The Actual Reason Semiconductors Are Different From Conductors and Insulators.
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- Опубликовано: 5 апр 2024
- Support me on Patreon! / projectsinflight
In this video I take a break from lab work to explain how a property of the electron wave function is responsible for the formation of semiconductor bandgaps. I start with the basic properties of the atom and work my way through some quantum physics without getting too deep into the math.
Correction:
14:41 Oops, that should be ½mv² 
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I'm literally crying rn. A free 32-minute video explained what my stupid teachers could not in whole semester. I can't thank enough. please continue this journey. WE NEED YOU
i appreciate it. hope i can be of further help in the future:)
Maybe you weren't ready to hear it and maybe your teachers helped build a foundation for you to learn from this video. Why blame your teachers?
@@jkaryskycoo Because it's more comfortable than blaming himself.
I myself must use several views on a subject to understand. But your view is Awesome!
@@jkaryskycooBecause EE teachers are usually horrible at pedagogy and human skills. Many of them, at least most that that I have met in studying and working in 6 different Universities have been brilliant electronics engineers, but almost no teaching skills, or ability to deliver their message at the level of beginning students, who are missing all the required background information for a deep dive explanation using acronyms and industry standard shortcuts/jargon
As a chemist I can congratulate on explaining basics MOT better and more intuitively than most chemistry courses.
that means a lot to me :)
i fully agree. i still remember first learning it in uni and it was so confusing lol. this presentation made it much much clearer imo
Its chemistry?
@@astemet it's on the border. We chemists study this to understand how molecules come together and how they can change. So extremely important for a chemist.
@@projectsinflight now I finally understand why my PC won't turn on if I've left the window in the office open over night...
As an EE undergrad this is by far the best video introducing and tying together chemistry and electron physics to explain conductors, insulators, and semiconductor properties, I cant wait for the future theory and fabrication videos!
As an EE and physics grad I totally agree. This is a great primer for solid state physics. I can’t wait for the next one.
I was completely befuddled by this topic when I studied EE in the 80s. With the advent of RUclips, the easy availability of this kind of excellent material makes me so jealous of the generation currently learning this.
What is EE these days ?
I had an article published in EE back in 1986.
Guessing the Meaning has changed, significantly.
@@aga5897Do you mean to ask about EE as in electrical engineering?
As a Material Scientist/Engineer undergrad I compleatly agree
Great explanations. And if that's your first time animating you're a natural.
i appreciate the words of encouragement. it was an interesting project:)
This was more than just engaging, I actually placed this video into my "absolute gold" playlist! I did not expect to learn what it means for atoms to share electrons in a covalent bond from a video about how semiconductors work with respect to microelectronics. Easily one of my favourite videos watched in the last few months.
I really appreciate the compliment!
Its not every day where you encounter a video or article that can give you a really good intuition on how a complicated subject works. Good job!
Thank you for watching!
Great explanation. I finally understand what a bandgap is
thanks! i appreciate the compliment
got my subscription in under a minute... "i'm working an intricate, cross-domain problem and all the existing information on the subject is unapproachable or vague/wrong in critical ways; here's what i actually needed to understand" is deeply relatable and the perspective that (imho) underlies the most engaging and inspiring educational content
I just started reading “The Physics Behind Semiconductor Technology” by Albrecht Winnacker to start understanding semiconductors as a novice and I can tell you that your explanations helped me understand the concepts from the starting chapters a lot more. Specifically the band gaps, the book goes a little over my head when it reaches the calculus for each and every aspect. (need to relearn a lot of math)
As a side note I was just shocked when I found out that band movement is where a light photon is absorbed or emitted and that translated to a led or solar cell.
Thanks, keep it up, helps a lot!
i really appreciate it :)
I learn more from this video than 3 years in school learning electron physics. Thanks.
i appreciate the compliment!
though i do hope this is somewhat hyperbolic ;)
@@projectsinflight I think it largely depends on the school you go to. I can confirm, some courses really do just teach you formulas and stuff without explaining them in more detail, unlike what you did here. And honestly, I can kind of see why. Being enthusiastic about your job and what you're doing goes a long way.
@@projectsinflightno cap there, fam. You just regurgitate Griffiths' books (with their respectives solutions manuals) and, bam, you is physicist. 😂😂😂😂 Here in Brazil instead of improving teaching standards and making use of animations and other AV technologies, when the best physics institutes were faced with a ratio of 50 freshmen to ~7 graduates over 4 years, they've just lowered the grading standards... The university ecosystem is dying. Thank heavens for people like you, who are passionate about hard stuff and are also talented and hardworking enough to make explanations of that calibre. Just brilliant
@@projectsinflight I sincerely wish it were.
I went to 4 different universities-between my undergrad and graduate education-and, most of my good and bad experiences depended on how much the administrative and departmental staff micromanaged the instructiors on what and how they were allowed to teach.
Now, it wasn't my major, but I did take just shy of 50 credit hours of interdependent chemistry and physics during my undergrad. And, until roughly 30(ish) minutes ago, I wouldn't have been able tell anyone how covalent bonds form or why they're so stable.
So, from the bottom of my heart, thank you.
Best explanation of why exactly processors have to be kept cool 👍
Yet another person who's gone through the process of getting a degree. Mine's in physics. Your explanation is clear and condensed and I can not express how much I wish I'd had it while I was at uni.
Awesome video and great animations! The switch between manim and hand drawn is a bit jarring, but does not subtract from the video quality.
A bit of feedback if you want:
- the E/r plot could do with constant axis labels
- 25:40 the addition of more atoms to go from 1 to 2 to many could have been emphasized in the plot with the addition of more red dots on the x-axis. Would require animating in manim though.
- 28:50 nitpicking: only Si has a band gap of ~1eV. Other materials have different band gaps and that makes them really really interesting sometimes. GaN chargers are common now and infrared cameras utilize Ge for example.
- 29:40 interesting plot. I'll have to double check that note in the bottom left though ^^
I'll make a new comment for that. DOS plays a role! I think we can ignore the energy thickness of the conduction band though.
- 31:20 I don't agree with that wording. The temperature has little to do with it. It's the shift in Fermi Energy that causes the change in conductivity. The relationship between temperature and conductivity is completely orthogonal to that. The later remark about cooling is correct, but the explanation before that is misleading. (e.g. the plot at 21:34 does not fit to the note about kT from the FD Equation. Yes, the kT comes from that, but the IV plot is unrelated to the kT)
Overall great video and animation/drawing. Of course I already knew all of that, but having it visualized is awesome. I'm looking forward to the next one!
So I checked the claim of the text at 29:40 and, yeah, no, lol. The concentration of electrons does not rise exponentially with increasing temperature. It's less than exponential.
I made some plots and uploaded them to imgur. The album id is /a/tK77lKn
I'll add the proper link as a reply to this comment, but RUclips like to delete comments with links in them, so who knows if it will show up.
Fingers crossed, hopefully youtube will not delete this comment again.
@@turun_ambartanen Bro is trying to flex his useless knowledge in comment section.
@@heisenberg2514 I'm curious what compelled you to write this comment. It's neither critizism nor agreement with my comment, and it doesn't add anything else to the discussion. So why write it? To express your opinion on why I find interesting?
Also, two more things:
- Before making a judgement on usefulness you should check the salaries of semiconductor physicists/chip designers/clean room engineers.
- I'm not trying to flex my knowledge. I *am* flexing my knowledge
@@turun_ambartanen The conductivity most certainly does increase exponentially. It is the basis for the temperature variation of conductivity method of determining the band gap. It is not only electrons that contribute to semiconductor conductivity, but also holes.
Extremely informative and good video. Loved the animations, drawings and graphs
thank you! i am doing my best
I think this doesn't realise what power he has on his hands.
Power of making a toddler's brain that of a genius.
You are definitely making proud your parents sir.
Bring on the next one ASAP.
I'M dying for whole series of this.
Never imagined myself being so enthusiast on this topic particularly.❤❤
This is insanely good. Doesn't just explain this topic really well, but explains the Physics E/M underneath better than usual too.
This is the most useful explanation regarding seminonfucors. As an electronic engineer I had a clue how it works but, this is highly simplified and best explanation ever!
10/10
Great!
I absolutely loved how you blured the picture to depict that it's fast! Great animation!
Finally someone who talks about what does the interaction between atoms/molecules look like, not just "calculating energy". I'm looking forward for the future videos about this topic
Im a chemical physics senior, and this is the best explanation for MOT and explanation of conductivity I've seen (and I've seen many in my studies in both disciplines). Great job!!
Pauli principle: This town is just big enough for two of us!
This was such a clear explanation! You’ve clearly got deep hands-on knowledge about this stuff - thanks so much for taking the time to share it with such a detailed and entertaining video. The animations were great, too!
thank you, i really appreciate it
This is one of the best - if not the best - explanation of semiconducting I have found . Your description of the splitting of energy levels into molecular bands is excellent, thank you!
Holy crap on a cracker! This is brilliant! There are some great videos out there explaining how semiconductors work, but they've all left me with a frustrating urge to understand the underlaying principles. And the textbook approach has always been out of reach for an armchair physicist like me. You, my dear sir, have my eternal gratitude!
That mix of Minute physics and 3 blue 1 brown animation styles really showed the strengths and limitations of each of them. I have no idea how you could improve, but I have no doubt you will. Can't wait to see the next videos!
This is fantastic stuff. I have seen another video that explains fermi levels in semiconductors pretty well, but it started at the existence of bands; it didn't go back to energy levels, covalent bonding, and bonding/antibonding level splitting. This video has really filled in some key stuff for me. (I am a software engineer with a CS major/physics minor from 15 years ago, and a great interest in semiconductors which none of my courses ever quite filled in.) Thanks for the video!
Wow, now that was way more "involved" than I thought it would be. Down the rabbit hole with Physics, yet again. Great video.
Slight nitpick: something tending towards zero in the manner described at 6:52 doesn't always mean the area under the curve will be finite.
In this case it works out but that's not technically a guaranteed thing. The only thing you can say is that if it doesn't converge to zero that it won't be finite.
Obviously this all is a simplification but maybe a statement about how in this case we know the area is finite instead of saying that we know it's finite because it tends to zero.
I'm undergrad in physics teaching, and this explanation was phenomenal! I have just recently finished my introduction to modern physics classes, and i think you managed to share some very good intuition on the phenomena without being too much bound by the intrinsic maths. Please, keep going!
Great stuff! As a math-illiterate biologist, it might be nice to have the core point to remember (like at ~25 min) before and after the mathematical explanations, to help track why things are important.
Also, I wonder if you and maybe AlphaPhoenix could come up with some fancy hydraulic or mechanic representation for any of these principles!
I'm seriously impressed with this video. I'm very science literate, but with relatively little math education and this video did a fantastic job of describing and illustrating the relationships between the objects modelled by the equations. When I took up electronics as a hobby I spent a lot of time looking at plots in semiconductor data sheets and I now recognize the shapes of those plots in the graphs and understand much more what they mean. Your illustrations are clear and your animations to-the-point and non-distracting. Please keep up the work!
This helps me a LOT with learning chemistry. I started learning about chemical bonds and got to confusing videos about orbitals and spins... adn this is like a breath of fresh air.
As an EE I love how this video merges things I studied in like 3-4 subjects into 1 cohesive explanation
This is a fantastic video! However at the end you introduce the energy barrier and talk about raising and lowering that barrier, without explaining where that energy barrier comes from, how it is controlled, or how it relates to temperature. I hope you can discuss these in your follow up video!
Throughout the video I kept trying to keep in mind the entire logic chain of what comes from what: potential well with quantized energy results in discrete energy levels -> energy levels of 2 atoms can merge as the come closer together -> merged energy levels have to split due to paoli exclusion principle -> many atoms in a lattice produce a lot of split levels that become almost continous -> a continuous gap requires little energy for electrons to jump from one atom to another -> conductivity in metals. I wish you just recapped this whole chain every now and then to remind what you've explained so far and how it fits together.
What an amazing video and easy to digest explanation, even if you don't fully understamd everything in it, it gives enough context to fully grasp the topic advertised!
Great work, and thanks!
I like how you took it step by step with pure, easy to understand logical statements and did your best to simplify. I'm sharing this, awesome job.
This video is straight up gold!🥇
You gained a Patreon, sir.
And from the bottom of my heart: Thank you, sir! You just taught me stuff I have been searching for the understanding of in high school and university. This video truly connects and answers what's the cause for so much of the material taught in chemistry, physics etc. and what we see in the real world.
I accidentally yelled out loud when the penny dropped 😅
Would love to see more like this! 😊
40+ years EE and this is the first time I understand the actual mechanism behind the "T" in those equations. Palm-on-face! You even explained leakage current as a bonus! I'd give this video 50 thumbs-up if I could!
-Matt
this is one of the best explainers i've ever watched about anything. you took an incredibly dense topic and boiled it down extraordinarily succinctly, and now i have a whole new appreciation for semiconductors. thank you so much!
Thank you very much. I waited 30 years for this straightforward explanation of the energy bands ! Can't wait for the next video. Keep up the good work ! Nobody has ever explained to me the relation between the energy bands and quantum mechanics. I never read it anywhere.
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍
I was worried at first that you were spending too much time covering concepts that were not needed for the explanation. But in the end, I was impressed with your explanation. There are things that I would do slightly differently, but overall, I thought you did a very good job of choosing which details to include and which details you could safely ignore.
For context, I teach physics and cover this in my analog electronics course. (I have the advantage that my students already understand Quantum Mechanics and electron orbitals, though).
As a teacher, I am always looking for new ways to explain things. While I can't use your video directly (I don't have the luxury of ignoring some of the things you can for my audience), I thoroughly enjoyed this video and I think that you are doing a good job with your audience.
Keep up the good work.
I appreciate the compliments!
WAKE UP BABE NEW PROJECTSINFLIGHT VIDEO!!! But seriously, I'm loving this series. It's very beginner-friendly for those who want to get into this hobby or industry so I appreciate your work!
i appreciate the compliment:)
Wow! I’m from Italy and I’m studying ee. When I was attending semiconductor physics I was very annoyed because my teacher wasn’t very good explaining these concepts. So I’ve learned most of the things by myself and they are incredibly amazing. Never thought this subject could be so good! But I still had a “hole🤣” on the first part and you explained it perfectly!
I think I will be taking notes from this video.. one of the best that I’ve ever seen so far on yt
This is absolutely amazing! I have been struggling so hard in my semiconductor physics class and watching this video really helped me grasp alot of the math heavy concepts! Thank you and I cannot wait for more videos on this topic!
This video is amazing, really. I remember "learning" about conoducting band theory in my first chemistry class but neither of us really understood it. The way you explained every concept leading to understanding energy bands is amazing, thank you very mucho for that. Great work!
This is one of best video tutorials explaining how material work since I learn the basic stuff 25 years ago since working for high energy physics in London related to CERN project and the OU studies on semiconductor materials. The quantum is very well presented here. Thank you.
Great stuff, can't wait for following videos in the series! Thanks for this excellent work.
Wow! This is very concise and clear for my mechanical background. This one video is enough to earn a subscription!
Superbly done. I've read about semiconductors and band gaps so many times ... The energy explanations and graphs were very helpful.
This is an excellent video - thank you. I used to work in semiconductor materials research and I've allready learnt some things I didnt know before. I really look forward to any forthcoming videos.
thank you!
Marvelous!!! I tried to understand this relation between physics and chemistry soooo many times with many books but you did it so nicely that i'm awed. Thank you so much!
This is awesome. This was covered in my electronic degree course but I never completely got it. Your explanations are both deep and intuitive
This is one hell of a good quality video. You explain quantum physics so well, and I can not wait for your next video! Keep it up!!!
i really appreciate it. thank you for the compliment:)
Amazing content. Insta subscribed. Haven't seen anyone who can explain this clearly about hard to digest topics with such clarity.
This video is on my list of required viewing for anyone wanting to understand. Right up there with Huygens optics and Physics explained
thank you for the compliment:)
Genuinely such a good video explaining these not-at-all intuitive topics. Going into my PhD. in chemistry and I still had several “ohhh” moments. Great job!
Great explanation truly! And the animations and visuals were very helpful for understanding. Kudos!
ever since i found your channel i fell in love with your videos. i am truly amazed at your expertise and your ability to explain it to others like me. very well done!
i really appreciate it. thank you for your compliment :)
Truly an awesome video, I've been watching for the past few+ years videos about electronics and have a BASIC knowledge. With your video I was able to see the math involved in a new light :). While I did want to fall asleep it was engaging enough to keep me going. Fascinating stuff. Looking forward to future videos.
You are gonna have a million subs soon enough. The animation and explanation are so high quality.
Nice work man - you have quickly become one of my favorite channels, this video was an excellent overview of some key concepts. Keep up the good work.
I appreciate it! Thanks!
The right kind of speed and information density with s logical structure. It is such a bliss to see good educational content like this! Good job. Subbed.
I really appreciate it :)
Great video! I appreciate that you focused more on visual intuition than on the math of things and I'm really looking forward to the rest of the series.
thank you! it means a lot
Good content density throughout. Very engaging.
I learnt most of these things in my high school classes. Although i understood all of it, i was never able to tie it all together and picture why do semiconductors and transistors work the way they do. The animation was great and the narration, crisp. Keep up the good work and looking forwards to more videos like these!
thank you for the compliment:)
Great video! It presents information in easy to follow way and conclusions can answer newbie's questiones.
From ground up guidens ensures clarity and the graphic side is great at seciuring facts in place.
I may never become an engeneer but now i feel overall better informed
Keep up the good work❤
oh my, i came here to learn about the peculiar nature of semiconductors. instead i got a full revision on the MOT and how energy band gaps actually work. your video was absolutely amazing to watch , and if you say this was your 1st time animating, it was incredible and added so much to your explanation. please keep making quality videos like these!!!
Fantastic presentation of a really complex topic!
i really appreciate it :)
Not only did you explain semiconductors, but (for me at least), you solved the whole chemistry and half of the physics, too. Thank you, sir!
thank you :)
@@projectsinflightnow i know the secret behind covalent bond is there more thing to know ?
That's 4 year's worth of knowledge in half an hour. You gained a sub +1.
this channel might rival 3blue1brown himself someday. Brilliant explanations, with enough details to make it stick, without getting lost in mathematical intricacies
Awesome! . I will review this numerous times until it sticks!
Thank you. 👍💙👍
Wow, totally incredible! Learned so much from this! I finally understood what bandgap means! Looking forward to your videos that explain how these properties are used in diodes and transistors.
This is a great video. I've watched plenty of explanations on youtube and sat through a few lectures in my undergrad and graduate education on semiconductor physics but this is the first time I feel like I actually have a grasp on where the bandgap concept comes from. I am definitely one of those engineers you mention who do not understand the underlying semiconductor physics haha.
Dude, I hold a degree in Electronics Engineering and I feel that having seen this video when I was still undergraduate would have saved me a ton of hours of study. This video has clarified a lot of stuff that remained a mystery to me even today. Thank you!
Great video. You're explaining the things that I couldn't understand in my microelectronics engineering class 25 years ago. This was the fastest I have clicked the subscribe button in a long time. I only wish I could time-travel to when you had the whole series done.
I appreciate it! Thanks for the sub
Every EE beginners class should include video this before jumping into transistors! this is amazingly well done ❤
Great stuff! Had this for a course at uni, but now i finally unerstand the splitting of layers. Thanks!
glad i can be of service:)
I got through 90% of this video before I realized you were explaining semiconductors and not superconductors. I enjoyed it regardless.
Great work. Had to watch it twice for the majority to sink in - no reflection on your efforts. Your animation is pretty good. I used to work with Flash animation in the "days of yore" so know how challenging it is to visualise stuff and then make it move :)
thank you- i really appreciate your thoughts
Dude, this video was absolutely amazing! You did a fantastic job explaining the concept behind semiconductors.
last year physics student here, amazing work explaining such complex topics in a didactic and understandable manner, love your videos, great work!!
Looking forward to the next episode! The animations really helped to present and give a visual explanation to what you were saying. Subbed!
Beautiful explanation, with just enough information to tie a lot of different chemistry and physics concepts together into something that makes sense as a whole. This is the first time bonding energy and the resulting energy bands has really made sense to me. Thank you!
Great video. I particularly enjoyed the description of band theory.
Just in time. I have poor background in materials theory before. However, for the last two weeks, I've quick re-read my college books about Mechanics, Electromagnetic Fields, Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics, and Quantum Physics. Though the latter is still the most difficult to grasp ini my head.
Much of them become make sense, but I regret had not realize it earlier when I was undergraduate student. Now, I am in frustation to understand where the electron band theory come from. Fortunately, RUclips recommend me this video and I am very loving it. Your clear bottom up explanation and simple ilustration/animation really save me. Thankyou so much.
Here, now you have a new subscriber. ❤
These are all amazing videos! Keep up the great work. You’re really giving me confidence with my decision to major in chemistry!
Subscribed in less than 30 sec, you are a natural, I feel lucky to find your channel.... Thank you for your EXCELLENT explanations and demonstrations
so nicely explained, first time saw such video with so much clarity..thanks. please continue same topic with more videos
Thank you for making this series, it explains so well the exact topics I want to understand further
i'm glad to hear that you found this video useful:)
Making my own voltage controlled oscillator design for a diy synth project meant learning how to make an exponential converter using transistor properties. Of course it was all black magic to me so rather than copying blindly i played around on a breadboard and tweaked values until things worked.
This is the first time i actually have am even basic understanding of what it was that circuit actually does.
Absolutely loved the animations and that was the easiest to understand explanation I've seen.
Thanks!
Years trying to watch a class like this..
Absolutely thankful for this post you put together
And all the videos of Your channel..
What a great job you’re doing”
i really appreciate it :)
I hope you will create more videos and I'm excited to wait for it !
I was familiar with MO theory and i knew a bit about band gaps before watching this video. However i've never seen someone explain it so plainly and succinctly before!
What a great video.
Phenomenal! Thanks for finally making band-gaps make sense
My mouth stuck open in surprise for the entire video. It’s a very simple intuitive and interactive video I ever seen on the topic.
Thanks! I put a lot of effort into it!
Best explanation i ever saw for covalent bonding, conduction band, bandgap linked to quantum mechanics : )
Wow, this really connects the stuff I learnt about molecular physics and chemistry together. Great video, very informative and, at the same time, engaging.
I've studied molecular physics basically at all after high school except some random YT vids, and this was extremely clear
Thank you for watching! Glad I can help!
Absolutely incredible work!
This is the best explanation of such a complicated and fundamental subject I've ever seen.
absolutely incredible presentation, really connected all the dots for me. so excited to see the practical implementations of these ideas!
Nice video! Looking forward to upcoming ones!