Acquired demyelinating diseases

This is a brief video on non-hereditary demyleinating disorders.
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ADDITIONAL TAGS:
Acquired demyelinating diseases
Non-hereditary diseases in which normally-formed myelin degenerates as a result of insult on myelin or oligodendrocytes with preservation of the axons
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By BruceBlaus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Most common chronic CNS disorder in young adults (up to 1/1000)
Perivascular inflammation
Shows both acute and chronic lesions (polyphasic)
Acute: loss of oligodendrocytes; reactive astrocytes/macrophages
Chronic: fibrous astrocyte gliosis
Diagnosed with MRI and oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF (but not in serum)
RIGHT: abundant neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate where myelin is missing (top-left of image)
Distinct lesion edge
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
By Marvin 101 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Resembles MS (sometimes called borderline form of MS)
Thought to follow viral infection (flu, MMR, herpes)
Perivenous inflammation
Loss of white matter to the vessels, histo shows macrophages
Monophasic lesions in white matter
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Caused by the papovavirus JC virus
Most people have positive serology for JC (infected), with virus kept under control
Complication for immunocompromised patients (AIDS)
Early stage: multiple demyelination foci in white matter
Late stage: growing necrotic lesion involves cortex
Histo:
Macrophages engulfing myelin debris; not many other WBCs bc immunocompromised
Large, bizarre, transformed astrocytes
Enlarged oligodendroglial nuclei
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
Leukoencephalopathy associated with AIDS
Perivascular giant cells (multinucleated, with HIV antigens)
Release toxic cytokines that play role in pathogenesis
Causes AIDS dementia
Pallor of cerebral white matter (myelin degeneration not seen on histo)
Normal CT on left, AIDS brain on right
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
LEFT:
By Afiller (talk) (Uploads) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?...
RIGHT:
Public domain (government work)
Central pontine myelinolysis
Pathogenesis
Patients have chronic, severe hyponatremia (low Na)
Intracellular adaptations (cells pump out other osmoles) to compensate
Patients treated with saline to increase serum tonicity
Cells can’t decompensate fast enough, causes shearing of the myelin cells
Predominantly iatrogenic
Demyelination is worse at base of pons (sometimes lateral geniculate bodies and internal/external capsules → osmotic myelinolysis)
Multiple sclerosis
Acute disseminated encephalo-
myelitis
Progressive multifocal leukoenceph-
alopathy
Leukoenceph-
alopathy associated
with AIDS
Central
pontine myelinolysis
Pontine perivascular fibers hypointense to the rest of the pons
By Jto410 - clinical work as a radiologist, CC BY-SA 3.0, commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...

[@tinalyngrace]

That was best explanation and helps me ask right questions when visiting neurologist 🙏🏿

[@shayaanp9207]

Very much helpfull thank you so much

[@gamaltaher9714]

Thanks

[@ghanikamann7777]

What is ADS ??

[@kgfes]

There have been reported ADEM after AstraZeneca vaccine

[@pradeep1989shah]

How to care for this disease. I'm a demyelination patient. Doctor said I'm permanently disabled

[@prathimarohit2740]

I'm facing this decease. Please sugest me to best exercise nd daily routine

[@WelderRDT]

Is this fatal? How. long does a person have to live that has pons mylenosis

[@dischargesummary8794]

WelderRDT I was diagnosed in 2016....I’m still alive touch wood......need to eat good lots of water and do lots of rehab & it can improve over 2 years but not totally...

[@BuzzlightyearinactionSaSenado]

​@@dischargesummary8794how was the recovery going?

[@aashishshah6695]

What about gbs?

[@AHCOMMUNICATION-xv3yp]

Koi urdu me bata sakta he

[@ktistineso7207]

k

[@ktistineso7207]

k