosen purely because he was the most famous person on the team at bletchley park to crack the Nazi Enigma code during WW2, leading to the eventual Ally win, due to the important nazi messages that were decoded during WW2. We have to learn about him in Computer science as well as part of a topic on 'the History of Computing'
Raphael Forkel Yes it was set in a British context of course. Simon Whistler is also British, so he would understand.
Ionasku Alexander You can walk & chew gum at the same time. Einstein AND Turing made huge contributions. Turing cracked the enigma code (saving millions), laid the groundwork for modern computing and theorised about Artificial intelligence. Hence him being referred to as the ‘father of the modern computer’. His homosexuality is also important in this context, as the British state clearly pushed him into suicide after forcing chemical castration. He is an important figure. Full stop.
As a student of Chemistry, Haber comes up fairly often in ethical discussions, as an example of the responsibility that scientists have for their discoveries and what happens when someone of great intellect and ability abdicates that responsibility.
The road to hell is paved with good intentions
Some more science suggestions
Alan Turing, Florence nightingale, Rosalind Franklin, john venn, dmitri mendeleev, antoine lavoisier, Neils bohr, george Washington carver, glenn seaborg
Definitely Rosalind Franklin
*Rest in peace, Clara Immerwahr.*
No, do not "rest in peace"! She needs to be vindicated! Far too many women are overlooked, and she was one of them. There can be no "peace" in the face of this blatant injustice!
@@Petra44YT what? Edit: NVM
@@Petra44YT "Rest in peace" do not mean the memory of the dead, but the spirit of the dead.
@@Petra44YT Rest In Peace Does Mean You Can Still Be Angry At Their Actions. I'm Pretty Sure It Was A Old Thing From The Days Of Spirit Worship, Just To Make Sure They Don't Come Back And Mess You Up
This story is so full of irony.
The Haber process... Oh my God, i used to actually enjoy this chapter during my O'levels Chemistry classes
Dr. Haber like many people who have contributed to history is a complicated person. He most certainly deserved his Nobel prize for creating a process that has no doubt saved countless lives from starvation. As far as his participation in WWI. The High commands of all the belligerent nations were guilty of war crimes by today's standards, but we should not judge historical figures by present-day standards. For me the most difficult thing to deal with is how Haber dealt with the death of his wife. I do not understand how a man could willingly leave his son a day after his wife had committed suicide.
It's always amazing to see how one person's personal journey can impact the world. Whatever he may have done, good or bad, his achievements were still remarkable and helped shape the world we know today.
Clara was a real hero. Rest in Peace, good sister x
She was an angel.
"You leave me no choice."-Clara
They should make a movie about this guy. His life is something of horror & legend.
They did. en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_(film)
As interesting as Haber is, I think a movie about his wife Clara would be more interesting and dramatic
This is a very topical video with the Beirut explosion only having just happened. Thank you Simon and Biographics team!!!
My heart goes out to all victims of the disaster
What about contributions by Bosch? Without his scale up, the Haber reactor would never have been economically feasible.
One a day? Must be my lucky day
Sometimes the publishing schedule smiles upon you...that, and our sponsorship requirements.
Lucky week lol!
Might also add that one of the plants that used the Haber-process, was the Hydro plant at Vemork, Rjukan. A biproduct of the Haber process is deuterium oxide, heavy-water. Heavy-water was at the time very useful for the development of nuclear weapons. The plant was bombed, both by the RAF, and by norwegian SOE operators, before the nazis gave up on the plant. The nazis then tried to move the production to Germany, using a train and civilian ferry. The ferry was sunk by norwegian SOE operators, 18 fatalities (4 german soldiers, 14 norwegian civilians).
The ferry was later found to have contained 600 kg of D2O
I saw the biography of him on The Great War channel (war buffs, go there! Great channel!!!) and here, Simon you added a few more details that I didn’t know. 👍🏻👍🏻
I think Haber's pride wouldn't allow him to feel grief for his wife who killed herself. In the end you could say he died of broken heart, otherwise known as a coronary.
I think we should remember him as both. We are complex beings and he is no doubt complex. Both terrible and a misguided genius. His inventions used for both good and evil. Quite the dichotomy in his legacy.
Excellent documentary.
Would love to see one on Hugh O Flaherty. The Irish priest who saved thousands of allied soldiers and jews during WW2.
Keep up the good work!
hes a coward and race traitor
fritz habor is the epitome of great. he did fantastic things, some good some bad.
i heard and i repeat, great men are not necessarily good men.
This is my favorite biographics episode. Such a complex man who had not only saved many but also destroyed many as well.
Could he be classed as a war criminal in the sense he was the master mind behind the use mustard gas in the battle field?
His side lost so yes.
The french actually were the first to use mustard gas
@@chaowingchinghongfingshong3109 "Mustard agent was first used effectively in World War I by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917 and later also against the French Second Army. The name Yperite comes from its usage by the German army near the town of Ypres. The Allies did not use mustard agent until November 1917 at Cambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on Avonmouth Docks."
@@Edax_Royeaux Youre right, im sorry, I mixed up mustard gas and tear gas (first used by the french in 1914)
His work was also responsible for first world war as a whole because the synthesis of ammonia made the production of nitric acid (produced by oxidizing ammonia) independant of nitrate imports from Chile. Without his work the first world war would have been over by Christmas 1914 as the explosives would have run out. No nitric acid, no gun cotton, no TNT, no Torpex, no nitroglycerin. Great Britain controlled the nitrate mining and shipments from Chile so would have strangled the German and Austrian arms industry in a few months.
The only explosives they would have had left would have been the less stable chlorine based versions and cryogenic bombs (coal dust and liquid oxygen - the British used these in the First World War for the high yield, balanced against a two hour shelf life after filling).
We should view Fritz Haber as both a genius and a monster, like so many. People can be both, you know...
I'd say he did more good than harm
People criticize him for his chemical weapons, but they don't hold the same view to Robert Oppenheimer
In a way, nuclear weapons are far more horrific and deadly than chemical weapons
Germans in WW1 weren't really the "bad guys"
But some people often confuse germans in WW1 with WW2
WW1 was more about geo-politics in europe
An excellent bio as always. I thought you might be interested in a very fine play written about Haber called 'Einsteins Gift', written by Canadian playwright Vern Thiessen. It captures the complicated man, his genius and his relationships with those around him wonderfully. It also shows a side of Haber who struggles with his decisions, and demonstrates the frailty of genius.
I would highly recommend it if you found this bio interesting.
Greetings from Ireland!
The story of Fritz HAber is really one of greek tragedy dimension. While his discovery of the Haber Bosch process has marked one of the most important and influential scientific discoveries EVAH. his love for his fatherland became the ultimate doom of many of his jewish fellows. His patriotism was not uncommon for jewish Germans, many of them fought bravely in WWI, many were strong contributors to the scientific or economic life in Germany and the world. Herin lies the true tragedy of the shoa, that German society was able and willing to amputate itself in a horrible way. The intellectual and economic loss is still felt today...
His Majesty King George V addressed the question of what happens when someone who has done something great, then does something bad. The King's Private Secretary wrote in his diary "The King feels so strongly that, no matter the crime committed by anyone on whom the [Victoria Cross] has been conferred, the decoration should not be forfeited. Even were a VC to be sentenced to be hanged for murder, he should be allowed to wear his VC on the gallows."
Essentially this means that no matter what someone does later, their heroic or good deeds that were done previously, are still heroic or good. The bad act will still be punished, but the bad act does not erase the good.
This applies to Haber too - his work may have led to the horrors of the Holocaust.... however he is still largely responsible for billions of people avoiding starvation... you can't take that achievement away from him.
Could you cover Otto Skorzney? He was such a fascinating character. So it would be great.
The commando?
He was just a Nazi who never regretted his crimes. He helped Nazi war criminals flee justice. Nothing is worth mentioning about that scumbag.
Skorzeny was just a huge fraud
@@99smite since when do biographies have to be about good moral people?
Theyve done videos on a lot of Nazis.
@@Jacob-sb3su Yes and I don'T get it why so many people get a boner when Simon is talking about Nazis...
Wow I consider myself an educated man and had only heard this guys name in passing a lecture once I believe. The world has basically scrubbed this man from history .
I will use your videos in my classes. You learn so much in a short time and you are interesting.
I am a World History class teaching assistant at a high school and we covered WWI, with a lot of focus on the trench warfare, just before school closed because of the pandemic. Haber's life is full of irony, and so many suicides in that one family! Fascinating and horrifying at the same time. I have forwarded the link to this excellent video to the teacher of that class.Thank you, Simon and Team Biographics!
This was absolutely crazy story. I wonder if Marvel had gotten the idea from Fritz Haber to the backstory of Nathaniel Essex of Milbury House aka. Mr. Sinister?
I find it interesting that none of the previous biographics of the evil people boiled my blood as much as Fritz Haber's story. I think his wife should be the real hero remembered by history.
In Lanford Wilson’s play “Tally’s Folly” the male lead character mentions a process that draws Nitrogen “out of the air; like magic!” Until I saw this video I had no idea the process was real. Thank you!
His actions were horrible in that many people died horribly, but I agree "dead is dead". Great shots aren't called war criminals because they take out targets other people couldn't hit, scientists are only using their skills to serve.
Wish you spoke more of his friendship with Einstein. They were pretty close and both were jewish Germans that were forced out of their country
Hello Simon, Could I please make a request for your Biographics series? I believe Paul Erdős, The Nomadic Monk of Mathematics, would be a wonderful addition to your series.
Keep up the great work!
I think he should be remembered as both. A hero who changed the world for the better could also be a villain with gross mistakes.
Here’s a question: If you could go back in time and stop this man from ever pursuing his scientific career, would you? On one hand his agriculture achievements with fertilizer changed the world but on the other he brought about many deaths with the military application of his discoveries. Also one could argue that while having a more efficient fertilizer to grow more food has lead to over population. What are your thoughts?
No I wouldn't go back in time to do anything to him because the idea of going back in time is nothing more than an idea brought on by sci Fi movies. The whole idea is just ridiculous.
@@angelabennett8245 It's a philosophical question. Not an actuality. Silly goose
@@joshuatheargonaut4412 no it's a hypothetical question that gets brought up in connection with Hitler, and it started because of movies, you silly goose!
@@angelabennett8245 There is a goose and it's name is Angela. Word around town is that it's quite silly
I've studied in Karlsruhe. There is a Haber-Bosch-reactor set up as memorial of the inentors.(In student slang termed as "Rostpimmel") ) For years the plate just listed the good side. ("bread for the world")
The students peace group always set up an improvised display of the other part of the person - just to have it removed by the administration again. When I visited now some years ago, the offical plate was renewed - it now explains both sides of the person.
I am a Horticulture Major in college and I am VERY happy to see a video on Haber. Very few people important to botany or agricultural science get a good biography video anymore.
Perhaps we could get a Biographic vid about a figure less controversial though.
Joe Rogan looks weird today
Yup, we should've seen this coming after he had Alex Jones on the podcast yesterday. When you know too much, you get replaced or disappeared...
He looks weird cuz you've just taken dmt.
I bet all the critical folks would have made better decisions during a time where war was glorified and propaganda was everywhere and your loyalties questioned by all. You are all so smart compared to this dude. Bravo to all of you moral paragons that would have taken the shame and humiliation and social stigmas not serving during that time and would not have fallen for any nationalism or propaganda! I bet you guys would not had converted and had been proud jewish rights and anti war activists up untill your execution!
For me Fritz Haber a villian because of him Clara Immerwahr committed suicide and left his son and because of his invention caused the death of million of Jews during the Holocaust
Einstein called Haber's war enthusiasm 'grotesque'
Please do one about Trotsky.
Please do one about Nikita Khruschev
He is in the queue.
It would be great if you could do a video on Benjamin Netanyahu.
@Ionasku Alexander How much do you pay to live under a rock?
He's certainly had a colorful enough life to make a biographic about
@Ionasku Alexander had "so far". Of course he's still alive, I'm voting likud only because of him
Why is everything that is used for good turns out to be really bad or destructive I will never understand this!!!!
Science is a double bladed sword..it can kill and it can defend to save lives.
Nothing is inherently good or bad until we see it as such. So, looking back to the past from our point in history is not an objective place to come to judgement. World War I was a different time and place where soldiers were disposable. It's not like now where if you look at modern warfare with modern military technology, everything is done at a distance. Drones and missiles render living, human beings to being statistics. There's talk of "surgical strikes" and such nonsense. Yet in their effect, they are the same: people still die, much like they did in the First World War - blown to smithereens by high explosive. Yes, we eschew chemical weapons, but that's neither here nor there. They are still dead.
Laz Toth - Not UnLike a Rattlesnake Egg Omelette...??? 🤔
So this guy created Over Population? Congratulations you played yourself
I too had not heard of Herr Haber...but found this video fascinating. Once again, I compliment you on your beautiful diction (and that wonderful speaking voice). I also find it admirable that you recognize the challenge of foreign pronunciations. As for how to assess Haber, I feel he was indeed a brilliant and profoundly influential scientist as well as a sadistic war criminal. A very unusual dichotomy.
This video was absolutely fantastic!
Very accurate and well researched.
What a brilliant and horrible person
50% chance you are alive because of Fritz.
50% chance you died because of Fritz.
That does not make any sense
Yes many died of his inventions but 6 million jews and other minorities and many died in world war 1 but the world has a population is7.5 billon and that divided by two is 3.75 billion meaning your comment still does not make any sense
Next few video suggestions: JFK & Bobby Kennedy & Freddie Mercury?
JFK has been written. Freddie Mercury? Probably not. We missed the boat on that one.
Freddie Mercury? You mad.
@@Biographics how'd you miss that boat?
Bub Huynh I only mentioned it cause Bohemian Rapsody did such a mediocre job with his biopic.
Jamal Making yes bohemian rhapsodi is a great song, still its impact too small.
great as always! You should go on making a last part on the legacies of the characters at the end, some times to just end at their deaths feels a little abrupt, especially on important public figures.
I am shocked at these comments. The haber process was on our school curriculum. His personal details were covered in the book named after his description of chemical warfare; A higher form of killing. Written by Jeremy Paxman and Robert Harris. Yes, THAT Paxman, and THAT Harris, (Fatherland), well worth seeking out.
If this guy were a videogame character he'd be an alchemist healer/poisoner.
"The line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every man"
If anyone is doing GCSE chemistry here this guy is the bane of your life
Now list the Rez action conditions fir the Haber Process
Very ironic. Saved millions from starvation and at the same time developed the agent used fro mass murder.
Do you realize that Fritz Haber did exactly the same thing as his father when his wife died at Fritz's birth, he abandoned his son. Then when his wife died by suicide, Fritz abandoned his son too.
Very interesting point you made there.
I have a Ph.D in chemistry. I remember learning about him in the class we had on the history and ethics of chemistry.
He should be remembered as a genius. Most people don't denounce Einstein for his hand in the Manhattan Project. Most people don't denounce Tesla whose alternating currents led to things like the electric chair. Humans are both interesting and terrifying. We can be the best of the best, but also the worse of the worst.
Tesla did not create alternating current to be used to electrocute people or animals. Thomas Edison promoted and encouraged its use for those purposes in order to discredit a/c and promote direct current, which suited his business interests. Haber purposely created gas to kill people .
It is only proper to remember Fritz Haber for both saving lives as well as taking them away. The irony and contradiction of his legacy illustrates perfectly the moral duality of the Human condition in the most polar of opposites, which can also be attributed to the most elemental aspects of natural forces; fire, water, weather, geology, and even entropy itself.
You didn't mention his friendship with Einstein and their falling out over his work in WW1.
a truly horrific downward spiral with death all around.
Guy was teaching chemistry 10 km from here. Ingenious, morally indifferent and tragic figure all rolled into one.
if you did chemistry in high school of course you would have heard of him..the famous creator of the haber process
Towards the end you ask on how to remember him. It would be a travesty to remember him as either/or. Remember him a genius but a very flawed person who was a slave to his passions but unable to deal with his own demons. It's quite possible that Fritz Haber spent most of his life running from his own problems.
2:30 "with whom fritz got along with well" has one "with" too many
22:40 The tenuous link is ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
This is one of the most interesting and saddest biographies :(
Man... this one was rough. In terms of delivery, this is probably in the top 3 of Biographics' best videos. But I feel so dirty now. That guy caused so much more pain than comfort. Somebody would have eventually figured out a way to develop better methods of fertilizing crops. And sure, the same can be said about chemical weapons, but... man. This guy was just cold and uncaring. I have nothing but hatred for this man.
I have no idea who this is BUT... You you are an amazing man, an extremely good narrator.
Your reading skills are amazing, you could probably make a pack of hotdogs interesting ,yes in my opinion you're that good.
You should do Hulk Hogan
Please do Amerigo Vespucci.
Love the science oriented videos! I have requested this a lot but will continue to do so: please make a video on Philo Farnsworth.
Simon, please make a biography episode about karl steffanson
Attempt #16
in ap chem we learned about him in our unit on equilibria, the idea behind the process is very simple but getting the supercritical condition needed is very hard
For me, Haber symbolizes the complexity of the human condition. In hindsight, I don't think that any of the work he did was motivated by the desire to support or destroy other people. I think he was motivated by some sociopathic desire to be looked upon by the German masses as the giver of life and protector of the Germans. He did everything he possibly could to be apart of the most novel chemical endeavors of his time. Whether his family suffered for it was unimportant to him, his public image was the only thing that mattered, and in the end, his entire legacy is smeared with irony and disgust.
This is asinine. You think that just because he was devoted to his work and serving his country, and since his inventions had a huge impact that it must mean he was looking for publicity.
@@haliax8149 From the things I've learned about him so far, I think so. I think he worked very hard to impress the government and people of Germany at any cost.
A life full of many ironies, so many incidents repeating themselves.