@@BlackIndigenousPosse Ok? Isn't history and geography a wonderful reference and inspiration though? Like, maybe you wouldn't have thought to put pirates in barrier islands if it weren't for a local knowledge of that happening.
@@BlackIndigenousPosse It's pretty easy to think of NC as not very magical when you grow up in the area, but after moving around and seeing other geography, NC actually has a lot of varied terrain and local history that can inspire weird fantasy locales just as much as any from other cultures. We've got Pirates all over the Outer Banks providing natural protection and also sinking a bazillion ships in its treacherous waters, a whole colony of now wild ponies living on the islands and swimming between them, vast marshlands and swamps, the history of tar making and "Tarheels" can lead to some unique forests ideas (A sticky black forest could lend itself to all sorts of party shenanigans), the blue ridge mountains including formations like Pilot mountain being uniquely visible for miles, Carnivorous plants like Venus Fly Traps, Pitcher Plants, and Sundews are all native to NC and not actually jungle plants (Make a whole forest of giant ones in your campaign!), NC was home to unique predators like the now extinct (in NC as of 2011 :c) Black Panthers, and Red Wolves, etc etc. I'm sure that if anyone digs into the history and geography of their hometowns and all, they can find a surprising amount of material to be inspired by.
A bit of trivia about potholes. My professor once told me about a field trip he and other professors did in Tibet. The objective was to find out if there were glaciers in Tibet (or parts of it) during the last Ice Age. Evidence pointed against it (it was too dry for glaciers to have formed) but one professor adamantly refused to believe it. One day he triumphantly showed everybody potholes that he found. Potholes on mountains are usually proof that there was glaciation. They are formed by the water that flows beneith the ice. The others were puzzled since this contradicted their other evidence, so they asked around in nearby villages. As it turns out, these potholes were manmade! They used to practice sky burials there. That means, they fed the corpses of the dead to birds. In order for the bones to be fed to birds they had to be ground to little pieces. This was what the potholes were for.
thats such an example of poor scientific process, searching continuously for evidence that supports a theory, while disregarding anything that disproves it
Regarding Earth being unique in its balance of rocky and coastal plains, I don't think this would be the case. Because rocky coasts are formed by erosion and coastal plains are formed by deposition. Neither process could happen without the other, and the oceans of an earthlike planet are going to have a mix of both. Though I'd be interested to know what we can learn from Mars.
It becomes a matter of tectonic activity, then, doesn't it? Tectonic uplift will generate emergent coasts, plus raises up landscape to be eroded and transported by rain, rivers and winds towards the submergent coasts. So the current coast balance may well be dependent on the speed of tectonic activity currently occurring on that world, or in that particular region. Faster activity => more uplift than erosion => more emergent/cliff coasts whereas Slower activity => more erosion than uplift => more submergent, plains coasts?
things like halong bay and Sydney Harbour, these are called ria. Ria are flooded river valleys. it just so happens that Asian lands are more prone to super steep mountains.
What exactly is the difference between rias and estuaries, is it just a soft subjective distinction that rias are more hilly/mountainous and have more dendritic bays and inlets while estuaries are flatter and straighter?
@@mimikal7548 Estuaries are tidal. They’re river mouths that flood with salty seawater at high tide and fill with fresh river water at low tide. A ria is a river flooded by the rise of the sea due to melting icecaps and/or tectonic effects. The ria may or may not be associated with estuaries of its own.
Thinking about the cold or temperate mangrove equivalents. There are lots of trees that grow in cold freshwater swamps. I am thinking specifically of jack pines and such in the Canadian forests. That could inform possible saltwater versions
@@Akin42 actually, there used to be a whole ecosystem called the Mammoth Steppe based on that. It didn't do so IRL, but it could definitely be a valid pressure (as long and the mammoths or other megafauna don't just follow the trees to the shore).
@@Akin42 your other problem is sea ice / lake ice when winds blow over sea ice it moves driving 30/40 ton ice chunks up to 20m inland pushing and destroying plants and beaches and rocks.
Woops, I guess I'm the river delta guy! This marks the second time I've talked about 'em and gotten into the FU. A note on large rivers flowing onto emergent coasts-- you will still have deposition, because rivers just deposit on coasts regardless, but typically the coast's emergence will outweigh the development of a delta and you'll end up with more of a plain. Interestingly, large rivers exiting emergent coasts is very rare, and where they do it's typically into some sort of gulf between two mountain formations. The big ones in this category are the Colorado and the mess in Mesopotamia. Honestly emergent coasts on their own are a can of worms on this scale, let alone mapping rivers for them.
I never thought of that despite being obvious. Living in cold has little competition. That's how I would explaine how a large forest could grow in the arctic. The roots would be very ususal tho.
The Giant's Causeway actually formed due to large masses of lava cooling all at once, basically, the "freezing" parts of the lava start at nucleation sites, and then expanded outwards until they encountered other expanding nucleation sites, and the boundaries between those is how the geometric patterns formed. They're rare because you need a truly gargantuan amount of lava cooling all at once, and not flowing anywhere.
giants causeway is the result of extremely slow cooling of the underground basalt, so it split due to it shrinking as it cooled yes, but deep underground, this is also why their vertical.
It is also only a small piece of the Much much larger North Atlantic Large Igneous Province which split Britain and Ireland (as well as technically Norway though that part of Norway is underwater nowadays) from Greenland 56-55 million years ago. The Mantle Plume Hotspot responsible for it still is active sitting along part of the North Atlantic mid ocean ridge it was responsible for making as the island nation Iceland.
Yeah Giants Causeway is part of the North Atlantic igneous province, and is built up by flood-basalts that were the remains of huge volcanic eruptions that (probably) started the break up of Pangaea. These eruptions mostly occurs beneath mantle plumes.
Just an idea, mangrove type trees that lived further North when the world was warmer, so they grew in the kinds of temperatures that you would normally find similar mangrove trees today, but then the world started cooling down and they managed to adapt. Thoughts?
Sounds reasonable to me. And how to adapt them to cold weather? I'd look at arctic/antarctic fish and land animals. Fish for how their gills differ (if at all), and animals for lungs and nose. Like, I remember some bio class talking about breathing through the nose being preferred to the mouth because the nose invests in warming and humidfying the air to make it less a shock to the body. Due to the nutrient exchange role of roots, I'd think they're more akin to gills and lungs - which I *think* would also face challenges of heat loss.
Random idea for a root solution: Sort of package the roots in a structure. I'm imagining like traditional roots in a fleshy, water balloon-like structure. So the water gets into the bigger structure to pre-warm before actually hitting the roots. Still uses body heat, but I'm hoping this could at least lessen the shock between external and internal termpatures.
@@MGDrzyzga definitely an interesting idea! Even if it wasn't an actual bubble, it could just be a membrane that grows a couple of inches or even centimeters away from the roots, and it could be a one way membrane that lets the water in but doesn't let the heat out… maybe even multiple layer somehow?
I thought rocky coasts were rare, but I guess my country's shores are just abnormal in that almost all of them are sandy, which is probably because we have no mountains.
Maybe stick volcanic activity in your cold region, releasing heat through crack like fissures, creating bubbling steamy rivers for your mangroves. Could receive nutrients that way too. Maybe it stores extra iron for warmth, and creates a hard wood for weapons or structures. If it’s nestled like an oasis in a desert, you could give the surrounding ice barriers the igloo effect. Melts on the inside, raises through, freezes again on the outside. Have fun with it! Happy building!
The massive salt marshes have some really unique properties as they a labyrinth of waterways. In Virginia there is a place called Mobjack and its surrounded by a large salt marsh. There is a group of people there called the Guineamen and they pretty much live in isolation since around the Revolutionary war. They know the marshes like the back of their hand and the police won't chase into it because its too easy to get ambushed. You also can't understand single thing they say. One of the legends has it is that they're descendents of the German mercenaries that fought for the British during the revolutionary war. When the British surrender they fled into the marshes and just lived there.
So the Headlands and embayments actually got me thinking about the macro feature you can find on many coast lines. Which is that on a large scale they also mimic these features. The east coast of the US I think illustrates it the best but is you look at a world map you can outline most coast lines with overlapping circles of varying sizes, repeating on smaller and smaller scales as you zoom in
Thanks for answering me, Edgar! I often see people interested in worldbuilding skewing towards fjords and boreal forests. Time to show the tropics some love!
Only watching this video did the erosion/deposition remind me of schiermonnikoog. It's an island off the north coast of the Netherlands which steadily drifts... Eastward? I think? Basically one side is eroding very quickly and the other side is receiving enough deposits that the entire island is "moving" along as succession of the wetlands matures across the island. This means that the church the monks built on the island in the medieval period has had to be rebuilt several times as it reached the edge and the original monastery is buried under the water.
You actually produce halong bay near perfectly. But it's full.mame is Vin Ha Long. They were created by dissolving limestone rocks that was ejected by tectonic uplift. There's also some pretty dope caves on some of those islands. I have been there and the scale of those formations is just mind blowing. Legend has it that the were created by dragons stomping around. There's another amazing sight near by as well call Hua low its technically a submerge valley with a river that runs through some of the mountains. Dense forest on the cliffs and swampland below with long necked flowers and paddies. With some Buddhist temples spotted here and there and dragon sculpturs on top
Some people go base jumping (jumping off cliffs into water) on weekends near home. A very small number of people travel to different countries to do base jumping.
The only reason I can think of for cold mangroves even needing to evolve is if all the lakes and what not froze so the ocean would be a good source. I'm not completely sure but I'm guessing there would already be lots of trees around the coast and so the ocean would be the next place to go. But, as was said the roots would definitely need to be covered or something. I guess one way it could work is if they evolved to store a lipid of some kind but I'm not sure if that's possible. Edit: maybe it could adapt to have a much darker bark/root colour to bring in more heat and have some kind of organic insulation (wood is actually quite a good insulator so maybe thicker roots) to then trap the heat. Or weirder idea they could be coated in a sort of hair that could evolve from pines, which I think they would likely have. Another Edit: Maybe they could be coated in a thick wax or oil similar to that of the waxy cuticle on leaf. Only on the roots and made for insulating. Fish in Antarctica to resist the cold have antifreeze proteins in their blood maybe these trees could have them in their roots. Plants, during winter, space their cells so frost forms around the cells but not in them. Some plants take this a step further by increasing the sugar content of the fluid surrounded their cells - this decreases the freezing point. So maybe these 'Cold Mangroves' could do this too. I don't know if it could work but the idea of these trees periodically shivering is cool to me. Maybe even they could use their roots as a sort of trap for young fish and the digestion process would generate heat. Or in a less kill-y way in the summer and maybe spring, they could flower underwater and feed the fish in exchange for nitrogen and the fish to gather round it and keep it warm. Or maybe they could create a food all throughout the year for the fish in the form of a sap-like sugar of some kind probably excess nutrients and water or something mixed in with an outer membrane similar to a grape. Obviously in exchange for warmth, nitrogen and helpful bacteria. The warmth world come from the fish huddling round the roots trying to get the berry things.
In my fantasy setting I have a thing called fire seeds which I never developed a grown version of. I think I’ll have them grow into mangrove like trees in cold areas with the waters around them warmed up by their connections to fire magic.
You mentioned the rocky shoreline dominance and it made me think of the Younger Dryas whence from sea levels have risen a few times. Something like almost 400’ in the last 13000 years. When I view underwater at the depths indicated by the Greenland cores, there appear to be flattened areas of coast that have steeper seaward cliffs nearby. Maybe the degree and likelihood of rocky coasts is a function of how long the sea level has been at the current depth of modern sea levels. Thus, since we’ve not had a long time at current sea levels, the coasts are still predominantly rocky, but wait another 500,000 years and the ratio of rocky to flat may be a little different... 🤔
There is an alternative thoery of continents that suggests that the Earth's core was once smaller in size (not neccesarily mass), and that the current continents were once a solid layer and for some reason Earth's core reduced density thus growing in size, and the outer layer of Earth's crust split without changing size, leading to the current continents. Supposedly this thoery comes from the fact that if you take the granite continents only and form the shell of sphere small enough that the land continents by themselves cover the whole sphere, then they fit together even better than current pangea models, but the only way for that to happen us if the Earth's core was smaller in volume when the granite layer solidified and then expanded with the granite layer remaining solid and thus keeping the same area. This possibility suggests that most planets may therefore lack continents and all that continents entail.
Living on the Atlantic coast of the US, I had grown up thoroughly believing sandy coasts were the norm. Everything from NYC to Key West is beachy barrier islands and salt marshes. I had to leave the country to see rocky coasts. Ireland of all places (Dia dhuit!) But I think this is why I see rocky coastlines as 'foreign', like when I see photos of Greece or Dover.
Hey, I love your channel and I was wondering if you have any plans to do a video on islands in general? With so many open world video games taking place on islands for the convenience of having a natural map ending point (no need for invisible walls or unclimbable mountain borders), it makes me curious about the possibilities of creating realistic island worlds with believable histories and culture. For example I guess starting with the science of scale.. I wonder about possible freshwater sources and fertile land area to answer questions like: how small could an island be and still remain capable of supporting a civilization over multiple generations independent of foreign help like imported goods? Or like would it be realistic for such a civilization on a tiny island nation with only say less than 10 km2 to be able to reach an era of developing modern technology? Thinking about population size required for such tasks, and considering the need for a diverse gene pool to prevent inherited health problems and insure survival. Lots of political topics that would be related here. Or maybe you could recommend a resource that dives into this topic in detail?
3:16 "Beach holidays are a thing, cliff holidays, not so much." In fact, a lot of coastal resort towns in Britain and Ireland are on rocky coasts. The closest example to me is Hunstanton in north Norfolk.
Most corals are deep water corals surface coral reefs as we know them are actually "recent" having reevolving after the niche was vacated by the End Cretaceous mass extinction. Note that there were analogous coral reefs back in the Paleozoic but they all went extinct in the End Permian mass extinction. During the Mesozoic at least in the Cretaceous Rudist clams were the main costal algae hosting reef builders. There have been many organisms which have occupied the Niche at various points of Earth's history. As a general rule they thrive as biodiverse ecosystems until the next mass extinction completely wipes them and anything that depends on them out and some new enterprising colonists fill up the niche repeating the cycle. Honestly this is an ill omen for the fate of coral reefs ocean acidification is the culprit for extinction every time (Though the Rudist Clams might have been dead before the acid could kill them because mega tsunami's and years of darkness don't really work well with photosynthesis) For anyone setting a story in such bleak times this will be a problem for costal reefs built of calcium carbonate. Fun fact to provide some perspective of scale: regarding the hexagonal columns of places like Giants Causeway. Giants Causeway is actually a small Piece of the much larger North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (NALIP) that by splitting Europe from Greenland formed the North Atlantic Around the PETM (Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum) ~55 million years ago and it likely played some form of causal role in triggering the PETM. This volcanism is one of the major global flood basalt eruptions known as Large Igneous Provinces and it was responsible for splitting Greenland, The Faroe Islands, Ireland, the British Isles (and its eastern bound offshore of Norway) from Each other. The Hotspot responsible for this event is still active today forming Iceland which resides on the midocean Ridge it helped create 55-56 million years ago. Note the use of the word *Province* these things are huge These are usually associated with the formation of new seas ocean basins and the rifting of continents. As such as the geological features responsible for forming Ocean Basins barring where much of the material has been worn away by erosion or buried by sediment over time these features will be present along every costal Margin I recommend Googling images for North Atlantic Igneous Province extent Interestingly I just learned that apparently the Geochemistry indicates that the hot spot likely originated in the Arctic Ocean along the Arctic Alpha ridge before it over many millions of years migrated south to what is now the east coast of Greenland (Greenland was then connected to Ireland and Britain In addition to the Giants Causeway there is another famous location in Scotland known as Fingal's Cave and all sorts of other basaltic columns formed. Flood Basalt Volcanism basically forms seas of molten rock erupting from vast Fissures in the Earth. Occasionally you can get other types of lava forming similar looking structures but this is very uncommon and never on the sheer scale as Large Igneous Provinces formed by Flood Basalts. These are truly monstrous volcanos the largest such features on Earth The most recent such eruption was the Columbia River Basalt Group which is the youngest smallest most intact Large Igneous Provinces known occurring "only" 17 million years ago. And this "small" flood Basalt spanned over much of 3 US States Washington Oregon and Idaho. The Infamous Siberian Traps was about the size of the Continental US for comparison. Related to the discussion of mineral resources similar structures associated with deep mantle plumes rising from the core Mantle boundary are one of two principal sources of Platinum group noble metals and Gold carrying up small amounts of Earths molten outer core as it rises up. If any of the subsurface Plutonic deposits are exposed directly or their erosion products/melt inclusions tec. in a way they are accessible to mining expect gold mining to be important. Likewise if your populace know about and value other rare noble metals like Platinum, Palladium etc. expect those too to be mind out.
I have a question: is a weird class of organism possible to evolve: it is both autotrophic and saprotrophic, gaining energy from seism, bacteria and dead cells, producing oxygen as a by-product and capting a lot of CO2, how ever, these creatures are photo-sensitive.
Weird question: What would a binary star system be like, when one star is already dead? As in, one star but with another that is a white or black dwarf. I know that black dwarves are considered to take too long to achieve for there to be any currently, but I'm interested nonetheless.
I wonder if the Earth is dominated by rocky coasts because of the constant rise in sea level over the last 20k years. Perhaps, during the last glacial maximum, we actually had more coastal plains?
In short; no, plants commonly produce heat at night. In long; plants have multiple ways of adapting to and dealing with cold. Some go dormant in order to prevent cell death, but they can't do anything while dormant including making food from sunlight; plants also respirate and produce some heat during the night that allows them to keep warm without going dormant, if a northern tree had really exposed roots it would quickly loose that heat during the night and have to use more energy or go dormant and miss out on the sunlight they could be getting, so there is an evolutionary pressure away from exposed roots since that would allow them to save energy
Are you on Odysee yet mate? Many of the other RUclipsrs I follow have moved to it due to problems with ads and censorship. It would be good to see you there too.
its embarressing how little you know about botany.... honestly boycott artifexian, i came here for botony and i gotta say completely dissapointed... smh
As another North Carolinian, the pirates thing isn't fiction. The barrier islands in NC were genuinely used effectively by pirates in history.
Blackbeard hung out there for a minute, didn’t he?
@@VulcanTrekkie45 amoung others, yep!
Yeah but nobody is setting their worldbuilding project in North Carolina.
@@BlackIndigenousPosse Ok? Isn't history and geography a wonderful reference and inspiration though? Like, maybe you wouldn't have thought to put pirates in barrier islands if it weren't for a local knowledge of that happening.
@@BlackIndigenousPosse It's pretty easy to think of NC as not very magical when you grow up in the area, but after moving around and seeing other geography, NC actually has a lot of varied terrain and local history that can inspire weird fantasy locales just as much as any from other cultures. We've got Pirates all over the Outer Banks providing natural protection and also sinking a bazillion ships in its treacherous waters, a whole colony of now wild ponies living on the islands and swimming between them, vast marshlands and swamps, the history of tar making and "Tarheels" can lead to some unique forests ideas (A sticky black forest could lend itself to all sorts of party shenanigans), the blue ridge mountains including formations like Pilot mountain being uniquely visible for miles, Carnivorous plants like Venus Fly Traps, Pitcher Plants, and Sundews are all native to NC and not actually jungle plants (Make a whole forest of giant ones in your campaign!), NC was home to unique predators like the now extinct (in NC as of 2011 :c) Black Panthers, and Red Wolves, etc etc. I'm sure that if anyone digs into the history and geography of their hometowns and all, they can find a surprising amount of material to be inspired by.
I swear biblaridion is like the new god of world building, he might not make many videos, but the ones he does are like peak quality
Fluffly peacock goat spiders!
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A bit of trivia about potholes. My professor once told me about a field trip he and other professors did in Tibet. The objective was to find out if there were glaciers in Tibet (or parts of it) during the last Ice Age. Evidence pointed against it (it was too dry for glaciers to have formed) but one professor adamantly refused to believe it. One day he triumphantly showed everybody potholes that he found. Potholes on mountains are usually proof that there was glaciation. They are formed by the water that flows beneith the ice. The others were puzzled since this contradicted their other evidence, so they asked around in nearby villages. As it turns out, these potholes were manmade! They used to practice sky burials there. That means, they fed the corpses of the dead to birds. In order for the bones to be fed to birds they had to be ground to little pieces. This was what the potholes were for.
oh my
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thats such an example of poor scientific process, searching continuously for evidence that supports a theory, while disregarding anything that disproves it
Bestagon Coast, here we come!
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Hive coast. Made from an ancient species of bees that died a million years ago
Regarding Earth being unique in its balance of rocky and coastal plains, I don't think this would be the case. Because rocky coasts are formed by erosion and coastal plains are formed by deposition. Neither process could happen without the other, and the oceans of an earthlike planet are going to have a mix of both. Though I'd be interested to know what we can learn from Mars.
It becomes a matter of tectonic activity, then, doesn't it? Tectonic uplift will generate emergent coasts, plus raises up landscape to be eroded and transported by rain, rivers and winds towards the submergent coasts. So the current coast balance may well be dependent on the speed of tectonic activity currently occurring on that world, or in that particular region.
Faster activity => more uplift than erosion => more emergent/cliff coasts
whereas
Slower activity => more erosion than uplift => more submergent, plains coasts?
It's more that we only have one data point for reference, since we still haven't found truly earthlike planets.
things like halong bay and Sydney Harbour, these are called ria. Ria are flooded river valleys. it just so happens that Asian lands are more prone to super steep mountains.
What exactly is the difference between rias and estuaries, is it just a soft subjective distinction that rias are more hilly/mountainous and have more dendritic bays and inlets while estuaries are flatter and straighter?
@@mimikal7548 Estuaries are tidal. They’re river mouths that flood with salty seawater at high tide and fill with fresh river water at low tide. A ria is a river flooded by the rise of the sea due to melting icecaps and/or tectonic effects. The ria may or may not be associated with estuaries of its own.
Caves next please? Like lava tubes, karst caverns, and ice caves?
"It's a Karst Field but at sea"
So I guess you could say it's a...
*karstaway?*
Thinking about the cold or temperate mangrove equivalents. There are lots of trees that grow in cold freshwater swamps. I am thinking specifically of jack pines and such in the Canadian forests. That could inform possible saltwater versions
Yeah, I feel like the only thing needed would be a strong evolutionary pressure to become salt resistant, the cold isn't that hard to overcome.
Can mammoths/ elephants that like to knock down trees live in that kind of terrain? If not, trees could have developed salt resistance to avoid them.
@@Akin42 actually, there used to be a whole ecosystem called the Mammoth Steppe based on that. It didn't do so IRL, but it could definitely be a valid pressure (as long and the mammoths or other megafauna don't just follow the trees to the shore).
@@user-ft3jq5vi2l Maybe that drove the evolution of whales and doomed Earth’s temperate/cold mangroves.
@@Akin42 your other problem is sea ice / lake ice when winds blow over sea ice it moves driving 30/40 ton ice chunks up to 20m inland pushing and destroying plants and beaches and rocks.
Woops, I guess I'm the river delta guy! This marks the second time I've talked about 'em and gotten into the FU.
A note on large rivers flowing onto emergent coasts-- you will still have deposition, because rivers just deposit on coasts regardless, but typically the coast's emergence will outweigh the development of a delta and you'll end up with more of a plain. Interestingly, large rivers exiting emergent coasts is very rare, and where they do it's typically into some sort of gulf between two mountain formations. The big ones in this category are the Colorado and the mess in Mesopotamia. Honestly emergent coasts on their own are a can of worms on this scale, let alone mapping rivers for them.
I didn't realise I didn't know the english word for karst until now. Thank you!
could you make episode about flying islands?
Yes. All the yes.
Yes!
I never thought of that despite being obvious. Living in cold has little competition. That's how I would explaine how a large forest could grow in the arctic. The roots would be very ususal tho.
i think your problem is that winter time ice tends to drive up on shore destroying nearly any plant life and associated soil.
The Giant's Causeway actually formed due to large masses of lava cooling all at once, basically, the "freezing" parts of the lava start at nucleation sites, and then expanded outwards until they encountered other expanding nucleation sites, and the boundaries between those is how the geometric patterns formed. They're rare because you need a truly gargantuan amount of lava cooling all at once, and not flowing anywhere.
giants causeway is the result of extremely slow cooling of the underground basalt, so it split due to it shrinking as it cooled yes, but deep underground, this is also why their vertical.
It is also only a small piece of the Much much larger North Atlantic Large Igneous Province which split Britain and Ireland (as well as technically Norway though that part of Norway is underwater nowadays) from Greenland 56-55 million years ago. The Mantle Plume Hotspot responsible for it still is active sitting along part of the North Atlantic mid ocean ridge it was responsible for making as the island nation Iceland.
I can't express enough how grateful I am you did videos on worldbuilding rivers and coastlines. Those are my biggest obstacles in mapmaking.
Yeah Giants Causeway is part of the North Atlantic igneous province, and is built up by flood-basalts that were the remains of huge volcanic eruptions that (probably) started the break up of Pangaea. These eruptions mostly occurs beneath mantle plumes.
Just an idea, mangrove type trees that lived further North when the world was warmer, so they grew in the kinds of temperatures that you would normally find similar mangrove trees today, but then the world started cooling down and they managed to adapt. Thoughts?
Makes sense
The roots need some kind of antifreeze. I had been contemplating genetically engineering a salt resistant bald cypress.
Sounds reasonable to me.
And how to adapt them to cold weather? I'd look at arctic/antarctic fish and land animals. Fish for how their gills differ (if at all), and animals for lungs and nose. Like, I remember some bio class talking about breathing through the nose being preferred to the mouth because the nose invests in warming and humidfying the air to make it less a shock to the body. Due to the nutrient exchange role of roots, I'd think they're more akin to gills and lungs - which I *think* would also face challenges of heat loss.
Random idea for a root solution:
Sort of package the roots in a structure. I'm imagining like traditional roots in a fleshy, water balloon-like structure. So the water gets into the bigger structure to pre-warm before actually hitting the roots. Still uses body heat, but I'm hoping this could at least lessen the shock between external and internal termpatures.
@@MGDrzyzga definitely an interesting idea!
Even if it wasn't an actual bubble, it could just be a membrane that grows a couple of inches or even centimeters away from the roots, and it could be a one way membrane that lets the water in but doesn't let the heat out… maybe even multiple layer somehow?
I thought rocky coasts were rare, but I guess my country's shores are just abnormal in that almost all of them are sandy, which is probably because we have no mountains.
Dutch?
Can't wait for another bib crossover, whenever that might be
Damm, your videos are awesome!
Maybe stick volcanic activity in your cold region, releasing heat through crack like fissures, creating bubbling steamy rivers for your mangroves. Could receive nutrients that way too. Maybe it stores extra iron for warmth, and creates a hard wood for weapons or structures. If it’s nestled like an oasis in a desert, you could give the surrounding ice barriers the igloo effect. Melts on the inside, raises through, freezes again on the outside. Have fun with it! Happy building!
The massive salt marshes have some really unique properties as they a labyrinth of waterways. In Virginia there is a place called Mobjack and its surrounded by a large salt marsh. There is a group of people there called the Guineamen and they pretty much live in isolation since around the Revolutionary war. They know the marshes like the back of their hand and the police won't chase into it because its too easy to get ambushed. You also can't understand single thing they say. One of the legends has it is that they're descendents of the German mercenaries that fought for the British during the revolutionary war. When the British surrender they fled into the marshes and just lived there.
So the Headlands and embayments actually got me thinking about the macro feature you can find on many coast lines. Which is that on a large scale they also mimic these features. The east coast of the US I think illustrates it the best but is you look at a world map you can outline most coast lines with overlapping circles of varying sizes, repeating on smaller and smaller scales as you zoom in
You should do a video showing us all of your fantasy worlds!
lol the frigid mangroves have been a key location in my story i perked up so much when that section of the vid came up
Dalmatian coastal islands might also make a good pirate haven. I recall that the coastline of Croatia had pirates at several points in history.
Aw yeah, it's *Karst Time™*
Thanks for answering me, Edgar! I often see people interested in worldbuilding skewing towards fjords and boreal forests. Time to show the tropics some love!
Cool! I got quoted in this video!
Only watching this video did the erosion/deposition remind me of schiermonnikoog. It's an island off the north coast of the Netherlands which steadily drifts... Eastward? I think? Basically one side is eroding very quickly and the other side is receiving enough deposits that the entire island is "moving" along as succession of the wetlands matures across the island. This means that the church the monks built on the island in the medieval period has had to be rebuilt several times as it reached the edge and the original monastery is buried under the water.
You actually produce halong bay near perfectly. But it's full.mame is Vin Ha Long. They were created by dissolving limestone rocks that was ejected by tectonic uplift. There's also some pretty dope caves on some of those islands. I have been there and the scale of those formations is just mind blowing. Legend has it that the were created by dragons stomping around. There's another amazing sight near by as well call Hua low its technically a submerge valley with a river that runs through some of the mountains. Dense forest on the cliffs and swampland below with long necked flowers and paddies. With some Buddhist temples spotted here and there and dragon sculpturs on top
Some people go base jumping (jumping off cliffs into water) on weekends near home. A very small number of people travel to different countries to do base jumping.
The only reason I can think of for cold mangroves even needing to evolve is if all the lakes and what not froze so the ocean would be a good source. I'm not completely sure but I'm guessing there would already be lots of trees around the coast and so the ocean would be the next place to go. But, as was said the roots would definitely need to be covered or something. I guess one way it could work is if they evolved to store a lipid of some kind but I'm not sure if that's possible.
Edit: maybe it could adapt to have a much darker bark/root colour to bring in more heat and have some kind of organic insulation (wood is actually quite a good insulator so maybe thicker roots) to then trap the heat. Or weirder idea they could be coated in a sort of hair that could evolve from pines, which I think they would likely have.
Another Edit: Maybe they could be coated in a thick wax or oil similar to that of the waxy cuticle on leaf. Only on the roots and made for insulating. Fish in Antarctica to resist the cold have antifreeze proteins in their blood maybe these trees could have them in their roots.
Plants, during winter, space their cells so frost forms around the cells but not in them. Some plants take this a step further by increasing the sugar content of the fluid surrounded their cells - this decreases the freezing point. So maybe these 'Cold Mangroves' could do this too. I don't know if it could work but the idea of these trees periodically shivering is cool to me. Maybe even they could use their roots as a sort of trap for young fish and the digestion process would generate heat. Or in a less kill-y way in the summer and maybe spring, they could flower underwater and feed the fish in exchange for nitrogen and the fish to gather round it and keep it warm. Or maybe they could create a food all throughout the year for the fish in the form of a sap-like sugar of some kind probably excess nutrients and water or something mixed in with an outer membrane similar to a grape. Obviously in exchange for warmth, nitrogen and helpful bacteria. The warmth world come from the fish huddling round the roots trying to get the berry things.
In my fantasy setting I have a thing called fire seeds which I never developed a grown version of. I think I’ll have them grow into mangrove like trees in cold areas with the waters around them warmed up by their connections to fire magic.
You mentioned the rocky shoreline dominance and it made me think of the Younger Dryas whence from sea levels have risen a few times. Something like almost 400’ in the last 13000 years. When I view underwater at the depths indicated by the Greenland cores, there appear to be flattened areas of coast that have steeper seaward cliffs nearby. Maybe the degree and likelihood of rocky coasts is a function of how long the sea level has been at the current depth of modern sea levels. Thus, since we’ve not had a long time at current sea levels, the coasts are still predominantly rocky, but wait another 500,000 years and the ratio of rocky to flat may be a little different... 🤔
That 400’ might be more like 25,000 years - I’ll have to look that up again! 😂
There is an alternative thoery of continents that suggests that the Earth's core was once smaller in size (not neccesarily mass), and that the current continents were once a solid layer and for some reason Earth's core reduced density thus growing in size, and the outer layer of Earth's crust split without changing size, leading to the current continents. Supposedly this thoery comes from the fact that if you take the granite continents only and form the shell of sphere small enough that the land continents by themselves cover the whole sphere, then they fit together even better than current pangea models, but the only way for that to happen us if the Earth's core was smaller in volume when the granite layer solidified and then expanded with the granite layer remaining solid and thus keeping the same area.
This possibility suggests that most planets may therefore lack continents and all that continents entail.
Living on the Atlantic coast of the US, I had grown up thoroughly believing sandy coasts were the norm. Everything from NYC to Key West is beachy barrier islands and salt marshes.
I had to leave the country to see rocky coasts. Ireland of all places (Dia dhuit!)
But I think this is why I see rocky coastlines as 'foreign', like when I see photos of Greece or Dover.
(intellectual comment on the content of the video) (opinion on worldbuilding styles) (short pun/joke) Great video, thank you!
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Hey, I love your channel and I was wondering if you have any plans to do a video on islands in general? With so many open world video games taking place on islands for the convenience of having a natural map ending point (no need for invisible walls or unclimbable mountain borders), it makes me curious about the possibilities of creating realistic island worlds with believable histories and culture. For example I guess starting with the science of scale.. I wonder about possible freshwater sources and fertile land area to answer questions like: how small could an island be and still remain capable of supporting a civilization over multiple generations independent of foreign help like imported goods? Or like would it be realistic for such a civilization on a tiny island nation with only say less than 10 km2 to be able to reach an era of developing modern technology? Thinking about population size required for such tasks, and considering the need for a diverse gene pool to prevent inherited health problems and insure survival. Lots of political topics that would be related here.
Or maybe you could recommend a resource that dives into this topic in detail?
3:16 "Beach holidays are a thing, cliff holidays, not so much." In fact, a lot of coastal resort towns in Britain and Ireland are on rocky coasts. The closest example to me is Hunstanton in north Norfolk.
There are mangroves in Western Port southeast of Melbourne IIRC.
Hey, I've seen these basalt columns at Solstheim!
very cool
Great video.
Most corals are deep water corals surface coral reefs as we know them are actually "recent" having reevolving after the niche was vacated by the End Cretaceous mass extinction. Note that there were analogous coral reefs back in the Paleozoic but they all went extinct in the End Permian mass extinction. During the Mesozoic at least in the Cretaceous Rudist clams were the main costal algae hosting reef builders. There have been many organisms which have occupied the Niche at various points of Earth's history. As a general rule they thrive as biodiverse ecosystems until the next mass extinction completely wipes them and anything that depends on them out and some new enterprising colonists fill up the niche repeating the cycle.
Honestly this is an ill omen for the fate of coral reefs ocean acidification is the culprit for extinction every time (Though the Rudist Clams might have been dead before the acid could kill them because mega tsunami's and years of darkness don't really work well with photosynthesis) For anyone setting a story in such bleak times this will be a problem for costal reefs built of calcium carbonate.
Fun fact to provide some perspective of scale: regarding the hexagonal columns of places like Giants Causeway. Giants Causeway is actually a small Piece of the much larger North Atlantic Large Igneous Province (NALIP) that by splitting Europe from Greenland formed the North Atlantic Around the PETM (Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum) ~55 million years ago and it likely played some form of causal role in triggering the PETM.
This volcanism is one of the major global flood basalt eruptions known as Large Igneous Provinces and it was responsible for splitting Greenland, The Faroe Islands, Ireland, the British Isles (and its eastern bound offshore of Norway) from Each other. The Hotspot responsible for this event is still active today forming Iceland which resides on the midocean Ridge it helped create 55-56 million years ago.
Note the use of the word *Province* these things are huge These are usually associated with the formation of new seas ocean basins and the rifting of continents. As such as the geological features responsible for forming Ocean Basins barring where much of the material has been worn away by erosion or buried by sediment over time these features will be present along every costal Margin
I recommend Googling images for North Atlantic Igneous Province extent
Interestingly I just learned that apparently the Geochemistry indicates that the hot spot likely originated in the Arctic Ocean along the Arctic Alpha ridge before it over many millions of years migrated south to what is now the east coast of Greenland (Greenland was then connected to Ireland and Britain
In addition to the Giants Causeway there is another famous location in Scotland known as Fingal's Cave and all sorts of other basaltic columns formed. Flood Basalt Volcanism basically forms seas of molten rock erupting from vast Fissures in the Earth.
Occasionally you can get other types of lava forming similar looking structures but this is very uncommon and never on the sheer scale as Large Igneous Provinces formed by Flood Basalts. These are truly monstrous volcanos the largest such features on Earth The most recent such eruption was the Columbia River Basalt Group which is the youngest smallest most intact Large Igneous Provinces known occurring "only" 17 million years ago. And this "small" flood Basalt spanned over much of 3 US States Washington Oregon and Idaho. The Infamous Siberian Traps was about the size of the Continental US for comparison.
Related to the discussion of mineral resources similar structures associated with deep mantle plumes rising from the core Mantle boundary are one of two principal sources of Platinum group noble metals and Gold carrying up small amounts of Earths molten outer core as it rises up. If any of the subsurface Plutonic deposits are exposed directly or their erosion products/melt inclusions tec. in a way they are accessible to mining expect gold mining to be important.
Likewise if your populace know about and value other rare noble metals like Platinum, Palladium etc. expect those too to be mind out.
Further study of Saturn's moon Titan could be informative about coastlines.
you guys are cool
Ay
I want more of the drop animated dude
How do we get those black pebble beaches we see in Scandinavia?
Probably basaltic rock getting pulverised
I have a question: is a weird class of organism possible to evolve: it is both autotrophic and saprotrophic, gaining energy from seism, bacteria and dead cells, producing oxygen as a by-product and capting a lot of CO2, how ever, these creatures are photo-sensitive.
Wouldn't the sandy beach to rocky beach ratio depend on planet age and atmospheric conditions?
FU seems a bit rude, maybe it wouldn't hurt to change the title?
Hehe!
It means Follow Up
@@benp.1635 That's just what they want you to think. It's actually falcon ulcers
Weird question: What would a binary star system be like, when one star is already dead? As in, one star but with another that is a white or black dwarf. I know that black dwarves are considered to take too long to achieve for there to be any currently, but I'm interested nonetheless.
Ohhhh, FOLLOW up...
is it possible to have 1% calcium (CaCo3) in the atmosphere of a planet?
where do I put concordant and discordant coastlines
What about a mangrove with furry roots?
so, since you mentioned karst at the end, when's the video on it coming? Or has it already been made?
A volcano did it is like the real world equivalent of a wizard did it.
You should make a discord server so us worldbuildings can chat with you and each other
I wonder if the Earth is dominated by rocky coasts because of the constant rise in sea level over the last 20k years. Perhaps, during the last glacial maximum, we actually had more coastal plains?
Mandatory Interaction
Why would a cold mangrove lose heat from its roots? Shouldn't it have the same temperature as the surrounding water?
Thats the problem. The surrounding water is too cold.
Plants generate and need heat too, they don't just stick to the ambient temperature.
@@Great_Olaf5 From what I've seen, only certain plants produce heat, and thermoregulation only really happens in the leaves
In short; no, plants commonly produce heat at night.
In long; plants have multiple ways of adapting to and dealing with cold. Some go dormant in order to prevent cell death, but they can't do anything while dormant including making food from sunlight; plants also respirate and produce some heat during the night that allows them to keep warm without going dormant, if a northern tree had really exposed roots it would quickly loose that heat during the night and have to use more energy or go dormant and miss out on the sunlight they could be getting, so there is an evolutionary pressure away from exposed roots since that would allow them to save energy
Are you on Odysee yet mate? Many of the other RUclipsrs I follow have moved to it due to problems with ads and censorship. It would be good to see you there too.
could you make a video on caves and where they're found?
"And can't really be, without being a documentary." I mean... you could always try a documentary sometime and see how it goes.
Hey, Artifexian. Do you check your channel emails?
Woooo
"only one dataset". Fuck, gotta colonize some more planets for this study about coasts.
How to create fictional culture?
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544 - 0 like - dislike rate. I think that says enough.
Do a ultimate remix
Hey
3rd view woot woot
its embarressing how little you know about botany.... honestly boycott artifexian, i came here for botony and i gotta say completely dissapointed... smh