But what is CRISPR-Cas9? An animated introduction to Gene Editing.
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- Опубликовано: 28 май 2024
- This CRISPR animation visualizes how the CRISPR/Cas immune system was identified in bacteria and how the CRISPR/Cas9 system was developed for genome editing. This CRISPR animation also covers the history of gene editing, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALE nucleases, TALEN). A history of Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, Francisco Mojica, David Liu, and their contributions are described, such as the development of base editing and prime editing. We also go beyond just cutting DNA and discuss how CRISPR turns gene expression on (CRISPR activation, CRISPRa) and off (CRISPR inhibition, CRISPRi) to fluorescently tagging particular sequences (e.g. GFP). This animation explores some of the exciting possibilities of CRISPR-Cas9 biotechnology, including designer babies, genetically modified humans, the end of diseases, and genetic engineering.
But what is CRISPR-Cas9? An animated introduction to Gene Editing.
This video was made by Harrison Ngue, student at Harvard University, as the final project for the course Chemistry 177: The Chemistry, Biology, and Societal Implications of Genome Editing, taught by Professor David Liu and Aditya Raguram. Special thanks to both for providing feedback on this video!
Contents:
0:00 What is Gene Editing?
2:35 Discovery of CRISPR
5:31 CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
7:01 PAM Sequence
8:03 Modern Gene Editing
These biology animations and chemistry animations are largely made using Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects, along with the 3blue1brown custom Python library, Manim. Icons, drawing, and chemical structures were designed using BioRender and ChemDraw.
Music:
Pure Water by Meydän
Link: • Meydän - Pure Water [C...
Forever Sunrise - by Jonny Easton
Link: • Forever Sunrise - Soft...
Check out his channel
Link: / jonnyeaston
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Powerhouse of the Cell (formerly Primo Science), founded by Harrison Ngue, aims to teach science using animation and a visuals-first approach. If you want to stay posted on new videos, subscribe.
Though this channel does not yet have Patreon, an equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos!
Twitter: / powerhouse_yt
That _"maybe that scientist who will accomplish these feats in the future is watching this video right now."_ was super motivating to me. Thanks!
Super happy to hear! Remember, science is all about new discoveries - you can do it! :)
he forgot to mention that that scientist would also be humble... Oh! what a pity! so we're still looking for that scientist then... 🤣
@@webgpu Wow, so funny 😐
@@webgpuWhat...?
Me too, me too 😭
I did laugh out loud to myself 😂
I'm a Korean high school student who was searching for terms used in gene editing and I was getting tired. BUT I was so lucky to watch this video and learn much about the overall knowledge of this field. You were just integrating all seperate information I was studying myself. This video is literally "Perfect". Thank you for making and sharing this high quality video. It was so helpful to me
Thank you for such an amazing compliment! I'm thrilled to hear that my video was helpful in explaining CRISPR. Your feedback motivates me to keep creating educational content. Keep up the great work with your studies! :)
This has been so far the most creative science video I've come across. You're literally genius for putting the whole concept in such a perfect sequence and narrating it so gracefully. You literally broke those stereotypes about how science ain't easy to understand. I mean this really is Exceptional !!! Thank you soo much for such amazing efforts 💖
While this has definitely gotten a lot of attention and recognition, including a Nobel prize, I still feel like this is such a monumental discovery their names should be household names up there with Darwin, Einstein and co. It's one of those things that you'd never figure out yourself in a million years but is so elegant and conceptually simple to grasp once it's shown to you.
It’s definitely a monumental discovery! It won a Nobel Prize only about ~7 years after its initial discovery as a gene editing tool, which is an incredibly quick turnaround for the Nobel. Only time will tell how widely the scientists will be remembered centuries later - super happy to hear that you’re finding it conceptually simple :)
Science is in a different era than it was when Darwin, Einstein, etc. were performing research.
There are far far more scientists out there making discoveries nowadays. And science has got so advanced that the layman can no longer really follow these discoveries without help.
So back in the day in Darwin’s time for example, the origin of species was still mostly a mystery. Darwin’s discovery brought a scientific understanding to something we all already could see and visualize. That is why it felt like such a significant discovery. It WAS a significant discovery, but it reached many more people.
The scientific details in important discoveries nowadays are so advanced that the layman can no longer follow along. So you can go to a random person and say “CRISPR-CAS9 is amazing can do x and y and works by doing z” and most people would stare at you blankly. Not to say that it’s wrong, just most people won’t understand the significance because it’s an advanced topic, and if they can’t relate to a discovery they have no reason to learn a scientists name. Just a sign of the times.
This is the great explanation of crisper gene editing I've ever seen 👏
This means a lot-- thanks so much! Please feel free to share this video with anyone else who you think would find this helpful!
@@PowerhouseCell with pleasure! I'm primarily a CS Student but I think my classmates & also my biology science friends will find it very informative! Thanks for creating such videos 💝
Of course! My goal is to help all students, including non-bio students, learn something new and gain an appreciation for the field, so I'm really happy you're enjoying the content! :)
I totally agree!!!!
I've been reading about CRISPR's accomplishments for years, and it is nice to read a good description of the process. I did have to watch it twice.
Glad you enjoyed, thanks for watching!
I know that I'm late to the party, but WHY IS THIS NOT MORE POPULAR. These videos are ELITE. #1 🎉
This makes me so happy to hear! The RUclips algorithm can be tricky sometimes, but I'm grateful that this video has gotten at least a few hundred thousand views. Please feel free to share with anyone you know - every view counts!
It's always nice to find a science channel that doesn't put me to sleep, keep up the great work!
This means a lot to me! My main goal with these videos is to make biology & science more approachable for those who might not normally enjoy it, so I'm glad I'm making that impact! Feel free to subscribe and share with any of your friends or family who would also enjoy :)
Utterly fascinating and presented with outstanding clarity and thought. Left me wanting more & more! This channel has some of the most well produced content right now, thank you for the effort and care you put into its creation
Wow-- THANK YOU! I'm super grateful that my videos are not only helping you understand biology but also making you motivated to learn more! Let me know if you'd like any resources to find more information on this topic :)
dont worry they have a booster for you. this is playing god not a medicine or cure. its a form of control
Awesome stuff, I just discovered your channel and I'm stoked to watch all your other videos too. That was a great explanation of how CRISPR-Cas9 works!
Appreciate it! Glad you enjoyed :)
Most understandable and clear explanation of CRISPR. This makes me want to take Chem 177! And I had no idea David Liu's lab is doing this cutting edge research...amazing. CCB is so cut off from what the Medical School and Broad labs are doing. :(
Thanks for your kind words, this really means a lot to me. Yes, super exciting stuff is happening at the Broad and HMS, but that doesn't take away at all from the neat work happening in the Jacobsen group and the rest of CCB. Thanks for all you do :)
Please keep these coming! They are the best I've seen on here!
I love how visual these videos are. This really helps make the abstract relatable
I appreciate your kind words! My goal is to make science more accessible to all, and it means a lot to hear that I'm making an impact on that front 💛
@@PowerhouseCell Yeah no problem! I hope you post more videos soon
@@PowerhouseCell
Do you ever question the dogma you were taught in primary and secondary school?
Mutations are not random as traditionally taught in neo-Darwinism.
Molecular biologist Miroslav Radman writes, "Mutagenesis has traditionally been viewed as an unavoidable consequence of imperfections in the process of DNA replication and repair. But if diversity is essential to survival, and if mutagenesis is required to generate such diversity, perhaps mutagenesis has been positively selected for throughout evolution."
Evelyn Fox Keller explains:
"We now know that mechanisms for enduring genetic stability are a product of evolution. Yet a surprising number of mutations in which at least some of these mechanisms are disabled have been found in bacteria living under natural conditions. Why do these mutants persist? Is it possible that they provide some selective advantage to the population as a whole? Might the persistence of some mutator genes in a population enhance the adaptability of that population? Apparently so. New mathematical models of bacterial populations in variable environments confirm that, under such conditions, selection favors the fixation of some mutator alleles and furthermore, that their presence accelerates the pace of evolution."
The mutants behind autism for example offer some great advantages to the human race, diminishing the genes is a great risk because without those mechanisms there is no asurety of genetic stability pushing us in the direction of extinction. Open your eyes and realise CRISPR-Cas9 is actually the continuation of the racist, discriminatory eugenics movement. They have already completed the artificial selection process of "selective breeding," once they can do screening on other disabilities besides down syndrome they're going to edit all disabled people out of existence even though we're needed.
A predisposition gene in one environment may be the very gene required to survive in an alternative environment with foreign environmental factors. If all British people went to America genetically identical, they are all likely to die if there's one foreign environmental factor they're vulnerable to, the "fittest" genes in one environment will not be the fittest in others.
Dammn that last sentence "maybe that scientist who will accomplish these feats in the future is watching this video right now." felt really emotional for some reason. Thanks
It could be true! Keep doing what you're doing :)
This is the great explanation of CRISPER I've ever seen. And the last words are perfect answer to the query of gene editing. Science doesn't stop, and technology continues to improve. Thanks to the all creative thinks and collaboration of hundreds of scientists arcross the world."
It's true! Science is inherently collaborative, and it requires us all to work together. I'm glad you enjoyed - feel free to share with friends and collegaues who might find these videos helpful 💛
Amazing video! Thank you for taking the time to get everything in order and drawn out clearly
You're very welcome! It takes a long time, but it's viewers like you who make it all worth it. Feel free to share with any friends or colleagues who might find this helpful!
What a wonderful way of explaining. Nice animations and on point. Keep up like that and thank you!
Thank you! Super great to hear that these videos are making an impact :)
This video is absolutely phenomenal and inspiring too. Thanks for explaining the crispr tech crystal clear and with the end note was so motivating. Great job!
Best explanation and animation of CRISPR I've seen. Thank you for putting this together. It's been extremely helpful.
This means so much to me! Thanks for watching - be sure to share with your friends and colleagues if you think they'll find it helpful as well :D
M a fourth year biomedical student. The Clustered regularly interspace short palindromic repeats Cas9 system is my research topic and having watched this video m totally 💯 of an A+. Huge fan of your work Sir. The molecular biology content in this video is incredible .
That’s so exciting to hear! All the best on your research :)
Great video and channel! Love the detailed explanation of how the Cas9 mechanism works.
Thanks so much-- I'm glad the animations are helpful in showing the detailed mechanisms!
I wish there were more videos out there that were this simple and nicely explained! Loved this! keep up the great work
That means a lot to me! I strive to make my explanations easy to understand, so it makes me really happy that you're learning from these videos. Please feel free to spread the word to friends and colleagues - it's the best way for my channel to grow and for more videos to come out!
Wow. This is a beautiful video. Incredibly educational, well explained, motivational, and animated. Thanks for making this I guess. My teacher actually recommended this video because we weren't really understanding CRISPR and this helped so much.
So, on the off chance you're reading this, thank you. I feel like thank you doesnt cut it but that's what english allows me
Thank you so much! This truly means a lot to me. My goal with these videos is to help make complicated topics easier to understand, and it makes me so happy to hear that I'm able to help with that. Thanks for taking the time to leave a comment here - I always love to hear how my viewers are doing. And of course, please feel free to share these videos with your friends and classmates if you think they might be helpful for them as well.
This is an amazing yet so simplified explanation of CRISPR so far..love this
Glad you enjoyed! My goal is to make science easier to understand, and I'm glad I'm able to do that for you. Please share with your friends and colleagues so that we can continue making science more understandable :)
Wow, I almost understood some of that. Amazing science in action.
I appreciate your kind words! My goal is to make this difficult science more easy to understand, and if I'm able to help with that even just a little, that makes me really happy :D
Great job introducing all the terminology in a way that's almost effortless to follow
That’s the goal! I always try to give a logical understanding of a concept before I even provide its name - super happy to hear that it indeed makes it easier to learn :)
@@PowerhouseCell When I see a new term I always pause for a few seconds trying to interpret it, which often fails and leads to frustration or misunderstanding. Your approach is very cool and I'll try to implement it in my own teaching. Thanks and keep up the good work!
Fascinating video! Outstanding presentation and clarity...the sequence itself is just great and logical thank u
Thank you so much! I'm glad you found it helpful :D
what an awesome video, it was so smooth and you explained everything in such an easy way!!
Glad you liked it!! Feel free to share with any friends or colleagues who might also find this helpful :)
thanks for the clear imagery in the explination of Cirspr Cas9's structure, it helped a lot.
It's fantastic to hear that the video was helpful! Stay tuned for more exciting content
Thank you for your time and efforts
You're welcome - thank you for watching!
i have been watching videos on videos in order to understand crisper cas 9, they make it so tough while explaining
im lucky i stumbled upon your video
thanks for making this video.
You're welcome! Feel free to share with others, it helps small channels like me grow :)
Amazing! Clearly explained! It would be great if you could create more videos because I would love to learn more biology than concepts just in class. It would also be cool if your could share all the work behind these kind of videos! I would love to learn from you!
Thanks for your support and suggestion! That sounds like a cool idea-- maybe if there's enough support for it we can make it happen :)
This is one of the best videos of CRISPR that I've watched!
Wow, thank you so much for the incredible feedback! Definitely feel free to share with friends and colleagues who might find this helpful.
thats something i really enjoyed and watched 3 times in a row thanks for visulals,,,just perfect
That means a lot, feel free to share with others who would also enjoy!
Thank you so much for both video and motivation ☺️ lots of love and power to you .
Really happy you liked it!
you deserve more subscribers! thank you for making awesome content
I appreciate that! The best way for me to grow is for viewers to spread the word, so feel free to share with any friends or colleagues who might find these videos helpful ❤️
Best explanation found so far! good job.
Thanks for your kind words! It's fantastic to hear that my videos are helping you understand biology better. Definitely feel free to share with friends and colleagues who might find this helpful :)
Toto je najlepší súhrn tohto konfliktu aký som na youtube videl. Neutrálny. Pohľad a argumenty z oboch strán pre lepšie porozumenie. Lepšie než Vox alebo Economist. Pecka! ❤🎉😅
Thanks a lot for the illustration/animation. I had forgotten the conneting loop to combine the two RNAs. Thanks.
Yes, it can be easy to forget these small details sometimes haha. But in my opinion, the more important thing is to understand and appreciate the bigger picture because those are the parts you'll never forget - the smaller details can be filled in at any time!
Great video Green Neuron!! Very helpful and easy to understand
Glad it was helpful! :)
Surprised to see another video from you!!
Thanks for your continued support! This video did indeed take a while to make, but I'm always hoping to keep creating educational content for you all :)
The first time I heard about CRISPR-Cas9, it sounded giberish to me, I didn't understand what the Professor was saying and I was so uninterested in her research. But just in 10 minutes, you managed to convey it in the simplest form.
Thank you very much for this wonderful information.
This means a lot - I’m glad this video was able to help with your learning!
Very informative and simple to understand .
Awesome! I spend a lot of time trying to hone down each explanation, so I'm glad to hear you enjoy :)
This video is so much better than the others I've looked at about CRISPR
I'm delighted you think so! Sharing knowledge is what I love to do. 😊
You are back with your videos😍😍
Thanks for the long-time support!
Best explanation I’ve seen in a long time
I appreciate the kind words! :)
Amazing video. I loved it and it further clarified my understanding of how CRISPER/Cas9 works. 👍😊
Thanks for watching!
I didn't catch everything but thanks for having tried to simplified this to the max... I might return to this video more than once to comprehend all this ❤😉
Thanks for watching! My main goal is to simplify these complicated topics into something that is easier to understand, and it makes me happy that I'm able to do that - at least a little but :)
You beauty!
The presentation is very simple but 👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻🎖
This was such an informative video, thanks for this
Glad it was helpful!
Its a pretty good video which explains the whole thing in a simple way. We are on kind of an inflectionpoint right now were many patient's will get a chance for a cure.
Thank you for your kind words!
What an amazing video. Thank you so very much. Subscribed.
I appreciate it! Feel free to share with any friends or colleagues who you think might also enjoy :)
Thanks for this knowledge
Que buen video, gracias por el tiempo dedicado en la edición. Es una técnica miy interesante que seguro llevará a concretar otras técnicas moleculares y genéticas.
¡Muchas gracias por ver el video! Por favor, no dude en compartir con sus amigos y colegas. :)
Thank you very much for such a clever video! Make more of them in the name of science!
I'm grateful for your kind words! I definitely am in the process of making more. Have been working on my latest video for over a year now; hope I can get it out soon!
THANKYOU SO MUCH , YOUR VIDEOS REALLY HELP
Your comment made my day! I'm thrilled that the video was able to make things clearer for you.
thank you so so much u dont understand how much this helps
You’re very welcome! I’m glad it helped :D
The best video ever I've watched on this topic!
Thanks so much for your kind words, it really means a lot! Please feel free to share with others who you think might enjoy, it goes a long way :)
Definitely! I hope u will do more trending science topics videos!
Great explanation 👌👌
Much appreciated!
The thought of fusing inhibitor/activator proteins onto a dead Cas9 is so cool. I wonder what else you could attach to it and for what other novel purpose.
It really is cool! Fusing things to dead Cas9 is actually how base editors (mentioned briefly in the video) got created- by adding a deaminase to dCas9, we can remove amine groups and chemically change individual bases without making cuts! The possibilities are super exciting :)
Thank you for the explanation!!
Glad it was helpful, thanks for watching!
Thanks for the clear educational video 😀
Thank YOU for watching!
What an explanation sir ,❤️
Thanks a ton! I'm glad these videos are making a difference for you :D
Great work!
Thank you!
This is really an amazing Channel!
I appreciate your kind words!! Being a smaller channel is challenging but super rewarding due to supporters like you - feel free to share with others to help this channel grow!
Beautiful video! Science communication 10/10 :)
Thank you, glad you enjoyed! :)
The best explanation 😊
This means a lot - feel free to share with those who might find it helpful!
This lecture was insightful!
Thanks for your kind words!
incredible video, thanks alot!
Thank you for watching! Feel free to share with others who you think will enjoy, it helps smaller channels like me grow :)
Amazing explanation for this somewhat difficult concept to understand
Thanks for your support! My goal is to make this important science easier for everyone to understand, so it makes me really happy that I was able to make a small difference in some way :)
great video! clear.
Much appreciated!
Thank you very much
Thank you for watching and supporting!
Please make more educational videos, your way of teaching is awesome ❤
Thank you, I will! I've been working on my most recent video for over a year now, but unfortunately these things always take much longer than expected. Hoping to get it out in the next few months!
thank you very good explained🙏
Glad you enjoyed! My goal for these videos is to share the beauty and intricacy of biology, so I'm glad I'm making that impact :)
outstanding
Glad you enjoyed! Hope you were able to learn something new :)
I loved this video thankyou so much
So inspiring ❤❤❤❤❤
Glad you liked it!!
When you said future scientists could be watching this video rn idk why but I got motivated by that
Super happy to hear! Remember, science is all about new discoveries - you can do it! :)
Wonderful job, as always. Huge fan of your work!!
Thanks Pallas!! Your contributions to this channel have been invaluable :)
This is super fucking cool. The terminology here is reminiscent of mathematics and programming with arrays, insertion, deletion, etc. It's fascinating to me how so many fields have overlap in the way we structure them. Who knows, one day maybe people will be writing DNA insertion algorithms lol
Anyway great vid :)
Thanks so much! I agree-- the intersection between all these fields is fascinating and super important, especially since much biology research is also becoming computational nowadays. Glad you enjoyed! :)
Loved it!
Thanks for the support!
Thank you!
Thank you for watching! 💛
Thank you for making such a great video, it really helped me visualize it better. I have a question tho, you mentioned that there must be a "NGG" sequence adjacent to the "target" sequence so that it only effects the virus. I was wondering if this is also the case while gene editing, therefore when we attach guide RNA, would it only cut the ones with "NGG" sequence next to it? and if yes, does that cause any trouble?
People don’t realize the amount of knowledge that was put into this video…
Thank you so much! I'm thrilled you appreciate the effort that went into it :)
Amazing video
Thanks! Feel free to subscribe for more videos and share with your friends :)
Great job 👍.......
I appreciate you watching! Be sure to share with your friends and colleagues :)
Thank you
Thank you for watching!
Amazing ❤
Thanks 😄
Incredible !
This technology is indeed super cool stuff!
Plz come back man the world needs you😢😮
Thank you so much for the love and support! More videos are definitely on the way - each video just takes upwards of 200 hours to finish so the process unfortunately takes longer than any of us would like haha
@@PowerhouseCell I understand 😅🙏
I appreciate the support nonetheless! :)
video: "Maybe the scientist who will accomplish these feats in the future is watching this video right now."
My brain: "Is it me?"
Maybe! :)
No like fr I got the chills when he said that.
I was just telling my wife few days back that this is the biggest human technology advancement in past decade.
What a coincidence! Yes, this technology is absolutely huge :)
Nice video, I can see the resemblance with 3b1b!
Thank you! For parts of this video I used his free-to-use animation software, but a lot of this was actually also made using outside software :)
Look forward to a tutorial on how to make this video
Tout ce qui se conçoit bien s'exprime clairement/
Et les mots pour le dire s ' empruntent à l'allemand !
2 alexandrins de 12 pieds chacun.
C' est l' abbé Gamboni, professeur d' allemand du petit séminaire St Louis de Gonzague, à Genève, la Rome du protestantisme, qui nous l'a enseigné ( en remplaçant [aisément] par [allemand])
Ces 2 strophes s'appliquent comme un gant à la présentation cy- dedans!
This is nice I can not wait to try this.
Thanks for watching!
For someone who hopes that we can cure diseases tomorrow with this technology, this was a great video. Would love to learn how we can target the genes in the body.
Glad you enjoyed!
I didn't know about the PAM sequence before
Yeah it's really cool! Glad you learned something new :D
I am from the Crick and Watson era. We wondered if once we understood at thhe molecular level the mystery of biogenisis would become clearer. It has only become more baffling and wonderfull. It is like a microprossessor code that wrote it's self. So many mysteries. And tyhat we a re alive and sentient to observe this machine. And this machine is Us....
I think that's a common pattern in human history: the more we learn, the more we realize that we don't know. And that's honestly exciting; we have so much left to discover about the world and about ourselves! Thanks for watching :)
Good news dr thank you
Not a doctor yet (still in medical school) but appreciate your support nonetheless!
Nice vídeo
Thank you!