This interview got me thinking about all the uncountable interactions between matter around a sun over billions of years, their intricate dances ultimately leading to so many varied and unique collections of planets and moons. It's pretty humbling.
The universe was, is and seemingly will ever be: Fascinating, vast, 'slightly scary' And fabulously... Intriguing, amazing, and beyond imagination... Full of 'starstuff' and our original conflagration... Our beginnings, so our 'true home' is out amongst the stars... From Neptune, to Saturn, through the asteroids to Mars... Our Earth (a 'dull name'😢) for our (only) beautiful home, One day, someday, far from her, we may roam... Universal epics, far out in space, Our future remains there, in some 'far away' place... To: 🖖'Live Long and Prosper🖖 - for a 🖖'Peace and Long Life'🖖 We must (a)dventure out where exo-planets are rife... To make our 'New Earth', a more permanent place to live... Give humanity the chance to finally forgive... To live lives, as lives ought to truly, happily be, Ours... Together... 'eternally free'. ... ❤(BMS - 2nd_Feb_2024)❤🏴🙂🇬🇧🖖
Thank you very much! Another very cool scientist with very interesting explanations. Also very happy to heare more from Dakota. Very exciting! You and your team are doing a great job! 😊 PS: I can never participate in choosing the best topic in the QA shows because I find all of them realy super interesting.
I made almost the same comment. it really is fascinating contemplating what might have happened in our local neighborhood that we may be able to piece together.
I still haven't forgiven Google for killing G+. We had such a great spacey community on there, and that's where I discovered Fraser and Universe Today and The Weekly Space Hangout, along with other amazing creators I now follow here on RUclips, like Amy Shira Teitel and the astronauts who updated G+ from orbit like Samantha Cristoforetti. Also, Google Photos *still* isn't as good as Google+ Photos was all those years ago.
With my extremely limited knowledge compared to everyone on this team, I want to ask, how do they know it's a tail and not a cloud of hydrogen orbiting at the distance where the gravitational pull and and the solar wind pressure equalibriate. Since it would be further out it would have a different period and would explain why other teams saw a smaller and even no gas
It was not detected in front of the planet's transit. The helium detection went up when the planet began transiting, and detection continued after the planet passed. Either it was connected to the planet, or it was a chance alignment. A previous group apparently also detected it as a tail. More observations should show whether it always follows the planet.
When you all listed the possible prerequisites for us to have a planet that supports our life, it becomes more and more clear to me that ours could be a very unique and special system even though SOMEWHERE in the galaxy there is a possible chance of something similar. But we are here, this is the amazing gift we are given. We would be wise to make every effort to preserve our Earth and keep it habitable and sustainable. This is our only home.
How about this: Neptune, Uranus sized and maybe Saturn sized planets preserve their angular momentum because they GAIN mass from planet forming debris (Kuiper belt objects, asteroids) because they form far enough out that their atmospheres would not be stripped much and thus remain to rope in Jupiter, preventing it from spiraling in close to the Sun where it would become a hot Jupitar and eventually lose its atmosphere. If we can measure or estimate/calculate this balance between atmosphere lost vs. solid material gained for the planets of our solar system, it could give us a clue as to why there are hot Jupiters and how they reached the state they are in. It would help in understanding planet formation in general. Enjoyed the interview tremendously Dakota and Fraser!
At ~19:19, re: variable tail size: Suppose the star had a big flare or CME? That would briefly increase the stellar wind, and briefly "puff" more of the planet's atmosphere off, making a bigger tail. Does this star flare much?
The WSHO was awesome and I miss it. I think the saddest thing about it being no more is all of those graduate students who won't get the change to be on the show and thus get the WSHO bump to their PhDs!
Same reason you move a newish camper to arizona for the winter but not a 100 year old mobile home. Its a waste of money and its garbage anyways since its leaky and old.
This was such a fascinating interview. My mind is going wild now, and I'm wondering if a habitable world could start it's life as a hot Jupiter... Like, what if Earth used to be a hot Jupiter?
If I understood Dakota, the hot Jupiters are big enough to not lose all of their atmospheres. He suggests it is smaller planets, the hot Neptunes, that may lose their atmospheres in a hundred million years or so.
The topic of planet migration made me wonder. Do we know if Earth migrated at all, especially because of the collision that created the Moon? Or is the constant reforming of the surface making it too hard to tell?
The takeaway from this and other recent findings for me, is that some Stars are changing on timescales of decades in ways we thought would only take millions of years! Consider Betelguese and then this star. They find no tail, a tail length of 2 planet radii, and a tail length of 7 planet radii in the 3 observations over just a few years. That is a drastic variation in the rate of mass loss & size of the tail. What could explain variations on such a short timescale?
Immediately after he says 19:00 you would expect a change like this to take millions of years, he talks about solar cycles, on the order of years. (Our sun has an 11 year cycle, seen in sunspots, and in how the sun disrupts communications.) And he says the cycles of these smaller stars are not as well understood. I wonder, is the cycle shorter or longer? Is the maximum higher compared to the minimum?
Thanks for another excelent interview I just think how much our observations are biased because it is easier to detect hot Jupiters than faraway Neptunes?...
I wonder if I just thought up a way to detect moons around exoplanets? I'll leave it here since I'm not in college or anything like that, as far as the scientific community is concerned I'm "just a layperson". But here goes anyways, here's my hypothesis: I know that we detect transiting exoplanets by watching the brightness curve as the star dims because of the exoplanet partially eclipsing it, and from that we can detect large planets. I also know that we can detect non-transiting exoplanets by spectroscopic analysis of the light from stars, using the Doppler-induced red/blue shift of the star's spectra caused by the planet pulling the star's center of mass and therefore approximate point-source location around a tiny bit (and yes, I'm aware that takes a really sensitive spectrometer to do that due to the low magnitude of the change in velocity of the star, and therefore the signal is tiny, thankfully we have tools to do that these days). Assuming the likely case that for exoplanets close to their parent star, any extant moons of that exoplanet will be orbiting that exoplanet in a plane roughly similar (+ - maybe 30 degrees inclination), we should be able to do more math to the signal of either method to extract more data. The way to do so is to measure the change in slope of the plot of the star's brightness curve for transiting exoplanets, or the 2nd derivative of the Doppler red / blue-shift of non-transiting exoplanets, with the data points monitored close together relative to the period of the orbit of the exoplanet in question (100 points per orbit should be a good starting point). The way this detects a moon of an exoplanet is that the moon itself is "wiggling" the exoplanet in it's orbit just like the exoplanet is "wiggling" the star's orbit around the center of the galaxy it is part of. The hard part is detecting that "wiggle" signal and differentiating it from the unavoidable background noise characteristic of both of these methods of detecting exoplanets, and for that we might need better, lower noise instruments (maybe we can get a Peltier-cooler stack to cool down that cold, I'm not sure). That doesn't mean we have to wait for those insturments tho! All we have to do is try this math out against existing data that we already have, provided the observation data points are spaced close together and we can analyze each orbit of the planet on its own instead of overlapping them first (which helps average out noise in "detecting exoplanets" type work, but here it would mask the signal of the exoplanet's potential moons). I don't see a way that diffraction can mess this up either, since technically we can get all the data we need from a signal that only occupies a single pixel of an image sensor, and it can also use a less sophisticated but more accurate non-imaging spectrometer for the non-transiting moon detection method. If anyone has any thoughts on this, I'd love to hear them, tho the ones I'm expecting are "This won't work for [reason I should have expected but failed to consider]", or "We want to do that but the instruments we have just can't do it yet".
Reason I'm interested more in moons than planets is because I'm still looking for a place for life to exist outside our solar system, and since a Hot Jupiter won't work unless the life in question is airborne for it's entire life cycle, well the Hot Jupiter is already in mostly the right place, you just need a solid surface to work with, so a moon of a Hot Jupiter or Super-Earth is probably a good candidate. Those moons around Hot Jupiter type planets could easily be Earth-sized or Super-Earth sized themselves, and because of that mass they wouldn't have as difficult of a time retaining an atmosphere (almost certainly with a high Hydrogen and Helium concentration due to the constant passage thru the "swept-away wake" of the Hot Jupiter). I can only imagine that geomagnetic storms would be nearly constant, ensuring a very thick Ozone layer, (maybe too thick, but the presence of high amounts of Hydrogen would help prevent that from reaching surface level because the Ozone would react with Hydrogen to form Water, which would hopefully precipitate out and fall back to the surface). Additionally, the large amount of radio waves from these intense geomagnetic storms might be turned into an advantage for an intelligent species that develops in such an environment, by harvesting those radio waves via systems of antennas to derive electrical energy for their technology, tho anything that operates on electricity would of course have to be intrinsically hardened or otherwise protected against that extremely high-energy radio noise environment or it would quickly break.
If an exomoon was in the right point in its orbit as its parent planet transits their star, there may be a detectable extra dip in the light curve as the moon also begins to eclipse the star.
@@massimookissed1023 Right, I think that takes an even more sensitive detector than what I was thinking of. I was trying to detect a moon by measuring the higher-order derivatives of the brightness graph (so the quadratic and higher terms, not the linear term) which would be the gravitational influence of the moon on the motion of the planet around the star (the planet's tidal wobble, rather than that of the star), but it can be done with both brightness graphs and Doppler red/blue shift.
Could the different tail lengths be explained by an elliptical orbit of the gas planet around its sun? Viewed on edge, this might cause the variability. Just a thought.
Whenever you say that Peg 51b is the first exoplanet discovered, somebody corrects you with the pulsar planets discovery. Unfortunately, I always have to give the disclaimer.
A good book on how to colonize our solar system is Second Exodus Colony located at the Internet Archives. All politicians and adminestrators need to read this book.
The assumption that the solar system is an average system is so weird to me. I am born in the Netherlands: why should it be a special country? So lets assumes that most of the countries are mostly lying in river deltas and are lying for a big part beneath sea level. Fraser Cain is born in Canada, so why shouldn it be average? let us assume that is mediocre in size and temperatures. What on our world is an average country? I don't think the average country exists. They all have things that make them special. Why shouldn't it be the case with planetary systems around other stars?
I think it is a reaction to the other extreme from centuries past when people thought the Earth was the center of the universe. No, we are an average planet around a typical star an average distance from the center of a normal galaxy. Also, our system made sense. Small rocky planets near the star, and gas giants in the cooler outer regions. Why wouldn't this be typical? Or at least a large fraction? A third? Why is it such an oddity?
well, it's no secret that being that close to the sun a lot of lower mass elements that aren't locked up as compounds would be boiled off....regardless of what size it was initially...
Fraser. I was looking at a "most dominant athlete in their sport of all time" lists. Could you maybe give us a "Most dominant Past/Present Scientists/Topics in their Field" as per Universe Today's perspective? I think that would be cool!
Sometimes it's redundant, but if you're talking about Super-massive Black Holes (SMBH) or entire galaxies, I think "this is huge" still fits quite well. In the case of SMBH specifically, I think that "this is huge" might in fact be an understatement. You look at the radius of the event horizon of a SMBH and you think "What, that's just a few solar system's wide", but then you realize that nothing ever escapes from that large of a region of space, and the entire concept of describing the scale of such a thing just kinda becomes an insurmountable task, you get what I mean? There simply isn't any combination of words in the English language that can properly convey the scale of black holes of that size. You can use numbers, but the difference between 1 solar mass (already an incomprehensibly large number) and the often billions of solar masses that is the realm of SMBH starts to make your brain unable to tell the difference between the two, a stellar mass black hole is about the size of a bacteria compared to the SMBH being a bowling ball or even a weather balloon (see, even I'm not sure just how big that SMBH should be, and I deal with scientific notation for numbers as a hobby!)
You’re right! However Lyman Alpha - which I think I explicitly named but may not have - is not detectable from the ground bc it falls below the UV cutoff! Nice catch if I misspoke! Side note: the space based Lyman alpha transits are also prone to severe contamination from neutral hydrogen in the ISM
This interview got me thinking about all the uncountable interactions between matter around a sun over billions of years, their intricate dances ultimately leading to so many varied and unique collections of planets and moons. It's pretty humbling.
The universe was, is and seemingly will ever be:
Fascinating, vast, 'slightly scary'
And fabulously...
Intriguing, amazing, and beyond imagination...
Full of 'starstuff' and our original conflagration...
Our beginnings, so our 'true home' is out amongst the stars...
From Neptune, to Saturn, through the asteroids to Mars...
Our Earth (a 'dull name'😢) for our (only) beautiful home,
One day, someday, far from her, we may roam...
Universal epics, far out in space,
Our future remains there, in some 'far away' place...
To: 🖖'Live Long and Prosper🖖 - for a
🖖'Peace and Long Life'🖖
We must (a)dventure out where exo-planets are rife...
To make our 'New Earth', a more permanent place to live...
Give humanity the chance to finally forgive...
To live lives, as lives ought to truly, happily be,
Ours... Together... 'eternally free'. ...
❤(BMS - 2nd_Feb_2024)❤🏴🙂🇬🇧🖖
Awesome interview . Love to see guys like Dakota so exited about their fields!
Thank you Fraser and Dakotah for sharing all this interesting and intriguing information. You are both amazing!
Thank you Dakotah for this awesome interview. This 10 year old discovery definitely helped advance our knowledge of our Universe.
Another great interview Fraser, Dakotah is a great communicator, nice clear explanations and interesting. He should be a more regular contributor. 👍👍
Also, Fraser, still at the Tippy Top of your game 👏👏 Excellent interview gentlemen
Thank you very much! Another very cool scientist with very interesting explanations. Also very happy to heare more from Dakota. Very exciting!
You and your team are doing a great job! 😊
PS: I can never participate in choosing the best topic in the QA shows because I find all of them realy super interesting.
Super interesting, thank you gentlemen, thanks for taking the time Dr Tyler.
When I first heard about hot Jupiters, I thought of Mercury and what it may have been before it was stripped and spread to the other planets.
Cool question! 😊
I made almost the same comment. it really is fascinating contemplating what might have happened in our local neighborhood that we may be able to piece together.
I still haven't forgiven Google for killing G+. We had such a great spacey community on there, and that's where I discovered Fraser and Universe Today and The Weekly Space Hangout, along with other amazing creators I now follow here on RUclips, like Amy Shira Teitel and the astronauts who updated G+ from orbit like Samantha Cristoforetti. Also, Google Photos *still* isn't as good as Google+ Photos was all those years ago.
Hot Jupiters think they're the stuff, but in reality they're just full of gas
❤ Juno, it's true?!!🤔 ❤😊 🏴🙂🇬🇧🖖
Fantastic interview, Fraser! Thanks a bunch! 😊
Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
Really enjoyed Dakota and all the inspiring concepts he brought up during the episode!
I absolutely loved this interview Thank you!
Thank you, Fraser, you have a very euphonious natural voice. A pleasure to listen.
Thanks!
Thanks for the donation!
With my extremely limited knowledge compared to everyone on this team, I want to ask, how do they know it's a tail and not a cloud of hydrogen orbiting at the distance where the gravitational pull and and the solar wind pressure equalibriate. Since it would be further out it would have a different period and would explain why other teams saw a smaller and even no gas
It was not detected in front of the planet's transit. The helium detection went up when the planet began transiting, and detection continued after the planet passed. Either it was connected to the planet, or it was a chance alignment. A previous group apparently also detected it as a tail. More observations should show whether it always follows the planet.
When you all listed the possible prerequisites for us to have a planet that supports our life, it becomes more and more clear to me that ours could be a very unique and special system even though SOMEWHERE in the galaxy there is a possible chance of something similar. But we are here, this is the amazing gift we are given. We would be wise to make every effort to preserve our Earth and keep it habitable and sustainable. This is our only home.
How about this:
Neptune, Uranus sized and maybe Saturn sized planets preserve their angular momentum because they GAIN mass from planet forming debris (Kuiper belt objects, asteroids) because they form far enough out that their atmospheres would not be stripped much and thus remain to rope in Jupiter, preventing it from spiraling in close to the Sun where it would become a hot Jupitar and eventually lose its atmosphere. If we can measure or estimate/calculate this balance between atmosphere lost vs. solid material gained for the planets of our solar system, it could give us a clue as to why there are hot Jupiters and how they reached the state they are in. It would help in understanding planet formation in general. Enjoyed the interview tremendously Dakota and Fraser!
At ~19:19, re: variable tail size: Suppose the star had a big flare or CME? That would briefly increase the stellar wind, and briefly "puff" more of the planet's atmosphere off, making a bigger tail. Does this star flare much?
Cool interview. I wonder what he thinks about all the JuMBOs in the recent Webb picture.
Great interview!
The WSHO was awesome and I miss it. I think the saddest thing about it being no more is all of those graduate students who won't get the change to be on the show and thus get the WSHO bump to their PhDs!
Great interview.
Great conversation
Dakotah Tyler is a celebrity scientist red hypergiant in the making if he + team are getting James Webb time on this topic
Off topic. International Space Station. Instead of crashing it, why not send it to orbit the Moon or Mars? Just thinking out loud.
Same reason you move a newish camper to arizona for the winter but not a 100 year old mobile home. Its a waste of money and its garbage anyways since its leaky and old.
It would take a huge amount of fuel to get the ISS's 400 tons to the Moon, and way more to Mars.
Will we ever send another teacher into space like we did in the 80s
As if the planet was trailing a string. The string would swing outward from the planet's path
Wow, this is so cool!
very cool discussion
Dakotah is by far your hottest guest so far
Good interview
This was such a fascinating interview. My mind is going wild now, and I'm wondering if a habitable world could start it's life as a hot Jupiter...
Like, what if Earth used to be a hot Jupiter?
They're way closer to their stars than Mercury.
If I understood Dakota, the hot Jupiters are big enough to not lose all of their atmospheres. He suggests it is smaller planets, the hot Neptunes, that may lose their atmospheres in a hundred million years or so.
Seems like this is how asteroid belts get formed
I've always thought that Mercury was the left over core of a hot Jupiter.
that idea sems to have carried weight with a lot of us in this comment section.
The topic of planet migration made me wonder. Do we know if Earth migrated at all, especially because of the collision that created the Moon? Or is the constant reforming of the surface making it too hard to tell?
The takeaway from this and other recent findings for me, is that some Stars are changing on timescales of decades in ways we thought would only take millions of years! Consider Betelguese and then this star. They find no tail, a tail length of 2 planet radii, and a tail length of 7 planet radii in the 3 observations over just a few years. That is a drastic variation in the rate of mass loss & size of the tail. What could explain variations on such a short timescale?
Immediately after he says 19:00 you would expect a change like this to take millions of years, he talks about solar cycles, on the order of years. (Our sun has an 11 year cycle, seen in sunspots, and in how the sun disrupts communications.) And he says the cycles of these smaller stars are not as well understood. I wonder, is the cycle shorter or longer? Is the maximum higher compared to the minimum?
Dakota is a weapon communicator!
that's because he's got a Decoda ring...
Thanks for another excelent interview
I just think how much our observations are biased because it is easier to detect hot Jupiters than faraway Neptunes?...
I wonder if I just thought up a way to detect moons around exoplanets?
I'll leave it here since I'm not in college or anything like that, as far as the scientific community is concerned I'm "just a layperson".
But here goes anyways, here's my hypothesis:
I know that we detect transiting exoplanets by watching the brightness curve as the star dims because of the exoplanet partially eclipsing it, and from that we can detect large planets.
I also know that we can detect non-transiting exoplanets by spectroscopic analysis of the light from stars, using the Doppler-induced red/blue shift of the star's spectra caused by the planet pulling the star's center of mass and therefore approximate point-source location around a tiny bit (and yes, I'm aware that takes a really sensitive spectrometer to do that due to the low magnitude of the change in velocity of the star, and therefore the signal is tiny, thankfully we have tools to do that these days).
Assuming the likely case that for exoplanets close to their parent star, any extant moons of that exoplanet will be orbiting that exoplanet in a plane roughly similar (+ - maybe 30 degrees inclination), we should be able to do more math to the signal of either method to extract more data.
The way to do so is to measure the change in slope of the plot of the star's brightness curve for transiting exoplanets, or the 2nd derivative of the Doppler red / blue-shift of non-transiting exoplanets, with the data points monitored close together relative to the period of the orbit of the exoplanet in question (100 points per orbit should be a good starting point).
The way this detects a moon of an exoplanet is that the moon itself is "wiggling" the exoplanet in it's orbit just like the exoplanet is "wiggling" the star's orbit around the center of the galaxy it is part of.
The hard part is detecting that "wiggle" signal and differentiating it from the unavoidable background noise characteristic of both of these methods of detecting exoplanets, and for that we might need better, lower noise instruments (maybe we can get a Peltier-cooler stack to cool down that cold, I'm not sure).
That doesn't mean we have to wait for those insturments tho! All we have to do is try this math out against existing data that we already have, provided the observation data points are spaced close together and we can analyze each orbit of the planet on its own instead of overlapping them first (which helps average out noise in "detecting exoplanets" type work, but here it would mask the signal of the exoplanet's potential moons).
I don't see a way that diffraction can mess this up either, since technically we can get all the data we need from a signal that only occupies a single pixel of an image sensor, and it can also use a less sophisticated but more accurate non-imaging spectrometer for the non-transiting moon detection method.
If anyone has any thoughts on this, I'd love to hear them, tho the ones I'm expecting are "This won't work for [reason I should have expected but failed to consider]", or "We want to do that but the instruments we have just can't do it yet".
Reason I'm interested more in moons than planets is because I'm still looking for a place for life to exist outside our solar system, and since a Hot Jupiter won't work unless the life in question is airborne for it's entire life cycle, well the Hot Jupiter is already in mostly the right place, you just need a solid surface to work with, so a moon of a Hot Jupiter or Super-Earth is probably a good candidate.
Those moons around Hot Jupiter type planets could easily be Earth-sized or Super-Earth sized themselves, and because of that mass they wouldn't have as difficult of a time retaining an atmosphere (almost certainly with a high Hydrogen and Helium concentration due to the constant passage thru the "swept-away wake" of the Hot Jupiter).
I can only imagine that geomagnetic storms would be nearly constant, ensuring a very thick Ozone layer, (maybe too thick, but the presence of high amounts of Hydrogen would help prevent that from reaching surface level because the Ozone would react with Hydrogen to form Water, which would hopefully precipitate out and fall back to the surface).
Additionally, the large amount of radio waves from these intense geomagnetic storms might be turned into an advantage for an intelligent species that develops in such an environment, by harvesting those radio waves via systems of antennas to derive electrical energy for their technology, tho anything that operates on electricity would of course have to be intrinsically hardened or otherwise protected against that extremely high-energy radio noise environment or it would quickly break.
If an exomoon was in the right point in its orbit as its parent planet transits their star, there may be a detectable extra dip in the light curve as the moon also begins to eclipse the star.
@@massimookissed1023 Right, I think that takes an even more sensitive detector than what I was thinking of.
I was trying to detect a moon by measuring the higher-order derivatives of the brightness graph (so the quadratic and higher terms, not the linear term) which would be the gravitational influence of the moon on the motion of the planet around the star (the planet's tidal wobble, rather than that of the star), but it can be done with both brightness graphs and Doppler red/blue shift.
Could the different tail lengths be explained by an elliptical orbit of the gas planet around its sun? Viewed on edge, this might cause the variability. Just a thought.
Could Mercury be the core of a former hot Neptune? How might we detect whether a sterile planet once had an atmosphere?
1 minute in: hot Jupiter's can give other planets their gasses needed for life. IE: Earth and Mercury
Hopefully the longer waves of JWST cuts through the dust and finds some young hot Saturns.
so what did he decode ?
So could Mercury be a gas giants core, if its so common?
It isn't close enough to the Sun.
Fraser, I've never heard of the "University of Los Angeles." Do you mean UCLA? (The University of California, Los Angeles.)
Yes
@@frasercainThanks!
I didn’t know so many planets were orbiting pulsars
Whenever you say that Peg 51b is the first exoplanet discovered, somebody corrects you with the pulsar planets discovery. Unfortunately, I always have to give the disclaimer.
The craziest planets are orbiting pulsars too. Like the Jupiter mass rocky world that's the size of Neptune 💀
What all is in stellar wind is it radiation? Can stellar wind interact with light?
Loved the interview! Thanks so much!
Could this show us what’s at the core of a gas giant
Only small ones that can't handle the mass loss. Bigger ones have too much material.
A good book on how to colonize our solar system is Second Exodus Colony located at the Internet Archives. All politicians and adminestrators need to read this book.
Whoa! A scientist with a working microphone! And he found hydrogen around a star? Cool 😎 just joking. Great show 😊
I know what to call it....planet Harrison Ford Transit.....
He matches his subject matter. 😅
The assumption that the solar system is an average system is so weird to me. I am born in the Netherlands: why should it be a special country? So lets assumes that most of the countries are mostly lying in river deltas and are lying for a big part beneath sea level. Fraser Cain is born in Canada, so why shouldn it be average? let us assume that is mediocre in size and temperatures. What on our world is an average country? I don't think the average country exists. They all have things that make them special. Why shouldn't it be the case with planetary systems around other stars?
I think it is a reaction to the other extreme from centuries past when people thought the Earth was the center of the universe. No, we are an average planet around a typical star an average distance from the center of a normal galaxy. Also, our system made sense. Small rocky planets near the star, and gas giants in the cooler outer regions. Why wouldn't this be typical? Or at least a large fraction? A third? Why is it such an oddity?
Have we detected a moon orbitting an exoplanet?
I've wondered for some time if mercury was once a hot Jupiter.
it could explain it's density and composition.
well, it's no secret that being that close to the sun a lot of lower mass elements that aren't locked up as compounds would be boiled off....regardless of what size it was initially...
Fraser. I was looking at a "most dominant athlete in their sport of all time" lists. Could you maybe give us a "Most dominant Past/Present Scientists/Topics in their Field" as per Universe Today's perspective?
I think that would be cool!
aahh, I see he's reporting from the NASA sauna...nice !.....
Give this man time on Webb, NOW! Fantastic interview with an insightful mind.
JWST is oversubscribed now.
Dakotah has a high Q score
I like my planets like I like my women, hot, gaseous, and Xtreme.
In astronomy, “this is huge” is sort of redundant.
Sometimes it's redundant, but if you're talking about Super-massive Black Holes (SMBH) or entire galaxies, I think "this is huge" still fits quite well.
In the case of SMBH specifically, I think that "this is huge" might in fact be an understatement.
You look at the radius of the event horizon of a SMBH and you think "What, that's just a few solar system's wide", but then you realize that nothing ever escapes from that large of a region of space, and the entire concept of describing the scale of such a thing just kinda becomes an insurmountable task, you get what I mean?
There simply isn't any combination of words in the English language that can properly convey the scale of black holes of that size.
You can use numbers, but the difference between 1 solar mass (already an incomprehensibly large number) and the often billions of solar masses that is the realm of SMBH starts to make your brain unable to tell the difference between the two, a stellar mass black hole is about the size of a bacteria compared to the SMBH being a bowling ball or even a weather balloon (see, even I'm not sure just how big that SMBH should be, and I deal with scientific notation for numbers as a hobby!)
@@44R0Ndin I meant to put a 😎 after that.
For some reason I can’t re-edit on this device.
Oh man, he looks like Joyner Lucas
I just got the 1000th like woo
Not to correct an actual Astrophysicist, but Ha is absolutely detectable from the ground. Look at any of the work being done by @astrofalls
He probably meant in the context of observing an exoplanet.
You’re right! However Lyman Alpha - which I think I explicitly named but may not have - is not detectable from the ground bc it falls below the UV cutoff! Nice catch if I misspoke! Side note: the space based Lyman alpha transits are also prone to severe contamination from neutral hydrogen in the ISM
BuT ThE B1bL3 SaYs n0tH1nG oF Th1sSsSSS!!!1!!!
First
"If it gets close enough to the sun, it'll have a comet tail, this isn't the behavior of a planet." ~ The logic for demoting Pluto.
No self-respecting planet leaves so much trash in their neighborhood.
that decision was about the number of other bits of ice that match or exceed Pluto in size we are continuing to discover in the Oort cloud.
I'm confused. Because Pluto has a tail? I thought it was because it hadn't cleared its orbit. You know, a logical reason that has a basis in facts
Second
Hot gas planet crop dusting it's orbit