Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN), Animation
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- Опубликовано: 22 сен 2019
- (USMLE topics) Pathophysiology of HDN, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment options.
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Voice by Ashley Fleming
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn, HDN, is a condition in which red blood cells of a newborn infant, or a perinatal fetus, are destroyed prematurely, resulting in anemia. HDN occurs when the blood types of the mother and baby are incompatible. A blood type refers to the presence or absence of a certain antigen, on the surface of a person’s red blood cells. Incompatibility happens when the baby has an antigen that the mother does not have. The mother’s immune system interprets the antigen as “foreign” and produces antibodies to target the cells carrying it for destruction.
While in principle HDN may occur with mismatch in any blood group, severe cases most commonly involve D-antigen of the Rh system. Specifically, HDN may develop if an Rh-negative mother, having no D-antigen, carries an Rh-positive fetus, with D-antigen. The first mismatch pregnancy, however, is usually not at risk. This is because the placenta normally does a good job separating the mother’s blood from the fetal blood, preventing the fetal red blood cells from being exposed to the mother’s immune system. However, at birth, or if a miscarriage or abortion occurs, the tearing of the placenta exposes fetal blood to the mother, who then responds by producing anti-D antibodies. Because antibody production takes some time, it does not affect the first baby; but if the mother is again pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus, her antibodies, being small enough to cross the placenta, can now cause hemolysis.
The first mismatch pregnancy may be at risk if the mother has previously been exposed to the antigen in other ways, such as through blood transfusion or sharing needles, or if the placental barrier is breached because of trauma, or medical procedures early in the pregnancy.
Anemia can cause heart failure, respiratory distress, and edema. Infants born with HDN also develop jaundice due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow product of hemoglobin breakdown. Because red blood cells are destroyed rapidly and infants are unable to excrete bilirubin effectively, its levels rise quickly within 24h of birth. Bilirubin is toxic for brain tissues and may cause irreversible brain damage in a condition known as kernicterus. Other signs of HDN include enlarged liver, spleen, and presence of immature red blood cells, erythroblasts, in the blood. Some of these signs can be detected before birth, with ultrasound imaging.
HDN that involves D-antigen can now be effectively prevented with anti-D antibody. It is given to Rh-negative mothers during and soon after the first mismatch pregnancy. The antibody binds to fetal blood cells that leak into the mother’s blood, either destroying them, or hiding them from the mother’s immune system, thus preempting the mother’s immune response.
Infants born with HDN are usually treated with intravenous fluid, and phototherapy, a procedure in which a certain spectrum of light is used to convert bilirubin to a form that is easier for the infant to excrete.
Severe anemia may be treated with:
- blood transfusion,
- intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy, which works by blocking the destruction of antibody-coated red blood cells.
- and exchange transfusion, where the baby’s blood is essentially replaced with Rh-negative donor blood. This procedure is very effective at removing bilirubin and reducing the destructive effect of the mother’s antibody, but may have adverse effects.
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This is the first time I have understood what HDN is....I had read it from multiple sources but never ever understood it....and by this visualization you made this topic so simple that too in 4 mins👏❤️ years of confusion has now come to an end for me😂
Great to hear!
Thank you for explaining this so clearly! I was recently diagnosed with this and my doctor was unfamiliar.
Amazing summary definitely needed this for my test tomorrow
Oh thank you so much, it's so interesting and useful video
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Good presentation
I love how I found this video looking for Hyper Dimension Neptunia the Animation
I can say that this is the best channel 🙏🏼
Plz make a video on secondary hypertension
thank so much
Love this video
thank u soo much
I was born with HDN due to because my mother is Type A- and my fater is Type O+. In the time I was born my mom's immune-system has already attacked me and I was like fully became yellow/orage colour. It also wasn't clear that which bloodtype I has - probably the same as my dad - and the doctors made a full blood transfusion by drawn blood from my mother and injected into a vein on my skull. After that my condition has completely stabilized and I became Type A-
Thanks
Just wow excellent explanation 💚
Thank you! 🙂
Im o- and my husband is o+
I got that injection immediately after birth
But in my second pregnancy they suspected an abruption so they take my baby @ 29 weeks
Its really excruciating how she suffered from all this 😔
just saved me a ton of confusion on my immuno exam
Watching this 1hr before my physiology test.🙂
Thank you amazing 🤩 ✨Imam Hussain blessed you 🙏🌿
Oh, very, very great and brief, to the point explanation. I was confused about this topic a lot, even though I read a lot about it. Thank you!!!
Great to hear!
Amazing! Fantastic! Incredible! Better than Marvel's movies!
Tnx for the explanation easy to remember neet asppirent students .😇👍
I have a lot of question, because my 1 year old baby has hemolytic anemia. His hemoglobin dropped to 5.0. We just found out last december And stayed at the hospital for 9 days, and also he got blood transfusion once. We are still waiting for the other result to find out if is it severe or not. Im just worried. I am willing to ask in a private message. Thank you.
Dgddh
Is mother having a hemoloytic anemia...? Why and how it happen to ur baby
@@Asma-dj2hb dead
What happened next is he alright what kind of hemolytic anemia he has?
best you ask a specialist at the hospital. this is only a youtube channel with very base level textbook information.
الدم النظام الغذائي صحة الطفل؟
i had this as a baby, i’m fine 😼
I have lost 7 th pregnancy in k antigen positive
salam mjy haemolytic animia hai mery 7 mischarig ho chuky hai ab to babay paida ho ky 16 days bad death huwe hai 8 month mn baby death ho jati hai mn kia karun mjy koi solution bataye plzz
😻😻😻
I'm rh neg, my husband rh +.... I have the antigens my babies born normal but with high billirubin
Probably gave you rhogam while ypu were pregnant
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, HDN, IS A CONDITION IN WHICH RBC OF A newborn infant, or a perinatal fetus, are destroyed prematurely, resulting in anemia HDN OCCUR WHEN THE BLOOD TYPES OF THE MOTHER AND BABY ARE INCOMPATIBLE a blood type refers to the presence or absence of a certain antigen, on the surface of a person's rbc
Incompatibility happens when the baby has an antigen that the mother does not have.
The mother's immune system interprets the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to target the cells carrying it for destruction
while in principle HDN MAY OCCUR WITH MISMATCH IN ANY BLOOD GROUP, SEVERE CASES MOST COMMONLY involve d antigen of the RH SYSTEM.
Specifically, HDN MAY DEVELOP IF AN RH- NEGATIVE MOTHER; HAVING NO D-ANTIGEN, CARRIES AN RH-POSITIVE with d antigen
🌹👍🏼
My wife just found out that this is a problem she is now dealing with. She is pregnant with our second child (girl) and we are so confused about what the outcomes will be with this. We have a healthy son who had no complications like this 10 years ago, but my wife did receive blood transfusions from renal failure and we believe this is what caused the problem. Has anyone on here dealt with this personally?
What is your wife’s blood type?
Why are we giving Anti D antibodies if the mother already made it? After being sensitized in the first pregnancy
If the mother's blood is exposed to the foetal blood it produces anti Rh+ in the first pregnancy. It won't affect the foetus or the mother because the amount of foetal blood entering the maternal blood is not significant enough to cause hemolysis.
In 2nd pregnancy, with Rh foetus the immune system of mother has memory cells when the maternal blood is exposed to foetal blood these memory cells rapidly form anti -Rh
Prevention: anti -Rh given immediately after 1st delivery so that mother doesn't develop Anti -Rh on her own which can be stored for future in the form of memory cells.
If you are still watching in 2021....👀❤then youu are NEET Aspirant
Just trying to pass my med school exams
Watching in 2024
شرح ٤ دقايق الجامعة تشرحه بساعتين 😑
Seems like u are not interested 🙄