I actually think, from what my professor has told me, that the people who first really discovered crispr a decade or so ago were undergraduate students and when they stumbled across it their superiors were shocked to see the implications.
@@DoodleSh1t Are you dense? The top 5 countries with the most Nobel prize winners are all caucasian majority countries, and in all of Nobel history, only 7 LGBT+ have won. Now, I'm not saying that members of minority groups should be given favour, but it's really fucking dumb to suggest that straight white men have a reduced chance of winning. Go crawl back to 4chan, you red pill twat.
@@Workaholic_06 something totally different. Not related to biology. Biology was great to study. Knowing about life on a scientific level. But life is more than this for me.
+tetsugal It's just taking advantage of what nature has already made. The proteins involved in holding the segments of DNA in place and slicing it in precise places is what our body does 24/7. Inside our cells, these proteins are involved in keeping us alive. The enzymes drive chemical reactions, and essentially "cut and stick" things together. We've just learnt these processes in molecular biology / biochemistry well enough to be able to slightly manipulate what the body already does to favour a particular response (e.g against a particular virus or disease response). Evolution is a slow and often imprecise mechanism to improve our bodies. With the planning and learning capabilities of our own brains, we can manipulate what our bodies already have to perform specific functions which evolution hasn't caught up with yet... so we can use these techniques to treat or even cure diseases that have affected us and caused suffering for far too long.
+Pingu Bitches Now if we can nail down all the 4-500 genes that divide out of control (Cancer) I think we may have the ability to make it a thing of the past.
+Pingu Bitches What really blows my mind is that CRISPR is a biological technology that bacteria invented to fight viruses. We're basically learning from bacteria and are basically using alien technology for our own benefit.
Congratulations to the people responsible for this piece of video. Well written, brilliantly animated, and narrated by a speaker who should serve as an example to every speaker across all topics on RUclips! Are there Oscars or Guggenheims for this sort of educational work yet? We have here a nominee...
Every video on RUclips should be produced as if it's an explanation by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology of the most important biological discovery of the 21st century
"Brother to Demons, Brother to Gods" - I read this book many years ago. It's the story of men who use genetics to create men superior to themselves and ultimately Stargods who turn on them. We are headed in that direction.
My daughter suffers from a Rasopathy de novo mutation syndrome. I listen to people discuss this as if it is some ethereal thing and on a very academic level. I watch children suffer and die. We need to move ahead with non human trials and finally human trials. It is so tantalizingly frustrating to know that there is a knock out for my daughters specific gene already and we are just waiting on it to be tested. Go geneticists go.
It isn't perfect because there are practical limitations to everything of course. From what I know so far, there is some inaccuracy in targeting the correct sequence.
Footsy, the Chinese, not that I agree, have already declared they have used it in human embryos to a success rate of about 67%. I think it is way too early for that kind of experimentation, but I also hear pull back the reigns way too much when I hear people discuss this. I know many children that cannot wait, like we did on stem cells, for our collective moral palate to warm to the idea of CRISPR. The genie is out of the bottle, and I read about targeting improvement nearly weekly from Santa Cruz biotech. We have the medical ability to keep many children alive now, but it destroys families economically in the United States social services are constantly being cut...I sat in a children's hospital for 4 months in Oregon and watched child after child get signed over to the state. If there is a way forward to help some of these children and adults not lead a life of suffering then we need to dive in full bore. I also feel there is potential in learning about epigenetics control of gene expression. I realize we aren't there yet, but now is the time to redouble our efforts not hit pause.
+Leslie Rogers i am sorry, but if we bypass the testing safeguards we risk blurring the line between helping and harming. more budget is needed to speed things instead.
+Leslie Rogers Adult animals have a lot of cells, which makes it hard to genetically modify all of them (one option they're using is viral vectors). If you perform the modification in a single-cell life (i.e. an egg cell), then all the progeny of that cell will also be similarly modified/fixed. Another problem is that cutting the DNA often results in random sequences of DNA being added, instead of the sequence that you are trying to stick in there. I think these and other possible side effects should be studied longer before unethically using this as a clinical trial.
+Leslie Rogers Unfortunately couple of assholes already patented this technology which is a naturally evolved system. They seek to "milk" this system as much as possible first. Such acts slow down new inventions and prevent others to make it better.
I worked in a lab thats helping perfect and understand CRISPR and this video literally makes me cry. its one of the most wonderful things we've ever accomplished. This changes the world in so many ways. But at the same time its on of the most ethically odd things we've ever encountered. Also don't be fooled, were still a decade away from editing your genome at the doctor's office. Or really doing anything at all.
+saxlaxdm10 That's so cool and I completely agree with how long we are before being able to do anything with the crispr system. Some people don't understand that the project is still in it's fairly early stages. Just doing a little research on the topic can go a long way. May I also ask, what area of the project are you responsible for?
@Sonia IS The doc messed up. The gene they deleted in those children is linked to higher mortality rates from influenza. Shortsightedness from scientists looking to be famous can potentially make those humans very unhappy. Short term goals vs long term effects.
This is fake. As fake as political science they teach at MIT. This kind of research is not made like this. Those people are lying. I don't think any of such research should be done. How would they edit DNA? They will kill the live being they try to edit the DNA. This company was probably started by George Church. Read his history. He's not a scientist.
This is an amazing and powerful tool, the possibilities are endless, but when the weapon developers get hold of it, and they always do, it's frightening to think of what they will think of
Do you know what happens to the cas9 after it has done the mutation? Great video and a great explanation. Even after 10 years, this is still a great animation and explanation!
This video is very well done! No need to dwell too much on how the technology could be abused. Science is very good at self-policing. Simply put, mad scientists do not receive funding.
+Hfajardo97 That is a good point. Strange that we live in a world in which the govt eagerly funds technologies explicitly intended to kill people, but will shy from supporting embryonic research if there is any worry it could be used to modify humans, regardless of intent. But I do still think the research in biology and medicine is well policed by the scientific community.
I believe a CRISPR trial will be underway later this year, but the technique won't be used on cancer cells. They will be used on healthy cells belonging to the immune system as a form of immunotherapy - the cells will be modified to effectively recognise cancerous cells in a patient and ultimately destroy them.
It's still too early in the research phases to reliably change DNA how we want. When modifying produce for GMO, a 10% success rate is a non-issue because you can simply breed the successful results and throw out the failures. But when modifying humans, even a 98% success rate is unacceptable because the public will lose all trust in the system at even a single failure. But also, all medicines take decades to reach human trials and several years more to reach widespread use.
Yeah, read up about it and you seem right. Seems like it's the native cells's enzyme (Polymerase and ligase) that is doing the repair through single crossover or double crossover homologous recombination. :)
I would like to know who can do this in South Africa. I have a friend who had an epileptic attack and hit his head and is now blind for about 1 year. Please could a doctor help me find someone in South Africa?
This is the omen of Mystery Babylon final days. To blemish the original genome in the pretext of cure. Good for you, you are fulfilling prophecy written thousands of years ago.
Thank you mam ❤️ to make me clear this biotechnology method practically ! But my one doubt is - will it be really possible to Tampere or destroy any inheridery diseases successfully .. I mean in general medical science like colour blindness what can't be cured at all ?
In practice, do you modify the bacteria in a dish, let it generate a new RNA, and then inject both the RNA and the CAS9 enzyme/protein into the animal? Or is it the bacteria that's needed.. the protein is only for cutting after the dna snippet is found? The Atlantic had a great story ("You May Already Be Immune to CRISPR") that suggests the inserting the modified bacteria into a cell, causes the immune system to attack it before it has a chance to do it's thing! Aubrey de Grey mentions that one of the current limitations to CRISPR is that you can't insert large amounts of code (kilobases) back into the DNA. Also, can this technology work to make changes in mitochondrial dna or is limited to nuclear dna?
@@JoyDaz00 the soul is not real we can tehcncialyl make someone with diffrent mental disabilities or abilities that slike cotnrolling soul if it was true then how do the soul work how does it form stop coming tos cientific videos with religious idiocy grow up anybody witht ruth in their suername usualyl is pretty dumb and far froma ctualt ruth
@@chelee9261 ? lose what?? what does that have tod o with jesus this is revoltuinoary tehcnolgoy that can fix all medical usse sone day evne cancer or aging my dude this is the future
What is the link between the CRISPR-Cas and antibiotic resistance? I understand that the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity system gives the bacteria a way to destroy specific nucleic acid sequences. What I'm wondering is, if you block that system, would it inhibit the bacteria's ability to evade canonical antibiotics? Or is the idea to weaken the bacteria's ability to destroy sequences thereby making them less resistant to bacteriophage therapies?
CRISPR-Cas technology is being developed to target antibiotic resistant bacteria. You might be interested in these articles: "Targeting Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria with CRISPR and Phages - Researchers develop a CRISPR-based, two-phage system that sensitizes resistant bacteria to antibiotics and selectively kills any remaining drug-resistant bugs" and "CRISPR-based antimicrobials can resensitize antibiotic-resistant bacteria by targeting specific resistance genes" and "Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials."
Grace Ful I see that some viral capsid proteins appear to have evolved from from the CRISPR- associated Cas4 nuclease: www.biologydirect.com/content/10/1/65
@@bakublader1999 you don't know what i understand. You're the who doesn't- when you create science that can basically take what was God's right to make, then you are against him.
+AlphaOmega Or better! Let the people who go and say: "Oi, don't do that it's ethically not correct, waah" Rule over everything! Seriously though instead of doing good we're just biting ourselves in the arse...
+The Renegade Programmer I can understand your sentiment here, but let's be honest. There truly are some people out there that would fall into the "mad scientist" category. If there aren't tight controls on this type of technology, its potential for abuse/misuse is staggering. Instead of repairing damaged/mutated DNA in humans, what's to stop some black-book government program from adding things to the human genome that doesn't belong there? Sci-fi movies about genetically modified super soldiers become a reality. I agree that the trials portion of these types of technologies can seem to take far too long, but to simply remove those restrictions may end up causing more harm that good.
Who gets to decide what is ethical and what is not ethical. And who gets to decide what is right to use these technologies on. If there was this approach to vaccines or antibiotics they would never have been used and it may have been the 1960s or 70s before they got implemented. It is OK to say we must be careful but what is careful. Any research can in effect cause massive problems.
My brother suggests that depopulation is the solution to the worlds current issues. obviously mankind has reached a stage where depopulation will bring no form of ultimate solution. we are at the verge of the next human evolution. and depopulating humanity will be like killing dogs off it will be so irrelevant if our children are genetically being modified to be something off form the current standard of what is considered human kind today. Robert what do you think? I believe reeducating people and developing anew form of sustainable society is the only way to press humanity forward. Government has to change, peoples way of thinking has to change and a new form of energy.
Why does the enzyme only cut at one side of the gene. If you want the gene out you have to cut at both sides right? Anyone who knows how the mechanism of the cut?
I am not saying to go ahead with human trials. what I am saying is that pulling back is not an option we need to pursue it, invest in it, and move forward. Not bury it in 20 yrs. of collective hand wringing.
Well, against we are talking about some science fiction here. Sure is a start. But we have to face that we can't control with enough precision that modifications. We just have to look over the GMO on the food we eat, and how those modifications lead to an increasing risk of some diseases indirectly. Personally I think that what is explained on this video is a great idea, but I also think that we have to put serious regulations to that kind of studies, because is incredbily easy to have side efects with those modifications, and I don't want a world where every disease is caused by GMO's first, and then cured in the same way, leading again, to some undesired side effects that can have a negative impact in our lives.
The animation is fantastic but I always wonder what it truly looks like... I bet it would be life changing if there was any way to be able to witness the process with one's own eyes, or merely witnessing DNA itself. Even knowing how life occurs and what constitutes it, it's still all so undeniably wondrous. 🧬☄🌍
you see the video of atpase in action? INSANE ruclips.net/video/QeHCAFKaWM8/видео.html its the gamma subunit rotating, producing the energy of life ATP
Well crispr cas 9 is smaller than the wavelength of visible light, so it literally "looks" like nothing; it cant be seen. But I CAN tell you what DNA looks like. Its very gloopy, gluggy, like really thick mucus or slime. If you stick a glass hook into the testube and draw the DNA out it forms very long strings, so not like normal slime, its like . . . stringy slime. The molecules are extremely long so can be drawn out a long way.
Truely awesome video.....its very easy to understand the complex mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 system....this video making effort of MIT is highly appreciable by students......hearty thanks!!
We do, we always do. We have monetary system and the patenting system that came from it. They are fighting for the patent, people who clean our streets will never be able to afford it.
if it weren't for the "monetary system", which I think you are using the mean the free market, there would be no incentive for companies to develop new technologies. Even worse though, without a free market there would be no competition and prices would remain high. Look at your smartphone, when it was first being developed it likely costed over a hundred thousand dollars, and now can be bought for a couple hundred
I think what a lot of people fail to consider is, that we need pain in order to truly feel joy. And I'm not by any means trying to imply that those with genetic disorder should live with that pain, but for the rest of you saying that you can't wait to eliminate feelings of pain, unhappiness, etc: stop being naive- emotions are not something you can just eliminate. But let's imagine. Okay, so we've gotten rid of all the feelings we currently think of as negative: pain, grief, unhappiness. Now we just have various levels of positive feelings, from satisfied to happy to ecstatic. Then your "lowest level" so to speak would be that least positive feeling on the spectrum. Sure, it's not painful by any means. But nothing is painful! This is now the worst possible feeling you could ever had- how can it still be positive? Not to mention, if we didn't feel pain then we'd probably self destruct, because the feeling of pain is a warning.
Wait, so a bacterium has every gene that translates to the corresponding rna of any of the attacking viruses. And won't the found mutations cause problems in de bacterium itself ?Or did it develop some kind of cleanup enzyme for those specific 'cas9-residue' piece of dna.
Thanks for uploading this video; my professor's explanation of this left a few key components unclear - and I have a better foundation with which to improve my understanding of CRISPR's mechanism, now. One, small suggestion: if it possible for your to add a high-pass filter to the recorded audio? The 'hum' underscoring the narrator's voice makes the audio edits come across as quite choppy (like the way CRISPR cuts). It's a shame, because everything else about this is so professionally done, and it would be such an easy thing to correct!
I am awed by this but also afraid. Where will we be? Somewhere that doesn't look anything like where we are now. It might not be that difficult to explain the internet to someone born in the middle of the 20th century. It is still something that wasn't a predictable outcome - something that we're still trying to grasp. What will the world look like when this technology is commonplace? Unfortunately, it makes me think of the Fermi paradox.
+donkeyface123 the Fermi paradox, very simply put, is the application of conservative assumptions about the likelihood of intelligent life in our galaxy contrasted with the observation that we haven't found any evidence of it. One of the disturbing explanations for why this might be is that intelligent life always destroys itself with the technology it eventually employs.
![Seungmin "그렇게, 천천히, 우리(As we are)" | [Stray Kids : SKZ-PLAYER]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kAzmhLHePqU/mqdefault.jpg)
THIS reasearch and researchers should've won the nobel
just like dynamite!! nice, VERY much the same!
I actually think, from what my professor has told me, that the people who first really discovered crispr a decade or so ago were undergraduate students and when they stumbled across it their superiors were shocked to see the implications.
they probably aren't women, trans, african, or jewish, so they will probably never be noticed.
@@DoodleSh1t Are you dense? The top 5 countries with the most Nobel prize winners are all caucasian majority countries, and in all of Nobel history, only 7 LGBT+ have won. Now, I'm not saying that members of minority groups should be given favour, but it's really fucking dumb to suggest that straight white men have a reduced chance of winning. Go crawl back to 4chan, you red pill twat.
@@martinbuggard6672 poo oil
I was trying to understand what CRISPR is. It's really mind blowing that things like this are possible. Great explanation.
Yep Imhotep will be appearing at Pomona college on gene editing
As a biology student: this is the best explanation for the fuction of CRISPR - cas
thanks for enlightening me.
Bro what are you doing now
@@Workaholic_06 What do you mean?
@@markisar1396 profession
@@Workaholic_06 something totally different. Not related to biology. Biology was great to study. Knowing about life on a scientific level. But life is more than this for me.
@@markisar1396 please tell me whats ur job
This is insane!, How come they can achieve this level of precision at such a tiny scale? It certainly looks like magic.
+tetsugal
It's just taking advantage of what nature has already made. The proteins involved in holding the segments of DNA in place and slicing it in precise places is what our body does 24/7. Inside our cells, these proteins are involved in keeping us alive. The enzymes drive chemical reactions, and essentially "cut and stick" things together. We've just learnt these processes in molecular biology / biochemistry well enough to be able to slightly manipulate what the body already does to favour a particular response (e.g against a particular virus or disease response). Evolution is a slow and often imprecise mechanism to improve our bodies. With the planning and learning capabilities of our own brains, we can manipulate what our bodies already have to perform specific functions which evolution hasn't caught up with yet... so we can use these techniques to treat or even cure diseases that have affected us and caused suffering for far too long.
+Pingu Bitches Now if we can nail down all the 4-500 genes that divide out of control (Cancer) I think we may have the ability to make it a thing of the past.
+Pingu Bitches What really blows my mind is that CRISPR is a biological technology that bacteria invented to fight viruses. We're basically learning from bacteria and are basically using alien technology for our own benefit.
@tetsugal Certainly. :-)
@@Helmet_Tester, yes but it will take another handful of decades. By 2050 we can expect it to fully develop.
One of the best informational videos on CRISPR CAS-9 genome editing that is out there! Keep up the good work!
BEAUTIFULLY ANIMATED!!! Never thought I'd fall in love with such a video. Loved it!
A great lecture every student in life sciences, biology and medicine should see.
ruclips.net/video/tFQWtgpoIwU/видео.html
Congratulations to the people responsible for this piece of video. Well written, brilliantly animated, and narrated by a speaker who should serve as an example to every speaker across all topics on RUclips!
Are there Oscars or Guggenheims for this sort of educational work yet? We have here a nominee...
Every video on RUclips should be produced as if it's an explanation by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology of the most important biological discovery of the 21st century
A
ruclips.net/video/tFQWtgpoIwU/видео.html
0:10
Red blood cell: Am I a joke to you?
tmw ur just a big protein
@@ganibattlebeard hahaha
RBC doesn't really count as a cell I think.
@@Jerry_licious it has cell in its name you degenerate cow
@@Jerry_licious rbc is red blood cell
This is the best explanation of CRISPR-Cas9 I've seen.
am not a student of this sort, but am a very huge fan of such development in science, thanks for the update.
The topic is fascinating and the narrator has such a pleasant voice.
BRO UR DOWN BAD MY GUY
Every gene in ur body down bad my g
"Brother to Demons, Brother to Gods" - I read this book many years ago. It's the story of men who use genetics to create men superior to themselves and ultimately Stargods who turn on them. We are headed in that direction.
The jabs use CRISPR
God help us forgive us this worldly sins
Nice.
Why do you always think negative man?
Genesis 6:4
2:40 why is the process error prone?
It has been 6 years.
their product is covid-19
Their vaccines are this.
@@annaoaulinovna that is wildly false
@@gaming4K how does it change your DNA lmfao? Do you even know what mRNA is?
@@666Metalbassist Why don't you watch his video? Than you will see what he is talking about...
This is one of the best introduction video for this method.
From this moment on, everything has changed.
Is this used in the Covid vaccine?
YES look up the patent
My daughter suffers from a Rasopathy de novo mutation syndrome. I listen to people discuss this as if it is some ethereal thing and on a very academic level. I watch children suffer and die. We need to move ahead with non human trials and finally human trials. It is so tantalizingly frustrating to know that there is a knock out for my daughters specific gene already and we are just waiting on it to be tested. Go geneticists go.
It isn't perfect because there are practical limitations to everything of course. From what I know so far, there is some inaccuracy in targeting the correct sequence.
Footsy, the Chinese, not that I agree, have already declared they have used it in human embryos to a success rate of about 67%. I think it is way too early for that kind of experimentation, but I also hear pull back the reigns way too much when I hear people discuss this. I know many children that cannot wait, like we did on stem cells, for our collective moral palate to warm to the idea of CRISPR. The genie is out of the bottle, and I read about targeting improvement nearly weekly from Santa Cruz biotech. We have the medical ability to keep many children alive now, but it destroys families economically in the United States social services are constantly being cut...I sat in a children's hospital for 4 months in Oregon and watched child after child get signed over to the state. If there is a way forward to help some of these children and adults not lead a life of suffering then we need to dive in full bore. I also feel there is potential in learning about epigenetics control of gene expression. I realize we aren't there yet, but now is the time to redouble our efforts not hit pause.
+Leslie Rogers i am sorry, but if we bypass the testing safeguards we risk blurring the line between helping and harming. more budget is needed to speed things instead.
+Leslie Rogers Adult animals have a lot of cells, which makes it hard to genetically modify all of them (one option they're using is viral vectors). If you perform the modification in a single-cell life (i.e. an egg cell), then all the progeny of that cell will also be similarly modified/fixed. Another problem is that cutting the DNA often results in random sequences of DNA being added, instead of the sequence that you are trying to stick in there. I think these and other possible side effects should be studied longer before unethically using this as a clinical trial.
+Leslie Rogers Unfortunately couple of assholes already patented this technology which is a naturally evolved system. They seek to "milk" this system as much as possible first. Such acts slow down new inventions and prevent others to make it better.
#makedragonsreal
Does it occur to anybody that we should not be doing this?
Jurassic Park? 😆
So now they are testing or putting in practice this stuff
I worked in a lab thats helping perfect and understand CRISPR and this video literally makes me cry. its one of the most wonderful things we've ever accomplished. This changes the world in so many ways. But at the same time its on of the most ethically odd things we've ever encountered. Also don't be fooled, were still a decade away from editing your genome at the doctor's office. Or really doing anything at all.
+saxlaxdm10 That's so cool and I completely agree with how long we are before being able to do anything with the crispr system. Some people don't understand that the project is still in it's fairly early stages. Just doing a little research on the topic can go a long way. May I also ask, what area of the project are you responsible for?
saxlaxdm10 how do I synthesize cas9?
fuck you
Aaand now we have CRISPR babies in China. How do you guys feel about that?
@Sonia IS The doc messed up. The gene they deleted in those children is linked to higher mortality rates from influenza. Shortsightedness from scientists looking to be famous can potentially make those humans very unhappy. Short term goals vs long term effects.
Is the CRISPR method can be used to create Covid-19 vaccine?
I believe so. Psychopaths not telling us that detail.
Who is here after the Nobel Prize :))
Me
Me
Me
This is fake.
As fake as political science they teach at MIT.
This kind of research is not made like this.
Those people are lying.
I don't think any of such research should be done.
How would they edit DNA?
They will kill the live being they try to edit the DNA.
This company was probably started by George Church. Read his history. He's not a scientist.
Me
Wow Dr.Osaoji, it's a great pleasure and am so lucky i came across you on RUclips am negative now so happy thanks so much
This is an amazing and powerful tool, the possibilities are endless, but when the weapon developers get hold of it, and they always do, it's frightening to think of what they will think of
I think we now know.
They are using this now in the so called cure for the coronavirus .
Weapon x program
@@dreamer1923 lmao, go ahead.
Like covid 19
Do you know what happens to the cas9 after it has done the mutation? Great video and a great explanation. Even after 10 years, this is still a great animation and explanation!
This video is very well done! No need to dwell too much on how the technology could be abused. Science is very good at self-policing. Simply put, mad scientists do not receive funding.
+Hfajardo97 That is a good point. Strange that we live in a world in which the govt eagerly funds technologies explicitly intended to kill people, but will shy from supporting embryonic research if there is any worry it could be used to modify humans, regardless of intent. But I do still think the research in biology and medicine is well policed by the scientific community.
These are in the mystery juice these folks want to push into us!
Bingo
Best video to understand this complex idea. Kudos to the two ladies who engineered this. And kudos to you for explaining so well.
Wow! This is another science fiction dream/nightmare coming true.
@@florenlebaron524 yeah right what kind of drugs are you smoking?
@@florenlebaron524 lol weed? or what what did you take lol
@Yousef Mohammed Mohammed Ali Ahmed This method also allows to create biological weapons which are beyond your worst nightmares.
Jesus, after watching this video I truly believe CRISPR will become huge in the future. Keep it up guys!
You don't believe in Jesus so why do you use HIS name in vane?
If a person with an early stages of cancer, is it possible to scan DNA for cells that maybe developing cancer, repair the DNA into a health cells.
I believe a CRISPR trial will be underway later this year, but the technique won't be used on cancer cells. They will be used on healthy cells belonging to the immune system as a form of immunotherapy - the cells will be modified to effectively recognise cancerous cells in a patient and ultimately destroy them.
Have a test on DNA technology coming up! Thank you for explaining CRISPR-Cas9 much better than any textbook
I sincerely hope that Mr Crisper and Kasnine will get the Nobel Prize some day 😔
Darius Diran *cas 9
hopefully that's a joke...
Anarchy must be some type of fool to even question whether that was a joke or not
@@purplematter3779 that was my joke...
Anarchy fuck I got r/whooooshed
How is the DNA that carries the desired sequence introduced to the nucleus?
For the abomination of desolation has been set up
Why is it not yet being used to treat genetic diseases?
It's still too early in the research phases to reliably change DNA how we want. When modifying produce for GMO, a 10% success rate is a non-issue because you can simply breed the successful results and throw out the failures. But when modifying humans, even a 98% success rate is unacceptable because the public will lose all trust in the system at even a single failure.
But also, all medicines take decades to reach human trials and several years more to reach widespread use.
Yes .... This will definitely not be used for evil...
it so exciting one of my dreams is to work with such researchers, I want to revolutionise the world
So crispr is like sql injection.
haha this gave me a good laugh, id like to think so, buts a postive thing, unlike sql injection
Hehe I guess that's an accurate analogy!
How does the CRISPR-Cas 9 aids in the repair of the DNA it breaks? Or the DNA just amazingly recombined with the gene of interest? 2:55 onwards
It's not explained in this video, but I believe separate polymerase enzymes native to the cell (not part of the Cas9 system) repair the DNA.
Yeah, read up about it and you seem right.
Seems like it's the native cells's enzyme (Polymerase and ligase) that is doing the repair through single crossover or double crossover homologous recombination. :)
Beautiful. Such an invigorating development.
I PERSONALLY BELIEVE THIS IS DOODOO
At which stage of the cell can this crisper cas9 technology be used?Can it be used in a 10-12 years child?
You should be careful you never know a tiny change at that level could be a monster exchange on our level!
definitely, that's the point! people have had their sight restored with this technology, all by changing a few little chemical letters
I would like to know who can do this in South Africa. I have a friend who had an epileptic attack and hit his head and is now blind for about 1 year. Please could a doctor help me find someone in South Africa?
It can also be used to cause disease...
Knives can kill & can heal surgically, it's not knives to blame. I encourage such uploads. Thanks & best regards.
Good job I can't wait for 2020....
2020 is near and nothing seems to happen.
@@tdub6542 Now is even closer haha
its 2020 and things seem even shittier :(
@@tdub6542 And they have just used this to try fixing a child's blindness. How 'bout that!
Pito how did you know?
CRISPR - nobel prize for chemistry 2020
This is the omen of Mystery Babylon final days. To blemish the original genome in the pretext of cure. Good for you, you are fulfilling prophecy written thousands of years ago.
Kind of scary how far we have come.
Thank you mam ❤️ to make me clear this biotechnology method practically !
But my one doubt is - will it be really possible to Tampere or destroy any inheridery diseases successfully .. I mean in general medical science like colour blindness what can't be cured at all ?
in which software you animate the videos please give us information about that
Watching this before an essay due tmr😅
In practice, do you modify the bacteria in a dish, let it generate a new RNA, and then inject both the RNA and the CAS9 enzyme/protein into the animal? Or is it the bacteria that's needed.. the protein is only for cutting after the dna snippet is found? The Atlantic had a great story ("You May Already Be Immune to CRISPR") that suggests the inserting the modified bacteria into a cell, causes the immune system to attack it before it has a chance to do it's thing!
Aubrey de Grey mentions that one of the current limitations to CRISPR is that you can't insert large amounts of code (kilobases) back into the DNA.
Also, can this technology work to make changes in mitochondrial dna or is limited to nuclear dna?
This is the pinnacle of medical technology. It can fix anything..
It cannot save your soul. Seek JESUS in His Word, until it's too late.
@@JoyDaz00 the soul is not real we can tehcncialyl make someone with diffrent mental disabilities or abilities that slike cotnrolling soul if it was true then how do the soul work how does it form stop coming tos cientific videos with religious idiocy grow up anybody witht ruth in their suername usualyl is pretty dumb and far froma ctualt ruth
@@chelee9261 ? lose what?? what does that have tod o with jesus this is revoltuinoary tehcnolgoy that can fix all medical usse sone day evne cancer or aging my dude this is the future
Exactly what I needed for the upcoming exam! :D very well explained
Can crispr be used to edit the DNA of cancer cells to make them self destruct?
yes but it's impossible for an adult as each and every malignant cell has to be genetically edited
This technology got the Nobel prize it deserved
Beautiful video and very cogently presented information on a fascinating topic. Thank you!
This is awesome and the video is self-explanatory and quite introductory.
Incredibly useful. Finally, I understand the fundamental principle of CRISPR-Cas9. Thank you
What is the link between the CRISPR-Cas and antibiotic resistance? I understand that the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity system gives the bacteria a way to destroy specific nucleic acid sequences. What I'm wondering is, if you block that system, would it inhibit the bacteria's ability to evade canonical antibiotics? Or is the idea to weaken the bacteria's ability to destroy sequences thereby making them less resistant to bacteriophage therapies?
+Grace Ful I don't think it has much to do with antibiotic resistance, it is part of the bacterial immune system against viruses.
CRISPR-Cas technology is being developed to target antibiotic resistant bacteria. You might be interested in these articles: "Targeting Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria with CRISPR and Phages - Researchers develop a CRISPR-based, two-phage system that sensitizes resistant bacteria to antibiotics and selectively kills any remaining drug-resistant bugs" and "CRISPR-based antimicrobials can resensitize antibiotic-resistant bacteria by targeting specific resistance genes" and "Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials."
Grace Ful
Thanks I will look up those papers. Thıs ıs such a fast moving field of research, it can be hard to keep up.
Grace Ful
I see that some viral capsid proteins appear to have evolved from from the CRISPR- associated Cas4 nuclease:
www.biologydirect.com/content/10/1/65
perfect explanation
This is the best explanation for the function of crispr /cas system. Thank you so much for this.
The possible misuse of this research in the wrong hands is scary
What hands could possibly be trusted?
@@stacylangford8015 i can't. I didn't believe science was against God but now i know it is.
@@Dasani_water_drinkerOh boy
@@Dasani_water_drinker So you say something is against God when you don't understand how it works?
@@bakublader1999 you don't know what i understand. You're the who doesn't- when you create science that can basically take what was God's right to make, then you are against him.
I would like to ask does every gene has a pam sequence that helps the Crispr/Cas9 system to get attached to the DNA?
The technology is here! Now let us refrain from doing anything useful with it for 30+ years.
+AlphaOmega Or better! Let the people who go and say: "Oi, don't do that it's ethically not correct, waah" Rule over everything! Seriously though instead of doing good we're just biting ourselves in the arse...
+The Renegade Programmer Doctors thought the same about Thalidomide
+The Renegade Programmer I can understand your sentiment here, but let's be honest. There truly are some people out there that would fall into the "mad scientist" category. If there aren't tight controls on this type of technology, its potential for abuse/misuse is staggering. Instead of repairing damaged/mutated DNA in humans, what's to stop some black-book government program from adding things to the human genome that doesn't belong there? Sci-fi movies about genetically modified super soldiers become a reality.
I agree that the trials portion of these types of technologies can seem to take far too long, but to simply remove those restrictions may end up causing more harm that good.
Who gets to decide what is ethical and what is not ethical. And who gets to decide what is right to use these technologies on.
If there was this approach to vaccines or antibiotics they would never have been used and it may have been the 1960s or 70s before they got implemented.
It is OK to say we must be careful but what is careful. Any research can in effect cause massive problems.
My brother suggests that depopulation is the solution to the worlds current issues. obviously mankind has reached a stage where depopulation will bring no form of ultimate solution. we are at the verge of the next human evolution. and depopulating humanity will be like killing dogs off it will be so irrelevant if our children are genetically being modified to be something off form the current standard of what is considered human kind today. Robert what do you think? I believe reeducating people and developing anew form of sustainable society is the only way to press humanity forward. Government has to change, peoples way of thinking has to change and a new form of energy.
Why do they insert a single strand T-DNA in the double stran break? I haven't found a modell that asumes this T-DNA Integration pathway so far.
Medical advances, such as this one, makes me so eager to revolutionize medicine. We know so much, yet there is still so much to learn!
When is this treatment going to begin.what will be the cost.
Brave new world we are living in
Why does the enzyme only cut at one side of the gene. If you want the gene out you have to cut at both sides right? Anyone who knows how the mechanism of the cut?
I am not saying to go ahead with human trials. what I am saying is that pulling back is not an option we need to pursue it, invest in it, and move forward. Not bury it in 20 yrs. of collective hand wringing.
Spider Man Becomes Reality with this technology
+Clark Anderson the naughty professor becomes real
you mean the nutty?
Well, against we are talking about some science fiction here. Sure is a start. But we have to face that we can't control with enough precision that modifications. We just have to look over the GMO on the food we eat, and how those modifications lead to an increasing risk of some diseases indirectly.
Personally I think that what is explained on this video is a great idea, but I also think that we have to put serious regulations to that kind of studies, because is incredbily easy to have side efects with those modifications, and I don't want a world where every disease is caused by GMO's first, and then cured in the same way, leading again, to some undesired side effects that can have a negative impact in our lives.
How about the accuracy are we getting exactly what we actually plan to ???
The animation is fantastic but I always wonder what it truly looks like... I bet it would be life changing if there was any way to be able to witness the process with one's own eyes, or merely witnessing DNA itself. Even knowing how life occurs and what constitutes it, it's still all so undeniably wondrous.
🧬☄🌍
you see the video of atpase in action? INSANE ruclips.net/video/QeHCAFKaWM8/видео.html its the gamma subunit rotating, producing the energy of life ATP
Elohim - Jesus - Wonderful Creator of all. He is life changing and you can witness Him and have a relationship with your Creator yourself.
Well crispr cas 9 is smaller than the wavelength of visible light, so it literally "looks" like nothing; it cant be seen.
But I CAN tell you what DNA looks like. Its very gloopy, gluggy, like really thick mucus or slime. If you stick a glass hook into the testube and draw the DNA out it forms very long strings, so not like normal slime, its like . . . stringy slime. The molecules are extremely long so can be drawn out a long way.
Please suggest something for Beckers Muscular Dystrophy. Condition is getting severe
Truely awesome video.....its very easy to understand the complex mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 system....this video making effort of MIT is highly appreciable by students......hearty thanks!!
Took a couple watches to completely get it, but this is great!
There's no way we could ever fuck this up. Never!
We do, we always do. We have monetary system and the patenting system that came from it. They are fighting for the patent, people who clean our streets will never be able to afford it.
dLimboStick practice makes perfect.
if it weren't for the "monetary system", which I think you are using the mean the free market, there would be no incentive for companies to develop new technologies. Even worse though, without a free market there would be no competition and prices would remain high. Look at your smartphone, when it was first being developed it likely costed over a hundred thousand dollars, and now can be bought for a couple hundred
+Estoniran
Do people really think there is such a thing as a system where there is nothing but rainbows and sharing?
well... we already did that...
I think what a lot of people fail to consider is, that we need pain in order to truly feel joy. And I'm not by any means trying to imply that those with genetic disorder should live with that pain, but for the rest of you saying that you can't wait to eliminate feelings of pain, unhappiness, etc: stop being naive- emotions are not something you can just eliminate. But let's imagine.
Okay, so we've gotten rid of all the feelings we currently think of as negative: pain, grief, unhappiness. Now we just have various levels of positive feelings, from satisfied to happy to ecstatic. Then your "lowest level" so to speak would be that least positive feeling on the spectrum. Sure, it's not painful by any means. But nothing is painful! This is now the worst possible feeling you could ever had- how can it still be positive?
Not to mention, if we didn't feel pain then we'd probably self destruct, because the feeling of pain is a warning.
what i will do with this
make dragons
make unicorns
make two legged gazelles
make flying naked mole rats
make pokemon
That is why they banned.
And because of people like you this treatment can’t be taken seriously and those who could benifits from it would miss out
@@jainamrp they’re about to make a cure for HIV with this technology now.
How does it get into the nucleus?
Gattaca anyone
Yesssss
Wait, so a bacterium has every gene that translates to the corresponding rna of any of the attacking viruses. And won't the found mutations cause problems in de bacterium itself ?Or did it develop some kind of cleanup enzyme for those specific 'cas9-residue' piece of dna.
+DubTurd The bacterium uses the rna of the virus itself to identify it in the DNA
Thanks for uploading this video; my professor's explanation of this left a few key components unclear - and I have a better foundation with which to improve my understanding of CRISPR's mechanism, now.
One, small suggestion: if it possible for your to add a high-pass filter to the recorded audio? The 'hum' underscoring the narrator's voice makes the audio edits come across as quite choppy (like the way CRISPR cuts). It's a shame, because everything else about this is so professionally done, and it would be such an easy thing to correct!
hey,,just like to add that the platerpuss is one odd animals,,thats mixed up but its steel with us,,,? Yes or No
Dangerous Times.
Thank you. It is very important to know and important to stress that we are aiming to cure genetic diseases.
did anyone see the guy walking around with a swim cap and goggles at 0:34?
lol
What are the names of the two types of short RNAs ??
I am awed by this but also afraid. Where will we be? Somewhere that doesn't look anything like where we are now. It might not be that difficult to explain the internet to someone born in the middle of the 20th century. It is still something that wasn't a predictable outcome - something that we're still trying to grasp.
What will the world look like when this technology is commonplace? Unfortunately, it makes me think of the Fermi paradox.
+Ben Hebert
Don't worry about it. We'll be long dead by the time the human super race is common place.
Nunsweepit421
You're almost certainly correct. I'd love to know though...
+Ben Hebert
Yea,..me too. Remember that film called Gattaca made in 1997? One of my all-time favourite films. Sci-fi becoming science-fact!
+Ben Hebert Care to explain the fermi paradox. i am interested
+donkeyface123
the Fermi paradox, very simply put, is the application of conservative assumptions about the likelihood of intelligent life in our galaxy contrasted with the observation that we haven't found any evidence of it. One of the disturbing explanations for why this might be is that intelligent life always destroys itself with the technology it eventually employs.
Who scanned this at meow wolf Denver?
beautifully explained and animated. love hearing about this relatively new gene editing method. Thanks!
Please help me for a CRISPR -project :homozygous or heterozygous of a point mutation of a certain gene - involve different approaches ?
This video is just amazing! Thank you for making this.