LiFePO4 Puncture Test - Can these batteries catch fire? Is LiFePO4 Safe?
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- Опубликовано: 4 июл 2024
- Do not try this at home, work, school, in a car, on a boat, in a bus, on the freeway, or anywhere for that matter!!
Attention viewer: Please consider these flames - Gasoline, wood, paper, just about anything, can put out flames of similar scale. We believe that the second puncture caused a spark that caused the vapor to burn. That doesn't mean these batteries are ticking time bombs, it means that proper safety, e.g. MAKING SURE A CELL CANNOT GET PUNCTURED TO START WITH should be priority number 1. We are going to be doing short circuit testing, overcharging testing, and more, very soon, but we start with the worst-scenario case of something going terribly, terribly wrong.
Todays test was constructed after reading through countless testing and specifications for LiFePO4 batteries. I have found that many of them specify a safety parameter for details such as overcharging, over discharging, crushing, and so on, however, none of them give any detail with respect to puncturing. In this video, I took a heavy bar that had a spike on one end, and punctured an aluminum-cased LiFePO4 cell that I am doing other testing on. The result after the first puncture was simply venting of vapor, but I believe that when I made the second puncture, there was a spark produced that caused this electrolyte vapor to ignite, leading to the flame ball observed in the video.
In a video coming soon, we plan to compare this to the type of fire that would be created with other battery chemistries, such as Li-Ion that contain cobalt. Cobalt within batteries allows the batteries to have a thermal runaway which cannot be extinguished due to the chemicals providing their own oxygen. Later beyond
If we take a look at the chemical makeup of a LiFePO4 cell, we will observe that there are more chemicals inside of a battery aside from JUST LiFePO4. Take a look of this info I copied from Wikipedia:
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium...
Cathode composition (weight)
90% C-LiFePO4, grade Phos-Dev-12
5% carbon EBN-10-10 (superior graphite)
5% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Electrolyte: ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate (EC-DMC) 1-1 lithium perchlorate (LiClO
4) 1M
Anode: graphite or hard carbon with intercalated metallic lithium
If you take note of the electrolyte, and further research dimethyl carbonate, you fill find that this is flammable.
#LiFePO4 #LiFePO4Puncture #LiFePO4Fire
Overview of LiFePO4 0:00
Puncturing 2:16
Smoking 2:25
Internally Glowing 2:53
Battery Burning 3:16
Flammability Conclusion 7:06
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It's great to see these kinds of tests, keep them coming! I think the big win of LiFePO4 isn't that it doesn't burn - clearly it does, it's that it doesn't erupt violently into a gigantic ball of fire like lithium cobalt/manganese does. Looking forward to the overcharge testing!
Thank you! Coming soon!
In normal use case like the battery is overcharged or overdischarged or short circuited i believe it won't catch fire like this. Crushing the battery can only happen if like u have an earthquake and your home collapses but then u have more things to worry about than just a fire 😂.
Exactly - a bunch of 18650s would react more violently. Sure, this will still burn your house down lol but it doesn't seem like it would be as intense as e.g. those Tesla fires, given you had an equivalent amount of these batteries
Yeah, this huge cell would have become a massive firestorm if it was li-ion. Lifepo4 on the other hand seems pretty docile and doesn't really react much even to extreme abuse.
@@KuntalGhosh Lithium are used in RV vehicles that can easily be in an accident causing a puncture.
I'm impressed with how puncture-resistant the cell was. Took one hell of a wallop with a very pointy, very heavy crowbar to cause enough damage to puncture it. Thanks for doing this test! I'm not discouraged by the result; I'm still going to install a house battery bank on my cruising sailboat of 4 x 280 Ah Eve cells.
Awesome! It was a good test to do considering this cell had damage terminals and nothing else wrong with it. Now we all know and can plan our systems out to be safer as a result
you gave a very detailed description. thanks man.
Great introduction, very responsible.
Glad you did the test. Volatile electrolyte chemistry is clearly another consideration when purchasing a battery, (i.e. electric car, etc.).
Now that we have options! Yep we're all learning together
This is my favorite lithium puncture test video.
ruclips.net/video/07BS6QY3wI8/видео.html
I have a lithium iron phosphate battery 8Ah this was very helpful to me of knowing what these batteries do without any protection. Thank you for the tip
I'm happy to see that they don't explode, and with a proper temperature monitoring system in place I believe something like this could be taken care of quickly if it happened in a home storage Solution. BUT this is one of the reasons I am building a mini power station outside ( like a 5x4) little building outside, because you never know if your going to be out of town, I rather lose all my equipment if need be, than my house, maybe a little over paranoid, but it is what it is lol. Great Video, seeing things like this helps the community a lot!
Better to be paranoid than homeless
I doubt that you could control it . The output of toxic gas in any confined area would drive you away from doing anything unless you had a proper breathing mask and air tank . Also lithium battery fires are very hard to put out . Tesla cars can burn for days . A test like this in the open air of a small battery is nothing like what would happen in a confined area like a camper with a bank of much larger batteries that will all go up and set the whole thing on fire . You are wise to build a separate battery storage area .
Great test & interesting results. I saw a YT guy accidentally bumped his lab power supply dial up a bit after setting up 16 brand new 280A EVE cells for their final top balance of 3.65v when something fell over & bumped it up to 4.6v for the next few days until he returned to find them all looking like footballs.
So he decided to use them and see how they go and after a year of pretty heavy use & abuse he managed to squish them back slowly to a reasonable size and shape, he did tests to see how much life was left in them and he still got 255 amps total from these highly abused batteries & only lost 20-30 amps. I thought that was pretty amazing & a credit to there output ability all things considered.
Very helpful, thank you!
Very well demonstrated!👍 Sehr gut demonstriert!
great demonstration! should add if it can be put out with just water/sand .
Love it!!!!! Cave man vs tech!!! More!!!
That's a very useful test.
You should open up the aluminum casing and see if all the cells caught on fire. I bet the reason it caught on fire was not a second short from the second piercing but from the impact of the second piercing forcing the air inside the case to blow out the hole from the first piercing. Like blowing air on a smoldering ember. It increased the temperature high enough to ignite the electrolyte.
That is one cell.
Great job
interesting, THANK YOU!
Now I know to be more careful with them. Hoping I don't accidentally drop one and puncture falling from my work bench. Will use welding gloves and pliers for sure. Was good info to know. Thank you
Just for your safety,i would were safety goggles next time you test something like this.
Nice test. Would have been great if you also tested how easy or hard it is to put out a LiFePo4 fire. I live in a basement and this is what scares me the most about lithium batteries.
there are types of enclosures for even more dangerous batteries.. 100 bucks for a fire fighter enclosure and will keep em warm when its cold!!!!
Interesting test. The first hole caused venting, and severe heating of the plates... the second hole caused the venting to exit the glowing hole and the vapors passing over the red hot plates ignited the vapor.
Now we gotta wonder WHAT the electrolyte is...
Some organic CH molecule. Ethylene, propylene, something like that
@@yggdrasil9039 that is why solid electrolyte lithium batteries will be very significantly safer. (when they eventually reach maturity...)
Beyond 2040 likely. Hopefully before though.
Fun test :D That is pretty awesome you got the electrolyte to combust. Just don't breathe that smoke. Really nasty chemicals in there.
It was only when the second puncture was made that it went up in flames. I've seen countless batteries puncture tested, but never more than once. Did you ever find out what happened to those bigbattery cells? This is actually one of their 170ah Lishen cells.
Nasty chemicals huh? I was thinking the same when i saw him puttting the battery on the bare ground. Then that electrolyte and vapor was spilling all over the place. Am i the only one thinking this ain't cool at all? Although it looks like a desert, there a still animals around who may drink from water puddles further down the hill after rain falls. Could have used a piece of sheet metal to cover the ground or smtg. Sorry, maybe I'm too european or green to approve this.
And who are you trying to tell me what to do? And why am i misinformed? I'm just referring to the above comment which clearly states "nasty chemicals". Sorry i don't have my own channel yet so i'll leave my comments wherever i want, even if you don't approve. Really sorry pal.
And if I'm so terribly misinformed and you're the genius you probably think you are, why don't you enlighten instead of offending me? I'll give you the answer right away: because it's simple and a simple mind is what you are obviously.
Jm Tamilminnal solar energy India youtuber your sub
Late to the game, but it's clear how nicely the electrolyte burns. How do people think that solid state batteries will make anything safer other than preventing the calm bonfire of the liquid electrolyte?
Good job ! ;)
Thanks for share.
weird chemistry ,very powerful and light weight , I'm impressed .awesome technology
Very undramatic. Impressive.
The reaction they will also vary alot in the chemical composition the manufacture use apart form the main Lifepo4 as well as the battery design. I've seen lifepo4 explode and i have seen them only smoke. That's why its important to know the brands of the cells.
What's the worst you've seen? Got any links? Thanks
I admire a lot battery concept. It is packed with energy in a very technical way in a physical form which can change into chemical force
Good test, good to see. Definitely is a fire hazard, but not to the same degree as other lithium.
I guess the electrolyte can vary between manufacturers, but the cathode shouldn’t release oxygen to create a super hot self sustaining fire.
I was told they won´t burn, which is wrong, they burn, but using oxygen comeing from air. Which is much better then the others which provide their own oxygen, but you really cannot say that they are totally safe because they cannot burn at all. Thank you for making that clear.
Yes you are correct. what we discovered was that once the electrolyte was vaporized by the heat of the first puncture that it changed its properties a bit making it now flammable. we believe the second puncture created some small form of a spark that caused those vapors to ignite. Realistically in a real world situation the second puncture wouldn't come later on, imagine a vehicle accident where everything happens all at once
700 bucks for a battery that can burn my cabin down.hmmm
@@Mikerockinon1is someone throwing 20lb metal spears around in your cabin?
@@Rhinopkc i throw them every day in my cabin ;)
Thanks for the vid, hope this will convince some idiots claiming that lfp can’t ignite. Yes those are far less capricious than cobalts, but lto are only truly safe ones (and expensive as hell)
It would have been interesting to see if you could extinguish it and whether it would reignite. I just bought a Bluetti and they say you can extinguish it with a regular dry chemical fire extinguisher. But they do not say if it will reignite.
Thank you for posting this video. I feel there is a lot of BS marketing online that claims these are immune to fire, which they clearly aren't
I have punctured LiPO batteries which are very different many times. I have noticed that leaving the cells shorted with something metallic it makes it worse. If you would have removed the tool it might not have caught fire at all. I feel like leaving the cells shorted allows the current to create more heat than just a plain puncture.
Not bad, I feel much battery upgrading my UPS to LiFepo4. As someone who works in the industry, LiPO and Lithium Ion in phones and power tools are much more hazardous when the flame starts, that phone your on can shoot a 4ft jet flame in your ear so, heads up
The problem was your second stab, it created internal pressure because the spear was in the hole and it mostly went out the first hole pushing the fire with it. On an Internal error the flames would be contained i guess.
thanks for doing this. ya I thought they didn't catch fire too. But like you said they are still much safer then the other chemistries
I would have liked to see you put it out with a proper fire extinguisher to prove it would stop the fire
Can we get an overcharge test like this one? thanks!
Nice. I'm trying to get into PEVs, but seeing Li-Ion fire videos makes me a bit paranoid, like I would not want to keep a big Li-Ion battery at home or in the office (say, if I commute to work using a PEV, and would like to charge it at work, potentially unsupervised). This on the other hand looks... ok, still bad, but in comparison much more manageable. Not 'run for your life, let your house burn' bad, but 'grab a fire extinguisher, we've got this' bad.
since this was just one particular element of the chemistry that burned, does that mean that different makes of batteries might not actually burn? although, if you can put out the fire it's a risk that can be mitigated
do they react violently to trying to put out with water like the other lith batteries do?
Very informative test. Did your initial shorting melt off the blue cover? Was that a fully charged (3.65v) lifepo4 cell? How many ah was it? 200 or so?
Have you ever tested LTO cells
Interesting, other tests had nothing happen but gas release like it did at first. Sure looks a heck of a lot less violent than NMC/NCA though. And like you said, much easier to extinguish.
I do wonder if the higher capacity of these modern lron phosphate battery has a input to this
I live in desert and use my 767 generator when I travel. I’ve been worried about temperature in vehicle setting it off. It’s winter now, but summer will be here soon
I have been toying with changing out my dying diesel in my sailboat for an electric system as I don't use the engine except to get out of the marina and maybe an hour tops during the day. Fire on a boat is extremely bad so it is one of my concerns with electric. I would like to see an attempt to extinguish this battery as one of the things I do not like is that batteries seem to contain all the reactants necessary to burn so smothering them or cooling them doesn't extinguish them. With a diesel the automatic fire extinguishing system does work to some degree.
What gases are being given off?
Excellent test vid. Shows what it takes to make a relatively safe chemistry fail.
Thank you!
This was a big 200ah cell right?
COOL!
Many sellers on Amazon advertise 12V LiFePO4 battery packs as a replacement for lead acid gel cell alarm system backup batteries. It appears to be an extremely dangerous practice to substitute a LiFePO4 battery into the alarm system without knowing anything about the compatibility of the charging circuit (which is designed to work with lead acid batteries) with other battery chemistries such as LiFePO4.
Good point, although LiFePO4 batteries should have their own internal Battery Management System (BMS) that takes care of over voltage/current conditions. BMS are programmable, so some may have been tuned to work with lead-acid chargers. But as you said, I would hesitate to use a Lithium chemistry without doing thorough DD on legacy equipment.
You should try to extinguish it with water or extinguisher on it's peak of fire, to see difference between classic lithium batteries.
At first the vent on top was working like it should. After another jab in the side did the trick on getting the fire going. I'm wondering when you clamp these cells together that over time the rubbing action of expansion and contraction and just general vibration will rub through the blue plastic exterior and short out the batteries?
The aluminum case is not permanently bonded to positive or negative. The only difference in potential is through the electrolyte that is internally contacting the aluminum case.
Interesting, nice test. 👍 LiFePO4 =| LiFePO4 apparently. The inflammability depends on the used electrolyte, because in other test the LiFePO4 cells doesn't ignite. Again, very interesting. 😊
What about dents in the casing of Lifepo4 cells are they still safe to use do u have a video on dented cells ?
I ordered 8 cells, they came in two boxes and there was one cell in each set that is bulged. I've yet to compress them, but there's just enough swelling that the buss bars barely fit. I see that's common with the lifepo4 3.2v cells, and they still pull capacity. But it makes me curious it it swelled anymore if compressing them would be dangerous.
I saw a couple of videos where smaller types have actually been pulled out and then swelled to double their size, have you thought of doing a compression video? Take a swollen cell and squeeze it to see if it pops lol.
Swelling is fine and normal unless it's an unevern obvious bulge in one spot. The cells expand and contract with heat and charge
If you break a busbar off the cell, do they also go off?
P.S.: I would have expected safety glasses.
I won't be puncturing my batteries, but overall is LiFePo4 more resistance to overcharging or overdischarging leading to explosions?
Over discharging won’t cause any runaway reaction. Over charging without a bms can cause electrolyte venting.
THX :D
Would like to see the same test with a battery that is charged 70% or higher.
We need to do another test like this to test a fire surpression device, so we can do that one at 100% soc
It would be useful to try the same experiment using LTO cells
State of charge when punctured? this is major factor in Lithium batteries.
Btw Please, use proper respirator when you do these tests. Fluorides released from the burning reaction can be really bad for you.
There is very little test data on amounts of fluoride released but they seem to agree that it can be even lethal. if breathed directly in (very corrosive for lungs)
Something interesting i did learn with Li-Ion cells, is that if you just open them, there can be next to no visible electrolyte, but if you short them internally or externally, they push electrolyte out from the inner structure. with cells i have played with, i haven't seen "running electrolyte" or slushing liquid inside the cells, also when opened, its damp but not dripping.
Short-circuiting changes this quite dramatically, and there can be puddle of electrolyte suddenly, and all it needs is a spark to have a fire ball.
Important factor here however is that this cell if was fully loaded, behaved very mildly, and if it had only very low state of charge, then this tells very little.
you never made the video showing an overcharge condition?
Thanks for doing this so I don't have to
I have a 48v 75ah battery, can I use its 48v BMS in 12.8volt ? Is it possible?
Awesome video but would like to know how to put out the fire and deal with a battery on fire?
CO2. Breathe on it
I would like to see an overcharge/discharge test. No one is going to stab their power wall with a pike.
i was planning on it
We are working on many more tests
@@FireAlert username checks out
These are used in RVs that can end in an accident puncturing the batteries. Maybe not a pike but part of the frame can crush them.
That test show me how danger the batteries are. I will go with AGM for now.
All batteries are dangerous when catastrophically destroyed this way. No explosion here. A bank of AGM off-gassing hydrogen would be much more likely to kill you outright in the blast. I'll take lifepo4 any day.
I'm curious regarding the chemical reaction of that fire and whether it's about the battery chemistry alone or if it requires atmospheric oxygen, too. Would it react the same way in a vacuum or a relatively airtight enclosure, i.e. with limited oxygen supply? Does installing the battery e.g. in an airtight metal box (with overpressure release valve) reduce the fire hazard?
He says in the comments the electrolyte contains perchlorate and organic solvent. Perchlorate is a strong oxidizer and will provide its own ‘oxygen’ for combustion. So yes it will burn once a spark or it reaches its critical auto ignition temperature (which is significantly higher than in other lithium battery chemistries). Glowing red hot that we saw after the initial stab is 500C+, so high enough for auto ignition. The combustion products (smoke) do need to exit the combustion site, or they tend to self-smother the fire. The second puncture hole gave a route to flush these out, hence the fire got way more intense. But as he states, it’s unlikely in practice a second separate puncture event would happen in a real life accident.
@@kdkd693
No. The second hole simply provided air (20% oxygen) to feed the flames.
Plenty of info on how fire "works" to be found elsewhere online. Your suggestion was rubbish so kindly don't do it again.
This video was hardly conducted under controlled conditions and released goodness only knows what gases into the atmos'.
In UK this sort of silly experiment would be condemned on the grounds of atmospheric pollution.
However, the clip did display that the item was not proof against "careless rough handling" ... exactly like almost anything else in the electronics dept'.
The result we all saw for ourselves.
Ergo LiFePo4 can burn if damaged, so, although it was a very poorly constructed and conducted experiment (no PPE or fire suppression bottle or even any sort of decontamination kit come to that) the result was that the cells could and did burn.
And of course if a battery was in an unsuitable (flammable) location then you wouldn't need a lot of imagination to see what happens next.
All in all ...3/10.
@@t1n4444 thanks for your kind words….
@@kdkd693
I should jolly well hope so indeed.
More information ... on anything ... online than you can imagine.
If you don't care to read up on the research papers published by battery users, eg Ford, say, then simply search YT.
If there's something that can be done by people then YT will have a clip available somewhere.
And some of the video clip stuff people post on YT is jaw dropping with regard to their personal safety, that of others and the environment/atmosphere.
Punching holes in a lithium battery of any chemistry to "see what happens" is not very sensible.
@@t1n4444 sarcasm seems to be lost on you…
Stop behaving like a sanctimonious prat, a term you English seem to comprehend
Are the cells Voltage really ZERO Volt? May be the BMS shutdown so no Voltage is present at the terminal when you shorted out the output terminals
There was no BMS connected to this individual cell.
Ouch!
I would have been interested in seeing a deep dent on the side and another one on with deep dent on the edge or corner. Does it swell and pop the vent or flame up? I know what happens when you shoot a charged lithium polymer with a .22 …… fireworks. Much worse than that LiFePO4.
it had some issues but it could keep lights or even usb outlets and routers for a week with converters!!!! those things even less qualitty have nice capacity
I feel sorry for the grass and little bugs killed by that burning battery . RIP ...
I think under normal use and normal failure modes it will just off gas and not self ignite like a lipo.
I think the gasses only ignited because when I sent the spike through it the second time, it cased some level of internal shorting that made a spark that ignited the electrolyte that was being vaporized.
I know this is off topic and all but- What phone/camera was used for this? Dynamic range is killer!
iPhone 12 Pro Max
Interesting. The fire is caused by the vapors burning. I wonder what they are using, because I've never seen a LiFePO4 battery burning like that. I suspect that it is some type of alcohol burning. Alcohols burn cleanly.
I really hope the solid state and sodium ion batteries get combined as on viable technology. That can both can be made at scale without the bottleneck of lithium supply and these truly can't catch fire, even in car crash conditions because there is nothing flammable in it. If this was invented and implemented as the sole way of powering cars, this would make the problem of some car crash victims getting trapped in a car and burning to death if the firefighters can't get them out in time, to be a thing of the past. This is a problem that should have been solved decades ago, but sadly there has been no financial motivation for wall street to fund an effort to do so.
Everybody is so concerned that the case will flow electricity if the blue cover is compromised. You conclude it did not. Seems no additional isolation material between cells in a pack seems necessary.
FYI did you notice when the fire started the white smoke stopped
Gut 😊👍
How much copper is produced in this battery 3.2v 80ah
What if a bullet would pierce through?
I'm sure you can still balance that battery lol
Great video man - i bought 6 lithium ion phosphate batteries for our truck camper. i have set up storage between the camper and the truck bed. is that a safe place to store? how much gas do they give out?
Depends on your locality. LiFePo4 can short if charged when below freezing.
@@DavidHalko but wouldn't the BMS step in and stop the charging?
[Dave] - “LiFePo4 can short if charged when below freezing.
@@vroor32 - “wouldn’t a BMS stop it?”
Yes, stop charging your battery if it is too cold, but that might not give you the warm & fuzzies you if you live in Canada, Finland, Sweden, Alaska, North Dakota, etc.
No, the short occurs within the battery, not on the outside of the battery.
Dendrites grow from one pole to the other inside the battery, kind of like stalagmites & stalactites grow inside a cave. You may see a stream going in one side of a cave, and coming out the other… kind of like battery cables attached to a battery. You may stop the flow of water outside a a cave, kind of like a BMS stops the flow of current outside a battery, but you never stop the stalagmites & stalactites from growing inside, the same way you can’t stop the dendrites from growing from the outside.
Once the dendrite crosses the battery from one pole to the other, inside the battery structure, a short occurs, and a thermal runaway event will likely soon follow.
The dendrites grow, as the battery ages. Charging during low temperatures only accelerate the growth.
Toxic fumes are emitted with heat during a thermal runaway and you will not want to be an enclosed area (ie inside a car) during that time (ie driving on a freeway at 70 mph.
When it is time to change a battery, under normal operation, it basically becomes a ticking time bomb… especially if used in an area close to the poles, where charging is done at or below freezing.
@@DavidHalko ooofff!!
So what to do?? Buy self-heating LiFePo4 battery (keep outside vehicle) or get bluetti style battery and pay more money??
🤔
@@vroor32 - self heating batteries are good, those clearly take energy.
Battery performance decreases in cold, so that can be problematic for driving.
Keeping cars indoors help, so no parking & charging cars outside in the winter.
A car with growing dendrites are no fun, keeping them in a garage attached to living areas, since you could magically wake up to an unexpected thermal runaway event. 😢
The days of powered & heated detached garages may be popular, in the near future.
Wear eye protection?
IN FLAMES \m/_
sei un fenomeno, hai riempito la cella con un liquido infiammabile, infatti la cella non ha il suo sigillo superiore. Questo video è proprio diseducativo.
Theres fire but Li-ion spits fire like a jet engine. Remarkable how far battery technology has come
Well, this is the reaction from just one cell which I believe isn't fully charged. Just imagine what happens when the cells are about 12-16pcs of these cells put together and such an accident happens? Safety is still a very serious concern for me. Thank though!
Should of tested a put out test with a fire extinguisher
Interesting for the sake of safety.
They do NOT use O2
The main point here is that the Lithium is NOT on fire. No surprise that you got those electrolytes to burn, not concerning at all.
It's the lithium that is the issue puntchturing the battery is shorting the cells causing them to overheat, the lithium will burn until it is consumed... if you put it out, it will simply reignite.
Also take care... there is a very real danger of explosion here
Thank you! Was considering a LiFePO4 car battery for my diesel-powered truck, will consider this bit of information. O.o
The lifepo4 chemistry shines in deep cycle storage use. Its not well suited to automotive starting duties though there are some on the market. Remember, even if you get a battery with the high discharge capacity needed to start a large engine, charging in sub-freezing climate is still a big issue. Also the heat of an engine compartment can be very detrimental to long life for lifepo4. Be cautious about this use of lifepo4.
i gave thought to these batteries.. 🤔 my feeling is i think an EMP would damage board parts. cant say about a fire or explosion? as far as a cyber attack where the charging rate to 80% gets higher causing over temp & charge.. or a major solar event during charging or use...? we WILL find out someday.
That steam admitting from the battery is about 49% hydrogen gas.
Do you know the formula for the chemical breakdown? I’d like to know what inside is releasing the hydrogen molecules