The Stitched Ship Project: Legacy of Maritime History of BHARAT | Sanjeev Sanyal |

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  • Опубликовано: 18 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 112

  • @raymanshroti1435
    @raymanshroti1435 Год назад +172

    As a 76 yrs old ex Naval officer & later as a merchant mariner ,you have added an extra bit of self esteem ,in my outlook through your well researched Indian maritime history. Grateful thanks; best wishes & blessings to Dear Sanjeev ji .

    • @gayatrigeetanjali2083
      @gayatrigeetanjali2083 Год назад

      He is 53 only.

    • @tomhanks7463
      @tomhanks7463 11 месяцев назад +3

      ​@@gayatrigeetanjali2083he is referring to his own age & not about the age of the speaker.

    • @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg
      @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg 9 месяцев назад +2

      The stitched ship is a tamilian water vessel called kattumaram .
      That word is taken to english as catamaran !

    • @chanderseth4068
      @chanderseth4068 9 месяцев назад

      😊😊😊😊😊😊😊

    • @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg
      @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg 9 месяцев назад

      @@chanderseth4068 What do you mean ?

  • @maynk7096
    @maynk7096 Год назад +48

    Sanjeev Sanyal carries on the Bhartiya spirit which his ancestor carried as revolutionaries, his light sparks the fire in the our hearts. I will be looking forward to the end of 2024 for the success of this project.

  • @primegame3096
    @primegame3096 Год назад +63

    The Odiya(Kalinga) have achieved excellence in maritime trade. You can find traces throughout South East Asia. The island of Bali (Indonesia) has the same hindu tradition as per the current practice in odisha. And in Odisha they celebrate Bali jatra (voyage to Bali) every year.

    • @caravanpanda
      @caravanpanda Год назад +5

      And also in odisha we had a very old university as old as nalanda..named pushpagiri..a naval university. It is near my village in jajpur.

    • @deepblue3682
      @deepblue3682 10 месяцев назад +1

      Hope odisha will progress and be wealthy got back to its original glory

    • @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg
      @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg 9 месяцев назад +1

      @@deepblue3682 Original majority people of Odisha are still dark skinned dravidians in spite of their acquired indo aryan language !

    • @skg30767
      @skg30767 3 месяца назад

      Everything that shines is not gold. Likewise not every dark skinned race is dravidian. We have had indepenent existence before the time you were there. Out most living was in the forest. We have more than 62 tribes in our state who have been there since time imemorial.
      Your analogy of everyone was dravidian does not hold much weight
      ​@@tsMuthuraman-hm6wg

    • @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg
      @tsMuthuraman-hm6wg 3 месяца назад

      @@skg30767 Have you analysed their original tribal languages. ?

  • @sdasgupta1950
    @sdasgupta1950 Год назад +32

    Thank You Sanjeev Sanyal for taking us along another of your wonderful historical journeys through Indian (pre)history

  • @chandrasenramdinmulliah1521
    @chandrasenramdinmulliah1521 Год назад +10

    Mr Sanjeev Sanyal, you are a real genius by recreating history... Hats off

  • @muralinatarajanyogambal3173
    @muralinatarajanyogambal3173 11 месяцев назад +9

    Wow. Amazing. I am Tamilian. Studied about voyages to far east in sangam times.
    Happy that we are exploring our past glory which can infuse confidence to the coming generation. Vande Matharam. ❤

  • @lileshkoli1423
    @lileshkoli1423 Год назад +12

    Being third generation fisherman i have seen > 60 ft wooden boats build from nails and joint of wooden planks filled Gum Copal (Chandras) to avoid leaks . Which I believe is the portuguese technique. Interesting to know stitching technique from u sir .
    These days boats are made up of fibre glass

  • @MyNeelanjan
    @MyNeelanjan Год назад +6

    The whole effort of documenting our maritime history with absolute hard facts is great to prove the prowess of ancient india and then stamp our dominance as it existed then.

  • @absoluteTruth19
    @absoluteTruth19 Год назад +23

    There is a wooden ship building facility at Beypore Calicut. They too have expertise in ship building. In recent times they were building for Arabs .

  • @mylaiprabhakar4939
    @mylaiprabhakar4939 Год назад +4

    I am amazed by Mr.Babu Shankaran knowledge and skill, I had watched him work on making new mast to replace the broken mast on Jewel of Musata in Sri Lanka

  • @sanjeevgarg4336
    @sanjeevgarg4336 Год назад +7

    A big fan of Mr. Sanyal, trust we are able to build all the types of ships listed out by Raja Bhoj.

  • @nilimasharma331
    @nilimasharma331 Год назад +3

    The various types of wood were used for building the ship. The poon wood, the teak from the balslar, the mango wood and many more. Sanjeev Sanyal is too good.

  • @Mallikarjun73
    @Mallikarjun73 Год назад +5

    Thanks for bringing out this and your efforts

  • @hareramv
    @hareramv Год назад +4

    You are making us proud Mr. Sanyal.

  • @amavelfernandes5275
    @amavelfernandes5275 10 месяцев назад

    Fascinating ancient narrative and the ship project undertaken

  • @rambaile8398
    @rambaile8398 7 месяцев назад

    Great information can be part of our text books and Navy stations and museum's

  • @vishals2873
    @vishals2873 Год назад +4

    Steam bending wood is the future... I practice a little of this steam bending for furniture. Amazing seminar , all the best for the build sir.

  • @Sudden570
    @Sudden570 11 месяцев назад +1

    What a fascinating project to recreate our past, in order to explore, cherish the technology and to understand our ancient civilization better! Kudos!

  • @mylaiprabhakar4939
    @mylaiprabhakar4939 Год назад +2

    Sailed on the Jewel of Muscat across Bay of Bengal enduring cyclone Layala 2009, doing 11 kts speed. Most memorable experience of my life time.

  • @bharadsm
    @bharadsm Год назад +1

    Superb. Marvelous project. Very informative video. Wishing Sanjeev all success in this historic project.

  • @praveenyadav5514
    @praveenyadav5514 6 месяцев назад +2

    1:01:30 - he is referring to his grand uncle sachindra nath sanyal (a freedom fighter )

  • @RaoLalsingh-xb9lq
    @RaoLalsingh-xb9lq 11 месяцев назад

    My God I heard him talking about stitched ship some where 2010 or earlier. At time he said he heard and don't know much about it. Today he actually making it. Wow so much hard work bring back Indian history and technology.

  • @RossTaylor-j6e
    @RossTaylor-j6e Год назад +1

    Bharats Detailed Ancient Knowledge

  • @KiranKiran-yp1vl
    @KiranKiran-yp1vl Год назад +1

    I thought of miniature............... but love to see the huge one, I am awaiting to see it through my eyes

  • @playhard719
    @playhard719 Год назад +1

    What an amazing soul he is.

  • @shritantrayoga2749
    @shritantrayoga2749 Год назад +16

    Namaskaram 🙏🙏🙏, I hope this message reaches Sanjeev ji somehow. If anyone has access to him, please share this message with him. I think the stitched ship had three masts & sails for a very good technical reason. The middle mast would be the main holding the square sail and would catch the wind properly when it is in the southerly direction, as they come down from the north. The front mast & sail and the back mast & sail should be slightly angled in opposite directions to each other. Let's say an angle of 15-30%, the reason being this will allow the sailors to drop the middle sail; then use the front and back sail in tandem with the current to catch the sideway winds, as they change from time to time, in order to keep on propelling the ship in a forward direction. I hope this explanation makes sense. It doesn't make sense for all three mast & sails to be aligned in the same angle and it will be too cluttered and doesn't contribute significantly to anything. But by aligning each mast & sail in differing angles, it will definitely help to steer the ship properly. When the southerly winds change subtly, the different sails will pick it up and still keep the ship moving. I think it is important to keep the three masts & sails intact. Thank you. 🙏🙏🙏

    • @rexxbailey2764
      @rexxbailey2764 Год назад +3

      WOW! INCREDIBLE POINT! REALLY SHOWS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOOKISH KNOWLEDGE AND ACTUAL KNOW HOW AS KNOWN ON GROUND BY THE ANCIENTS ! YUP, ANY CONTEMPORARY MODIFICATIONS TO THE DESIGNS AS LAID DOWN BY THE ONES WISER IS OBVIOUSLY GONNA BE SOMETHING OTHERWISE PROBLEMATIC AND SUBSTANDARD. VERY AWESOME POINT YOU SHARED ! 👌👌👍 LETS SEE IF IT REACHES THE RIGHT EARS. LOL.

    • @lawanyaarvind2810
      @lawanyaarvind2810 Год назад +2

      Thanks for sharing this explanation here, Sir. I hope it reaches Sanyal Sir

    • @atanusinha437
      @atanusinha437 Год назад

      why should we change the sails,it won't work

  • @vivkamat1960
    @vivkamat1960 9 месяцев назад

    All the Very Best, fantastic!!!

  • @the_bhartiya_spirit
    @the_bhartiya_spirit Год назад

    Thank you for this 🇮🇳🚩❤️🕉️

  • @shritantrayoga2749
    @shritantrayoga2749 Год назад +4

    A wonderful evidenced based historical narrative together with an important case study that is taking shape right in front of our eyes. Sanyal ji is making us proud of our rich history and knowledge once again through his efforts. Congratulations! 👏👏👏🙏🙏🙏

  • @dharmeshparikh7837
    @dharmeshparikh7837 10 месяцев назад

    Interesting insights

  • @prithvikaralapati2539
    @prithvikaralapati2539 Год назад +7

    Sangam talks thanks for your service and continuous knowledge.
    It would be quite helpful if you also include references and links for books mentioned in the speeches in the description

  • @PrithaBhowmick-cb1cz
    @PrithaBhowmick-cb1cz 7 месяцев назад

    As a bengali when ever i see you i feel proud that one guy is at least left who is so proud of our culture from my community and working with the govt.

  • @AbleLawrence
    @AbleLawrence 9 месяцев назад

    remember as a child.
    We had a country boat as my village was mostly water and waterways were like roads. All my relatives were accessible via boat.
    Boats were made by tying plants of wood using high quality coir ropes (the one used for boats were thinner and more tightly wound). The seams were covered by coir fiber, overlaid with a layer of coir rope and then tightly tied using ropes.
    Once the boat is complete, the whole thing is made water tight using a mixture of fish oil, a resin and Iron Oxide. The technique was the same for all boats from small ones to the huge snake boats.
    Carpenters who worked on boats commanded higher wages compared to other carpenters or craftsmen.
    No nail was ever used on the boat.

  • @zaphbrox8239
    @zaphbrox8239 22 дня назад

    The fact that the Wadias were into ship building was mentioned. Stretching this, another interesting tidbit is that the US national anthem, the Start Spangled Banner was actually written on a ship built in Bombay by the Wadias - the HMS Minden.

  • @saitandale8482
    @saitandale8482 Год назад +1

    Thank you ❤

  • @crusoerob8550
    @crusoerob8550 Год назад +2

    Good vlog.

  • @ghost4613
    @ghost4613 9 месяцев назад +2

    " O royal skilled engineer, construct sea-boats, propelled on water by our experts, and airplanes, moving and flying upward, after the clouds that reside in the mid-region, that fly asthe boats move on the sea, that fly high over and below the watery clouds. Be thou, thereby, prosperous in this world created by the Omnipresent God, and flier in both air and lightning." (Yajur-veda 10.19).

  • @ghost4613
    @ghost4613 9 месяцев назад +1

    Kaara- Kaara- Kaara- Kaara- Kaara- Kaara- a vehicle that operates on ground and in water. (Rig Veda 9.14.1)
    Tritala- Tritala- Tritala- Tritala- Tritala- Tritala- a vehicle consisting of three stories. (Rig Veda 3.14.1)
    Trichakra Ratha - Trichakra Ratha - Trichakra Ratha - Trichakra Ratha - Trichakra Ratha - Trichakra Ratha - a three-wheeled vehicle designed to operate in the air. (Rig Veda 4.36.1)
    Vaayu Ratha- Vaayu Ratha- Vaayu Ratha- Vaayu Ratha- Vaayu Ratha- Vaayu Ratha- a gas or wind-powered chariot. (Rig Veda 5.41.6)
    Vidyut Ratha- Vidyut Ratha- Vidyut Ratha- Vidyut Ratha- Vidyut Ratha- a vehicle that operates on power. (Rig Veda 3.14.1).
    Kathasaritsagara refers to highly talented woodworkers called Rajyadhara and Pranadhara. The former was so skilled in mechanical contrivances that he could make ocean crossing chariots. And the latter manufactured a flying chariot to carry a thousand passengers in the air. These chariots were stated to be as fast as thought itself.
    (source: India Through The Ages: History, Art Culture and Religion - By G. Kuppuram p. 532-533)

  • @paadipanta2607
    @paadipanta2607 10 месяцев назад

    India should patent this stitching technique. Nail make the shell more rigid, and breaks up in counter active forces, where as stitching offers flexibility.

  • @nsowmiyanarayanan
    @nsowmiyanarayanan Год назад +2

    The South Korean connection was with Tamilnadu specifically with Pandiya Dynasty

  • @viswambharannair5476
    @viswambharannair5476 Год назад +1

    👍👍👍

  • @MrEStreaming
    @MrEStreaming 7 месяцев назад

    षीरोदम् समतिक्रम्य ततो द्रक्ष्यथ वानराः || ४-४०-४७
    जलोदम् सागरम् शीघ्रम् सर्व भूत भयावहम् |
    In other words, it goes back past Mahabharata of 7K to Ramayana 14K back to RgVeda 21K years back… Namaskaram

  • @amitpagare5946
    @amitpagare5946 Год назад

    Jai shree ganeshay namah 🙏🙏🙏

  • @Shivanandafoodinn
    @Shivanandafoodinn Год назад +13

    with the Naval force Tamil chola kings won Entire East Asian countries up to korea
    still
    in korean language with many tamil words
    it shows the mighty power of Tamil cholas Naval power
    but our indian history writters made a dark light on cholas History

    • @thecreative3359
      @thecreative3359 Год назад +1

      Same done with gujarat it has a great history with powerful maharajas but you will not find a single name from any king of gujarat in history textbook which is hide by leftist writer's of bharat they have hidden history of great rulers from Gujarat and the great cholas from Tamil Nadu

    • @user-vy5uy9fo8p
      @user-vy5uy9fo8p Год назад +1

      Can we now stop mentioning things that have nothing to do with the video. This is about recreating stitched ships and not about recreating Chola navy.

    • @rexxbailey2764
      @rexxbailey2764 Год назад +1

      YES, EVERYONE KNOWS HOW MURDEROUS THOSE TAMILS OF TODAY STILL ARE!! 😑😒 LOLS

  • @mikevelu4326
    @mikevelu4326 Год назад +3

    V. O. Chidambaram Pillai.

  • @sanjayshah7776
    @sanjayshah7776 Год назад +12

    Why were we not taught the history of India's AMAZING ship building technology & industry in school ??????????🤨😡

    • @jasha9sandhu
      @jasha9sandhu Год назад +4

      So that you might not be proud of and inspired by your rich past. Very essential for neo colonial forces to subdue India and Indians

    • @rexxbailey2764
      @rexxbailey2764 Год назад

      GO THANK THE FAMILY OF YOUR ISLAMO COMMIE EDUCATION MINISTER NURR - UL- HASSAN ! THE FAT COBBLEPOT EDUCATION MINISTER THAT YOU AND YOUR FAMILY AND YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD UNCLES VOTED FOR AS ONE OF THEIR " FAVOURITE " LEADERS " GOOD FOR THIS COUNTRY " !!!🤩, NOW COLLECTIVELY SITTING AND COUNTING VIRAT KOHLI'S BALLS IN THEIR LARD LADEN COUCHES AFTER HAVING THAT ACHIEVEMENT DONE AFTERALL !😑😒👎

    • @AbhijeetDolai-eo6ib
      @AbhijeetDolai-eo6ib Год назад +1

      so that we were mentally subdued and lack self esteem.

  • @subhadiproy5874
    @subhadiproy5874 11 месяцев назад

    Ohhh great..... Yes we are expert in marrytime activities... Do you know still our panjika ( I have seen Bengali one) mentions times when one shall start ship building activities

  • @saitandale8482
    @saitandale8482 Год назад +1

  • @utubetruthteller
    @utubetruthteller Год назад +5

    bengalis and oriyas were legendary navy merchants doing buisness with southeast asia for thousands of years

  • @verarzun
    @verarzun 9 месяцев назад

    My observation maybe 2 separate issues, stitching & parallel channel structures.
    If you would observe the underbelly pattern of a large humpback whale. I see similarity, may be our ancestors took hint from it and tried implementing it.
    This may be more to do with fluid dynamics on submerged part of the hull underneath & along the Length of large floating body. Does that make it less wobbly, hence less sea sickness on wind driven long voyages, a practical problem.
    Cricket leather ball if it were not stitched instead iron nails were used, would it be durable with constant beating from the ground and bat? Similarly I believe fiber stitched would instead wax and wane, fish resin oil will reduce friction & keep it rotting free. May be considering the knowhow then, the iron nail would slowly like a abrasive eat the wood with constant wave & collusion impact.
    Hopefully our research folks working on this project may also keep this in mind while trying n simulating it.

  • @NielHirjee
    @NielHirjee Год назад +1

    Fascinating, Sanjeev. Please look into the dhows of Kachchh too.

  • @Hammer5083
    @Hammer5083 Год назад +1

    🙏

  • @granand
    @granand 9 месяцев назад

    The way Tamil kings won the war to take over Singapore, when probably thougt impossible is what we need to leran in history

  • @jai7185
    @jai7185 Год назад +1

    Ayyavole 500 guilds from karnataka were most strong rich powerfull sea traders in india.

  • @vinodkbg
    @vinodkbg Год назад +2

    Have you tried to repeat the CFD simulation using various wall roughness factors?

  • @paragray4455
    @paragray4455 Год назад +2

    Fat ship may not be an issue. If the boat is motorized that is an issue. The fatness may actually be helpful in catching wind, current.

  • @nilimasharma331
    @nilimasharma331 Год назад +1

    Kholapur supplied the canvas cloth for the ships

  • @vishnuvardhan559
    @vishnuvardhan559 10 месяцев назад

    I came to know that ancient Indian ships were more durable and large in size which were dominant during that period later on when western people conquered India They banned ship building to avoid competition from our ship builders just like how Britishers killed our very skilled labour in many feild like arts, textile etc

  • @mahendrard3546
    @mahendrard3546 Год назад

    😊❤❤❤

  • @rajmishra5928
    @rajmishra5928 11 месяцев назад

    ❤ सनातन धर्म की जय ❤

  • @crusoerob8550
    @crusoerob8550 Год назад +2

    Today's ships of whatever size could probably benefit using metal sails which can unfurl like blades! Wind power is not something to squaff at!

  • @yogendrayogesh3307
    @yogendrayogesh3307 Год назад +1

    24:20 Is 'kundroos' being referred to in this video, the same as Gond Kondru ? It's also called Shallaki Gum, an extract of the Boswellia serrata tree. Is this the correct information?
    Other names include: Lubaan, Luban, Laban, Salai Dhoop, Salai Cha Deek, Indian Frankincense, Indian Olibanum, Arbre à encens de l’Inde, Weihrauch, Indischer Weihrauchbaum, Olibanum, Salai, Salai-guggul, Madimar, Chilakdupa, Maddi, Kundur, Kunduru, Kundur, Loban, Shallki, Salki, Shallaki

  • @roba5382
    @roba5382 Год назад +1

    Grateful 🙏

  • @r.balasubramanian7870
    @r.balasubramanian7870 Год назад +4

    RIP Vasco da Gama and Columbus!

  • @friendlyvimana
    @friendlyvimana 11 месяцев назад

    Today on 23 dec in 2023, 2 years before this voyage, this video has 59,000 views.
    Just a personal note.

  • @utubetruthteller
    @utubetruthteller Год назад +1

    it must be very effective otherwise would not be used for thousands of years

  • @rajgarnep7207
    @rajgarnep7207 Год назад

    @Sanjeev Sanyal I am wondering if you have experimented with smaller models which will give Proof of Concept before embarking on larger ship project?

  • @Taqiyya-Slayer
    @Taqiyya-Slayer Год назад +9

    Congress govt suppressed all ancient indic knowledge. My whole education was lie. Now learning true indic history.

  • @jayandranm1317
    @jayandranm1317 Год назад +2

    Pls don't ignore rajendra chola's maritime exploits

  • @roba5382
    @roba5382 Год назад +8

    Despite your Western education, you chose to be in Bharat and use your profound knowledge to dispel the ignorance of our own history in our country.

    • @rexxbailey2764
      @rexxbailey2764 Год назад

      YES, WHICH IS ODD! VERY ODD INDEED FOR SOMEONE LIKE HIM, TO BE BACK AND THEN BE SO WELL ENTRENCHED IN THE INDIAN GOVERMENT TOO STRAIGHT UP LIKE THAT NOW ! 😑😒 WASN'T THAT WORLD BANK NAMED PRIVATE BANK MINION MANMOHAN SINGH, ALSO SENT TO INDIA WITH BULLSHIT LIKE DAT!??😒

  • @bimanroy8865
    @bimanroy8865 9 месяцев назад +1

    Modi govt has instilled senses of pride and inferiority.
    I have been viewing RUclips videos since 2023. Being a patriot, I watch particularly those that glorify Indian traditions, history. Today I was watching a video that showed the art of ship making using stitching as opposed to nails. The video was about a project sponsored by Modi government to recreate the history of Indian ship making. I was surprised that ancient Indians made ships 5000 thousand years back. The very sight of the vast ocean scares me. But my forefathers voyaged Southeast Asia, Arab, Greece in ships built by themselves. They had mastered the precision of metallurgy. In the absence of motorized ships, they even had to utilize the weather pattern, the oceanic current. The ship’s structure and shape had to be aligned with the seabed of Asia.
    I am filled with pride that my forefathers were such great engineers and entrepreneurs. At the beginning of the video the speaker told that the objective of the Indian government project was to instill a sense of pride in Indians about their history. And that it did at least to me. What am I? Am I born to be a mere worker? Just reading a few textbooks, pass a few exams and work? It’s not me only. There are many Indians of these days who are happy to be workers. Where did we change the course of our voyage from such a glory to such a menial one?

  • @maharukhshroff5296
    @maharukhshroff5296 9 месяцев назад

    ❤ I want to do it but I can't use my phone to transfer my bank acc cash on line now due to my family
    doesn't like me to get into cash transfer online...but I am trying to open a separate bank account soon hopefully. ..
    ❤God bless you all .

  • @Sanatan_Rishika
    @Sanatan_Rishika Год назад +3

    50:42 avoid watching such Hindu 🕉️ Apologist Stooges of Abbasi Khalifa - Kalnemi 🐍 Modi... 🤣🤣🤣

  • @ramkr2162
    @ramkr2162 Год назад +2

    need to include this in Merchant Navy syllabii in India ... most of it is outdated junk ... n "most" Indn Mariners hv v.little knwldge on such topics .. n mainly xtrmly few even seem bothered abt it 😢
    cant blame youngsters .. its d elders .. gen by gen

  • @gauravdas5000
    @gauravdas5000 10 месяцев назад

    But sadly, no traveler ever travels from India to western countries.

  • @narasinhaprasadvarayogula773
    @narasinhaprasadvarayogula773 Год назад

    There are ample evidences to prove that bharath was the treasure of knowledge before muslim invasions. Now we are struggling to fight back terrorism.

  • @ThePunit1973
    @ThePunit1973 Год назад +2

    kindly start using Bharath instead of INDIA

  • @sukalpas3636
    @sukalpas3636 5 месяцев назад

    Calling Ganga as gangage is itself is a person in denial

  • @MrSlash1980
    @MrSlash1980 10 месяцев назад

    Why the word “peculiar” ?

  • @Gannavaram_Indian
    @Gannavaram_Indian 11 месяцев назад

    I beg to translate these videos in to Telugu language also.......

  • @mylaiprabhakar4939
    @mylaiprabhakar4939 Год назад

    @

  • @nikunjakothari
    @nikunjakothari Год назад +1

    Can u make such an interesting topic any more boring!!!😢

  • @PiadasEyer
    @PiadasEyer Год назад

    You must be going after the Castes that were involved in this Profession & make use of our Infamoused caste system...
    To know if they have any knowledge today.. Some may not be Bonafide.. I know Brits had banned it since 1860...
    Vascodagama has said he was assisted by traders from Gujrat who had ships 50 times his biggest ever ship of Europe.... So stiched ship must be not as Damp Squib as ppl JUST inagine..

  • @annettesadhoe1516
    @annettesadhoe1516 11 месяцев назад

    🙏