How Supernovas Act as Universe’s Largest Particle Accelerators
HTML-код
- Опубликовано: 21 сен 2024
- Check out the Space Time Merch Store
www.pbsspaceti...
Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
/ pbsspacetime
Cern's Large Hadron Collider routinely collides particles at energies equivalent to a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. If this worries you, then the following fact will either put you at ease or scare the hell out of you. And that's that a particle with the energy of an LHC collision hits every square kilometer of the Earth every single second. And we only relatively recently figured out where these cosmic rays are coming from.
PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:to.pbs.org/Dona...
Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
mailchi.mp/1a6...
Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: search.pbsspac...
Hosted by Matt O'Dowd
Written by Matt Caplan, Hayley West & Matt O'Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Spacetime is a production of Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2024 PBS. All rights reserved.
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / multidroideka
Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:
Big Bang Sponsors
First Principles Foundation
John Sronce
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
David Neumann
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Mark Rosenthal
Quasar Sponsors
Grace Biaelcki
Glenn Sugden
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
J Tyacke
Mark Heising
Hypernova Sponsors
Michael Tidwell
Frank Plessers
Chris Webb
David Giltinan
Ivari Tölp
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Alex Kern
Bradley Voorhees
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
Robert Ilardi
John R. Slavik
Donal Botkin
Edmund Fokschaner
Chuck Zegar
Daniel Muzquiz
Gamma Ray Burst Sponsors
Neil Moore
Robin Sur
Arko Provo Mukherjee
Mike Purvis
Christopher Wade
Anthony Crossland
Grace Seraph
Stephen Saslow
Robert DeChellis
Tomaz Lovsin
Anthony Leon
Leonardo Schulthais Senna
Lori Ferris
Dennis Van Hoof
Koen Wilde
Nicolas Katsantonis
Joe Pavlovic
Justin Lloyd
Chuck Lukaszewski
Cole B Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
John Anderson
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
teng guo
Harsh Khandhadia
Jammer
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Rad Antonov
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Jeremy Soller
Paul Wood
Joe Moreira
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
Ramon Nogueira
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Daniel Jennings
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Isaac Suttell
Oliver Flanagan
Bleys Goodson
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Frederic Simon
John Robinson
Jim Hudson
Alex Gan
John Funai
Adrien Molyneux
Bradley Jenkins
Amy Hickman
Vlad Shipulin
Thomas Dougherty
King Zeckendorff
Dan Warren
Joseph Salomone
Patrick Sutton
Julien Dubois
I love that the detector on the ISS is called ISS-CREAM
It seems like one of the perks of being a scientist is getting to create lots of amusing acronyms.
The new detector will be US-CREAM.
Now, is that I Scream, or Icecream? 😂
NASA really loves playing around with their naming of things.
@@Brotherdot In Space (nobody can hear you) S-CREAM?
Pretty fun to think of the really fast ones racing through the universe within seconds in their timeline
That is quite fun! Makes me appreciate all the relative time that I have the pleasure of perceiving
@@pappi8338okomooo moo oo
Ok
@@rowanbarnes4982are you ok there buddy? Blink twice if you are having a stroke.
The video already amazed me, but your comment added a whole new (4th) dimension to my appreciation of this process.
@@pathayes1757 Same, even when I "know" some of these things, someone comes in with a comment like this when I'm not prepared, and blows my mind all over again lol
This sounds a lot like how remote control gliders can approach trans-sonic speeds with dynamic soaring. They exploit the boundary between a strong wind going over the top of a hill and the slower air in the shadow of the hill to gain crazy amounts of energy. It's worth searching for a video; it's mind-boggling to watch an unpowered glider ripping through the air at over 500 mph.
Had to look this up and god DAMN, you're right about it being mind-boggling
Yeah thought it was click bait. Nope. They do be flying
These are some of the most fascinating aerodynamic videos I've seen. The fact that that a powerless craft can achieve near trans-sonic speeds is pretty crazy.
Sure enough! Read your comment and looked it up. Awesome recommendation! If someone is reading this you should totally check it out. It's pretty wild.
As someone working in the field, I have to applaud the amazing level of this explanation. Really great!
I measure cosmic rays by how fogged my photographic film gets despite being in a deep freezer in my basement. Damn you cosmic rays!!!! You are making my Plus-X Pan more grainy!
Is it cosmic rays, or radon?
@@Lucius_Chiaraviglio An extractor fan ducted from floor level would probably be a good idea if it's suspected radon. Since radon is carcinogenic there might be bigger problems than fogged film.
_"10/10 would smash"_
-CERN
Probably something more like 1/1 million but yeah 😂
Hey Siri, play “Crash” by Dave Matthews 💥🎶
I never noticed that the first clip of the intro has the camera fly through a double slit! I love it! Haha
I don't thank this channel enough for existing, so thank you. You're in my top 3 best channels on RUclips.
What are the other two? 😗
Whenever I watch one of these videos I understand about 5% of what's being said, but I always feel 1000 times smarter at the end.
Somewhere in the vast universe, a group of people were standing around minding their own business when one of them was struck by a cosmic ray and exploded.
Doubt it.
@@tylermcnally8232 How come? Do you think that it's just impossible for stable long-term habitable worlds to exist so close to a cosmic accelerator?
This was so well explained. I learned something today I've always wanted to know.
Always a good day when there’s a new Space Time. Also, I’m happy to say that the audio sounds much better than it did a few months ago!
The first thing this reminds me of is: hail stones on earth- the drops fall, freeze, get blown back up in the cloud… literally risen and repeat! The longer the drop can stay in the sky, the bigger it can get
In these terms, the more energy it can absorb
You want a medal for regurgitating kindergarten lessons?
Thank you for this. I watch most of your videos, but even as an EE, I don't understand them all. This one was both interesting & understandable.
Yet another awesome video, PBS Space Time! Much appreciation.
PBS SPACETIME IS THE TEACHER I'VE ALWAYS WANTED!
I know it's not the same thing, however, I was reminded of how hail is produced as Matt was describing the shockwave particle acceleration
Ugh. I’m having trouble conceptualizing the mechanics of a shockwave, despite the incredible and simple explanation.
Time to go down a new rabbit hole. Thank you so much for helping keep me curious!
This new credits section is really something. I love you found this smooth collaboration to match content with visuals no textbook can reproduce.
10:50 Had to rewind this moment and remind myself of the scale of the universe. The chances of a given intergalactic particle going through the solar system, let alone hitting Earth, are very tiny.
I wonder what is the gold spot where the distance starts outscaling collective galactic activity (supernovae, SMBHs) and the amount of cosmic rays that reach us start to decrease.
I don't know if it's funny or sad that many people are still fearful about the power of human-made particle accelerators when the entire earth is constantly bombarded with particles from space which are at equal to far greater energies.
This is by far on of the best episode in a while. Stellar good craftsmanship :)
Pun intended?
Great video guys! Supernova shocks make for some really interesting science! Along with accelerating particles, they also help produce a lot of x-rays which can give us insight into the elements produced by the supernova.
I've been a viewer for a while now. And i wanna thank all of you for making this content. I have learned so much although its really heavy stuff and it takes alot of time to understand. You all are excellent teachers of all the fun stuff we have discovered in S P A C E T I M E
Great episode! My fiancé and I were just discussing the OMGP yesterday evening. Also, thanks for launching what will in moments be my next t-shirt purchase!
Can we have a PBS Space Time for Kids? It's not necessarily for kids. Just for those of us that sometimes struggle to keep up with the concepts in videos and also enjoy bright colors and funny noises.
@user-fc8xw4fi5vyou don’t really need to dive deep into tensor calculus to know what is going on in pbs space time, just metrics
Yea, but it would viewership if they supplemened it with math IMO. I think this is the only thing that separates this channel from actual science course and makes it popsci. Most people don't enjoy math. It would also take much more effort to prepare and consume. I think current formula is optimal for many folks. We're outliers. I personally greatly enjoyed 3b1b's materials with related math.
Watch Bill Nye
That's kind of what scishow space was
That's Kurtzgesagt for me. 😅
This channel is the best…
Wish we could get 4 new episodes per day 😅
so what you're saying is: Sci-Fi space battles COULD have sounds of explosions so long as they were electromagnetic and charged-particle expulsions, rather than high-explosive atmospheric waves 😋🤣
Oh everything will make noise out there - but you'd need a really big microphone to hear most of it. :D
@@Vastin Star Wars: VINDICATED! 🤣
You'd only hear them over radio and on Wi Fi though
@@Flesh_Wizard depends on a lot of factors, but a powerful electromagnetic field can cause ferromagnetic materials to oscillate: making sound and heat: which is how speakers and induction cooking work. since we don't know the particulars of how Star-Wars/star trek etc. material sciences, or any of their sciences/systems, work, we lack the knowledge of the variables to tell.
I choose to suspend my disbelief 😋
Wow, this supernova video is so interesting! I learned more about how they work and there were many other surprises. Another great video, PBS Space Time!
The massive Local Void is certainly very good at being the strongest particle accelerator given the Amaterasu particle came from the Local Void, as well as the gamma ray dipole. Though having just seen Anton's video about the M87 observations about the jets of the supermassive black hole I would say the ergosphere of said black hole is a candidate for most powerful.
i always imagined the blast was what gave it the speed
not the shockwave and some funky behavior :o
This is what we have to deal with if we want to travel through space. Charged particles with the energy of baseballs, huge magnetic fields twisted and writhing. Space isn't empty, it's just huge
I see PBS Space Time upload I click
Science clic animations in pbs spacetime!
You are a Hero...doing things that my Dad did to inspire my mind when I was young....before he drank the Kool Aid and then began to deny the stuff he used to believe in..(tied to politics and religion...a common story, I am sure).
Fantastic! Thanks, @spaceTime. You listened to my feedback about the loud fanfare at the end of the video and made it more calm and relaxing. Now I won't wake up as the video finishes 😃. And don't worry, I watch them again in the morning if I have fallen asleep ❤.
1:49 I always wonder if people can really conceptualize the energy of the OMG particle since we don't deal with things the size of a particle in daily life. So my shorthand is to say that if the OMG Particle were the actual mass of a baseball, the resultant energy release would have been equivalent to the Tsar Bomba.
Wikipedia says that particle was travelling at 0.9999999999999999999999951c, if a baseball was travelling at that speed, its energy would be 4*10^27 Joules, which is the whole Sun's energy content for 10 seconds. Or roughly a *trillion* tsar-bombas.
@@aintaintaword666 Energy content or energy output? (I'm guessing the latter.)
LHC = Cosmically mundane energy levels - we need more powaaaahhh!!
Wait, ur telling me Rudolf wasn't the only Hess taking crazy flights 😁
Haha nice one
Fantastic script and visuals, as always!
this whole video is one big WMP audio visualizer
Fascinating!
Matt, we really missed you and your partner at 'How the Light Gets In' at Hay on Wye this year. Next year, maybe?
I have been fairly confused about why you were analyzing black holes in terms of information, until I found myself searching for black hole computer on a search engine, and came across an article in the Scientific American explaining "It from bit".
I also have now found an article from MIT Technology Review as to why the universe is not a computer at all.
Wonderful video, subscribed
My mom when she tossed the flippers at me , fastest particle accelerator I’ve ever seen
So you got hit three times?
¡las chanclas!
I may just be betraying my trademark American ignorance, but this exchange is confusing me more than the black hole complementarity video
Edit: punctuation
I don't get it
@@DGCMWC you gotta be either Hispanic or Asian to understand lol 😆
Wait, what was that ankle and knee stuff on that graph showing the energies?
amazing work as usual. thank you so much!
I love this site. I wish I could understand what T F is going on. Keep it up, brilliant !
This is so much like the navigators of the Pacific who read the waves and the skies to plot their course.
This is the only show where I want to listen to an episode twice in a row 🫶 it’s so relaxing to listen to the whole episode 🍀 thank youuuu for making such incredible content for us all to enjoy ♾️ keep it coming it’s so good 😊
Now those are very nice designs for merch 😅 Also really interesting explanation. Didn't thought about shockwave effect, but I guess everything in space time is big and thus can have enormous effect on particle energy.
Great video, Matt!
😅enjoying the array of particles that pass through my body every day, undetected , yet real.
What’s The Universe’s Strongest Particle Accelerator?
Me after a night of ill-advised Taco Bell.
Say no to 4th meal or make it at home. Your body will thank you! 🫶
Please will you make a video on the creation of X Ray Cavities in AGN Clusters and role of shocks and jets!?
"Iron Knee." A Joakim Broden would like to have a word with you about that.
Great to see some new DLC in the merch store
This wound up being very fascinating! Thank you for the video! I guess it hadn't really occurred to me to wonder how such collosal speeds could be generated for such particles naturally and relatively commonly (cosmically speaking).
God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)
2:00 I've heard this stated before but without anything quantifiable to it.
When you say a "well thrown baseball" do you mean 60mph (very hard throw for most non-athletes) or 100+mph (elite pitching) because that's a difference of almost 3 times the kinetic energy. Taking one to the leg is gonna sting and bruise, the other has a very high chance of broken bones.
I have heard that at such large scales (for a particle) the scientists are more interested in difference in magnitude than actual value. So for general information, the difference between 10^2 to 10^4 is much bigger than the difference between 6*10^2 or 10*10^2.
In other words, its most likely that there are several OMG-like particles whose energy levels have a range similar to range of KE of a "well thrown baseball".
The particle had an estimated energy of 320 exa-eV. If we assume a standard baseball of 140g, this converts to a speed of 28m/s, about 100kph or 63mph. So your first guess was pretty on the money.
This is a good one. I learned something new and cool!
Great video! Love Particle Accelerator information. When is the 2024 PBS Survey?
how about merging black holes? Seems like you could get some quickly accelerating particles that get freed up when the event horizons intermingle?
The resulting gravitational pull of the black hole would likely severely diminish their speed, especially as the gravity is only going to increase.
@@damonedrington3453gravitational slingshotting might otherwise accelerate particles, though
@@damonedrington3453but they are theorized to counterintuitively give off Hawking radiation, shrinking down until they ultimately end in a cataclysm of high energy particles.
At the time of merger black holes will tend to have 'cleared out' their neighborhood, leaving very little to be affected. They also mostly release gravitational waves, which are very poor at accelerating particles. As such they have so far only been detected gravitationally.
I love pbs spacetime
I'm doing very well fellow simulation. thank you for asking!
12:33 "How do you do fellow simulations?" :)
I love the new end credits music.
Anyone else think that Matt looks really good in a hoodie?
5:58 As a civil engineer, I can't agree with the rebar-in-concrete analogy.
The weird thing is I thought there was a limit to how far the extreme protons can travel and retain their power. It they are from a billion light years away they must have started out much more powerful.
The GZK limit applies to protons that cover a long distance, on the scale of a billion light years. This means that things like the OMG particle must have been produced 'close' to us.
@@garethdean6382 that is what I was thinking too.
My main insight from this video - galaxies got lobes! (awful ferengi laughter)
That thumbnail is awesome by the way 👍🏻
Any particle that passes through me is likely to slow down slightly due to friction. Measuring this would be interesting.
Incredible job describing hard-to-describe things.
Can you please make a video about what happens when massive stars die? What are the stages of supernova? How come that matter is bounced by surface of newly formed neutron star (or even black hole?), overcomes massive gravity and explodes?
I'm a particle accelerator. I accelerate food particles into my mouth.
Question: What environment are these experiments done in? And how do you simulate intergalactic space in a tube?
I know i'm off topic but i want to ask:what is the correct equation that expresses the irradiance on the surface of an object that travels through the interstellar medium at relativistic speed?what i mean is : what is the kinetic energy received per unit of time by a square meter of an object that travels in space at a good fraction of the speed of light? I thought like this : with a N of 1 particle per cm³ i got a density of 2e-21 kg/m³,then :if the object is travelling at 0.9c it means that in 1 of ITS seconds it's travelling 0.9*2.294*299792458=6.18e8 m,so 1.27e-12 kg are impacting each second at 0.9 c on a m²,so an irradiance of 140 kW/m².Is this correct?
Thanks
That's pretty good, though at relativistic speeds the CMB also becomes an issue, since its photons appear to be at higher energy and greatly outnumber massive particles. Closer to c their share of the irradiance becomes increasingly important.
Always great, just a shame Matt doesn't do question any more. I wanted to ask if gravitational waves, being wave-like but not in a medium, also have shock waves and if that can contribute to cosmic ray energies?
I think the particle acceleration discussed here depends on EM force & Pauli exclusion principle making particles push each other away to produce a shockwave, but Gravity can't do that so I'd expect it to need a totally different mechanism to accelerate particles
Gravitational waves move at or around the speed of light. As such it's very difficult for them to form a distinct shockwave. They also interact with matter only very weakly so aren't good at giving their energy to particles.
omg SpaceTime I love you!
Is it possible, if there were black holes in the early universe, that the highest energy particles were created close to the big bang and have been orbiting near the event horizon and somehow getting ejected. with time dilation, they might still be relatively young even though coming from the beginning of our universe.
Not really. The closer a particle moves to c, the more tight its orbit around a black hole must be to avoid falling in or being ejected. The 'photon sphere' orbit is totally unstable; ANY disturbance to it results in a particle quickly falling out of orbit. As such very energetic particles simply can't orbit a black hole for any period of time, they're too easily disturbed.
wave field correlates, acoustical guidance should work for other spectrums if you can figure the layout. need to take all this high energy theories and scale it down to workable areas like sound.
Here's a question that's been bugging me: If, let's assume, that our universe is just one "bubble" in a "foam" of other universe bubbles, isnt it possible that the gravity of those other "bubbles" could be "pulling" our bubble universe and be responsible for the expansion we see?
I'm under the impression that the various 'objects' we know, whether they are atoms or stars, owe their existence not to their properties but to their energy containment barrier. The energy of an atom is held together if it cannot overcome it's containment barrier. In the case of atoms it's electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force that make up the barrier. Without those, energy would disperse. For a star, the barrier is gravity. So the fact that an atoms, stars, planets and whatever else exist has nothing to do with atoms or stars, it has to do with the barriers holding their energy together. Your existence isn't about you.
I just don’t get how there can be so many cosmic rays… Space is HUGE so the particles in the shock front are spread out across light years, while the front itself is not very deep. The chances of getting hit by one of them should be infinitesimally low.
You're comprehending the scale of space but not the scale of the number of particles involved. There's a hundred septillion atoms in a liter of water, but that's so microscopically tiny compared to the scale of matter involved in a supernova shockwave. Basically the number of particles involved here massively dwarfs the tiny numbers that are the volume of space they're spread across.
Great stuff, as always.
I think "cosmic rays" is a litte bit confusing. Not sure if I'd call it a misnomer but rays are often associated with EM field and photons which are plenty in the space, however in this context those are actual matter particles. That's kinda impressive.
When is that shirt coming to the store? I need one! Also, I love the videos. Thanks for the work you and the pbs spacetime team do.
Best videos! Commenting just to boost you guys!
Hi Dr. O'Dowd!
Cosmic Rays - thank you! this episode was 🔥
I know a Cosmic Ray. He dances down at the 7-11 for quarters. He’s good friends with General Malaise…bit of a downer though
The sound wave and shock wave illustrations are both incorrect.
Sound wave isn't leaving molecules rocking back and forth. After wave has passed, the air is as motionless as it was before. IOW: the sound wave, at minimum, can have just one "wave" passing throught essentially unchanged medium.
Shock wave isn't just "molecules moving faster than speed of sound", it's a wave which heats the medium so much that sound speeds are DIFFERENT across the wave, and sound speed behind it is *faster* than before it (and faster than the speed of shock wave) due to hotter and denser gas. *This* is what causing sound "from behind" to catch up and pile on into a single large jump of pressure.
The gas behind shock wave is hotter, and moving in the direction of passed wave. The illustration at 3:30 shows something totally different.
Thank you
Soundwaves, Shockwaves....it's like this is a Transformers channel.
Which is more accurate? To say that the particles bounce randomly or that they bounce chaotically?
Choatically, in that their movement isn't determined by underlying randomness but a complicated environment.
@@garethdean6382 thanks for that.
What about neutron star mergers as sources for the highest-energy cosmic rays? Not so large in volume, but extremely strong magnetic fields, especially if one of them is a magnetar.
Tacos. Tacos are the universe's strongest particle accelerator.
these videos make me feel like all Australians must know about physics
If magnetars are a prominent source, should we expect to see particles coming from them frequently? Compared to the sporadic particles generated by collisions and explosions