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THEO LIFE
Добавлен 20 апр 2006
Theo Life is a collection of biblical and theological videos, produced by Pastor Patrick Stitt, missionary to Japan. Many videos are designed for lectures at University classes, notably Bethany Global University.
These videos are designed for those who wish to dig deep into the theological truths of the holy Bible. They take an in-depth look at the history of the book's creation, while also examining the social situation that led to its creation. In particular, we will dig into the powerful truth contained inside, the greatest book ever written. There will also be discussion on the philosophical assumptions and ideas of the earliest audience and authors. For those who want to know more about the power and creation of God's word, this is the channel for you!
God bless you as you dig deeper into God’s word.
These videos are designed for those who wish to dig deep into the theological truths of the holy Bible. They take an in-depth look at the history of the book's creation, while also examining the social situation that led to its creation. In particular, we will dig into the powerful truth contained inside, the greatest book ever written. There will also be discussion on the philosophical assumptions and ideas of the earliest audience and authors. For those who want to know more about the power and creation of God's word, this is the channel for you!
God bless you as you dig deeper into God’s word.
SOZO Church update from Osaka, Japan
This video encapsulates the work, my family and I do in Osaka, Japan. We are church planters looking to start a church for seekers. We love living in Japan, and have been so blessed by how kind and welcoming the people of Osaka have been to our family. We're very excited to launch SOZO church in Japan.
Просмотров: 176
Видео
In My City (Biblical Movie set in Galway, Ireland)
Просмотров 688 месяцев назад
We are taking a break from our regular Bible lectures to show a very old movie starring Patrick Stitt about the song of Solomon. I made this when I was a teenager. The movie is set in beautiful Galway, Ireland. It also stars Ruth Pepin and was directed by the late, great Niall (Hughes) Rivers. Niall (Hughes) Rivers was a famed, visionary, and eccentric character popular in Ireland prior to his ...
How Life in Exile Shaped Jewish Theology in Daniel, Esther, and the Ketuvim
Просмотров 1748 месяцев назад
The Ketuvim were written in the backdrop of life in exile. they appreciate the complexities of living a life dedicated to God in a pagan world. Many of these writings are not defined by theological Clarity but by theological complexity. As opposed to the clear objective didactics of the Mosaic law, the Ketuvim uses poetry, philosophical treatises, wisdom literature, and music to communicate tim...
Persians in the Bible: A Complicated Relationship
Просмотров 1,3 тыс.9 месяцев назад
Persians History facts: STILL EXIST The Persians began in what is now Iran and conquered all of what was the Assyrian empire, west to the Mediterranean, plus the Babylonian empire, south to the Persian gulf, and all the way to India in the east. It was the largest empire to date at that time. The first king of the Persian Empire was Cyrus the Great. He was a benevolent king and was known for hi...
Christ fulfills the End-Times prophecy of the Jerusalem Temple
Просмотров 8599 месяцев назад
TEMPLE COVENANT: MOSES DAVID SOLOMON NEHEMIAH EXPANDED AND RENOVATED BY HEROD Book of Psalms is the Songbook Psalms of Ascent God resides in Zion. Psalms 132:13-14, God is Holy and perfect. The Temple was the exclusive presence of God. Destroyed and rebuilt Psalms 79, 84 Psalms of Ascent Sinful man is separated from a Holy God. Psalms 24:3-4 2 Samuel 6:1-7 The Holiness of God was going to break...
Jewish Life in Exile: Rediscovering Hope in Babylon
Просмотров 1189 месяцев назад
THE EDICT OF CYRUS Psalms 37 1 By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept when we remembered Zion. 2 There on the poplars we hung our harps, 3for there our captors asked us for songs, our tormentors demanded songs of joy; they said, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion!” 4 How can we sing the songs of the Lord while in a foreign land? 5 If I forget you, Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill....
Decoding the Ketuvim: Understanding the Old Testament
Просмотров 4439 месяцев назад
The Writings - Ketuvim HISTORICAL BACKGROUND David rules a United Israel with Jerusalem as the Capital. During the reign of Rehoboam Israel split into Judah and Israel. Assyria invaded and destroyed Israel (722 BC). Babylon invaded and destroyed Judah (587 BC). Babylonian Prophets (Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel) and Assyrian Prophets (Isaiah, Micah, Nahum) had their ministry during this time. T...
From Nineveh to Jerusalem: The Assyrians in the Bible
Просмотров 3,1 тыс.9 месяцев назад
History facts: The Assyrians began in northern Mesopotamia - parts of eastern Turkey and northern Iraq. 21st century BC to the 7th century BC The Assyrians are named after the city of Ashur. Initially, the city of Ashur broke away from the dying Sumerian Empire. The Assyrians always saw themselves as the next generation of the Sumerians. Assyrians loved the old Sumerian ruins and told tales of ...
Interpreting Isaiah's Covenant: Judgment to Hope
Просмотров 10810 месяцев назад
Isaiah: Isaiah 49:8 This is what the Lord says: “In the time of my favor I will answer you, and in the day of salvation I will help you; I will keep you and will make you to be a covenant for the people, to restore the land and to reassign its desolate inheritances, 9 to say to the captives, ‘Come out,’ and to those in darkness, ‘Be free!’ Judgment through hope Isaiah is the Messianic Covenant....
Discovering the Jeremiah Covenant: Journey to Spiritual Restoration
Просмотров 10910 месяцев назад
Jeremiah: The Old Covenant The Jeremiah Vision Verse Focus The Law is external AVOIDING PUNISHMENT WANTING PLEASURE Heaven for Pleasure too focused on the Abrahamic covenant, they neglected the Mosaic Liberty vs. responsibility The Law is internal Galatian 5:14 Motivated by love Living in a Nation vs. Family He created a relational covenant Be good because you love God! Hebrews 8:9-10 Jeremiah ...
Judgment to Redemption: Exploring the Latter Prophets
Просмотров 9510 месяцев назад
Redemption Through Judgment Isaiah 6:6 Then one of the seraphim flew to me with a live coal in his hand, which he had taken with tongs from the altar. 7 With it he touched my mouth and said, “See, this has touched your lips; your guilt is taken away and your sin atoned for. ” Coals taken from the altar were a sign of judgment. The sin offering was placed on the coals to burn. Yet this act of cl...
Discovering the Distinctive Traits of Latter Prophets
Просмотров 20310 месяцев назад
INTRODUCTION: The Latter Prophets foretell Israel’s decline and eventual destruction through heavenly visions, poetry, and sermons. The Latter Prophets include the Major Prophets: Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, and the Minor Prophets: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Major vs. Minor Prophets The Major Prophets consist of Danie...
Exploring the Mysteries of Babylon in the Bible
Просмотров 99810 месяцев назад
Babylonians History facts: Babylon had two different empires at two different time periods, both of which had the city of Babylon as their capital. The first took place from around 1894 - 1595 BC. This is when the Babylonians took over the Sumerians and other surrounding peoples and formed an empire in southern Mesopotamia. The most notable king at this time was Hammurabi who was famous for his...
Canaanites: Understanding their Culture and Impact on the Bible
Просмотров 1,8 тыс.10 месяцев назад
History facts: The Canaanites were a collection of city-states that inhabited the region of Israel, Jordan and Southern Syria for several centuries before the arrival of the Israelites. Unlike other civilizations, the Canaanites were not an Empire. No one from the land of Canaan described themselves as a “Canaanite,” but rather defined themself by their city-states such as Gezer or Migiddo. The...
The Covenant of David: Understanding its Significance
Просмотров 21111 месяцев назад
David: The Davidic covenant represents God creating a monarchical dynasty that will eternally manifest God’s civic and moral rule by means of a relational royal priesthood. Three Characteristics of the Davidic Covenant: Royal Priesthood: Just as Adam and Eve were established as a Royal Priesthood, David is both a priest and a king. David is established as the king of Israel. David behaves like ...
Divine Authority or Moral Dilemma? God's Commands of Genocide
Просмотров 15111 месяцев назад
Divine Authority or Moral Dilemma? God's Commands of Genocide
Exploring the Covenant of Joshua: Life in the Promised Land
Просмотров 17611 месяцев назад
Exploring the Covenant of Joshua: Life in the Promised Land
The Battle of the Canons: Jewish vs Christian Scriptures
Просмотров 35611 месяцев назад
The Battle of the Canons: Jewish vs Christian Scriptures
From Pyramids to Prophets: Ancient Egypt's Impact on the Bible
Просмотров 90911 месяцев назад
From Pyramids to Prophets: Ancient Egypt's Impact on the Bible
Ancient Secrets: Sumerians' Role in Biblical History
Просмотров 3,4 тыс.11 месяцев назад
Ancient Secrets: Sumerians' Role in Biblical History
The Significance of Abraham's Covenant: Exploring Circumcision
Просмотров 21111 месяцев назад
The Significance of Abraham's Covenant: Exploring Circumcision
The Covenant of Moses: A Journey into Biblical History
Просмотров 19611 месяцев назад
The Covenant of Moses: A Journey into Biblical History
After the Ark: Noah's Covenant with God
Просмотров 32011 месяцев назад
After the Ark: Noah's Covenant with God
The Divine Promise: Decoding Adam and Eve's Eden Covenant
Просмотров 56011 месяцев назад
The Divine Promise: Decoding Adam and Eve's Eden Covenant
Discovering the Hidden Truths of Biblical Covenants
Просмотров 60411 месяцев назад
Discovering the Hidden Truths of Biblical Covenants
Uncovering Jude's Mysterious Connection to Enoch... Revealed!
Просмотров 1,3 тыс.Год назад
Uncovering Jude's Mysterious Connection to Enoch... Revealed!
The REAL Reason Peter Plagiarized Jude . . . REVEALED!
Просмотров 230Год назад
The REAL Reason Peter Plagiarized Jude . . . REVEALED!
There is no evidence to suggest Jude is quoting the book of Enoch. He merely says that Enoch prophesied. Jude was written to refute heresy. Why would he quote from a book he would have known contains heresy? Not only does the book of Enoch declare Enoch to be the Messiah, it also ascribed authority to angels that is only reserved for Jesus. This RUclipsr put it well when he deceived the book of Enoch as ‘fan fiction’.
U r originally British from uk
I am Irish.
Why is Jude dated earlier? I'm not aware of any source that would be clear on that.
i do believe that it was authored by peter but dictated to two different secretaries.
That’s an interesting theory. Do you see two distinct writing styles?
@@Theolife yes. People think ancient people are stupid. Peter and andrew had a fishing business with partners. His house in capernaum is large. Go to a fisherman with a few boats and partners or contractors. Peter wasn’t poor. He was the bishop of rome and antioch. Do you think he was retarded? He had staff and subordinates. He had connections. I also infer that 2 peter was written before the fire of rome. It is not as apocalyptic as revelation. But after paul is in jail.
Love the Japanese, having lived in Hawaii 16 years, and overtime……..made many friends. 😇👍
They are wonderful people.
Barukh KhaShem Alahan Khaya Alaha d'Ashur o Moshe Abram o Yaqo, Amen!
I work in a large NGO scattered around the world. Like other large organisations, at times the leaders get together and agree on a response to an issue. Each leader then communicates out these talking points in their own words. 2 Peter and Jude evoke this kind of overlap of talking points in an agreed response to false teachers. I'm surprised I've never seen this argument presented. The early church had a plurality of leadership and Acts illustrates they would create a position on issues to be communicated out in this manner.
Do you think 2 Peter was a collaborative work with various authors?
@@Theolife No, I suspect the leaders adopted a position on these false believers who had infiltrated the churches. We know from Acts they did adopt agreed positions on things and sent out key messages to all churches via different leaders, eg, Jerusalem Council on circumcision. This is a valid alternative to the assumption that one copied the other. I mean that's a pointless exercise and there is little motive. So Peter, Jude and others may have put the key talking points into their own framing in separate messages.
@@TheLlywelyn got it. So you're saying, there was a unanimous decision by a church council, Jude and Peter were present, and they summarized the same points from the same council in different wording?
@@Theolife That's the hypothesis, yes.
Question: Isn't Jude 1:18 basically a quote from 2 Peter 3:3? They are almost identical and Jude says that it's a quote from an apostle (Peter being an apostle) but in his letter Peter doesn't quote it he just says it. Thoughts?
Wow, that's a really good point. That is extremely strong evidence that Jude was quoting Peter.
John the Elder? Not the son of Zebedee?
I would say it's son of Zebedee. John, the elder is usually the term used to describe the author of Revelation.
@@Theolife Ben Witherington III. has an interesting take on Gödel of John. Worth your viewing.
Thanks. I’m a big Witherington fan. I’ll have to check it out.
I am Persian, king ship existed before Cyrus too is median and Elamites empires. Edict of Cyrus is called Cyrus cylinder you can see in British museum today, as i have, not only encouraged the Jewish rebuild of the temple he gave loads of resources and money, the names are also much different in Persian so Cyrus is called koorosh and Darius is dariush and xerxes is too long to spell, battle of thermopoly is a exaggeration it was far more than 300 and far less Persians and this was a myth based on half truths, the magi aren’t probably but definitly Persian, Zoroastrians is monotheistic just as Christianity’s trinity is still monotheistic, Cyrus in book of issiah was called a messiah only gentile ever and the only person to be called this apart from Jesus, Cyrus had 1 wife, Darius 4, xerxes many 😂. I have many Iranian Jewish friends-. Persia was not pagan almost ever if we talk about pre Zoroastrian they prayed to 1 sun god which was Mithra born on the 25th of December, so Persian have had a history of being far from paganism especially when you look at romans, Europeans, Greek, Babylon, celtics these all where pagans but not Persians, also with timeline in perspective then Zoroastrian came up with idea of a messiah and after the liberation of the Jews messiah was included for the first time in Torah, showing how Persians influenced the religion of Judaism, also moreover Zoroastrians believe is a virgin birth messiah who will die and be resurrected, which we know in Jesus this is why the magi went to see baby Jesus, and bible does say that whoever did not hear the word of god will be judged accordingly with that knowledge, therefore the Zoroastrians where the foundation of Judaism but also chriianity, and then Islam wanted a piece of the cake so they stole ideas such as the flying horse, the bridge that narrows the more you sin leading to heaven or hell, the 5 prayers a day and the time is also taken to Islam, as Muhammad has a Zoroastrian adviser, and after the knowledge taken to Islam the Arabic Islamic conquest burnt anything related to Zoroastrianism and all that is left now are committed Zoroastrians living in India as Parsis
That is really interesting. You’ve clearly studied this topic a lot. I hope the video is interesting for you.
Hey Professor Stitt, another great video, I do have a question. I heard a similar interpretation about the childbirth verse in 1 Timothy that was about Eve rather than Mary. Just as you said at 4:16 the Greek could be referring to a specific woman, and considering the context Paul could be referring to Eve, that through her childbirth came the saviour of the world, as was promised by God in Genesis 3. What are your thoughts about this? Would this view also have some correlation to the interpretation against agnostics since it shows how important childbirth has been to the Christian faith?
*14:16
I think number 2 view makes the most sense especially when we realize that the early christians believed there were two laws. The Law of Moses and the Law of God.
I want to move to Japan and hopefully help to spread the Gospel there! Please reach out to me if you would be so kind!
Sounds good. You can find us on facebook under "Stitt Family in Japan" or my personal page "Patrick Stitt." I look forward to hearing from you.
@tomplantagenet , I was about to comment about 1 Timothy but I guess you have that all covered, and articulated way better than I would have been able to lol
I got you covered bro
Assyrians are from the Akkadian empire
They're actually Parsi, Greeks named them as Persians. Many of us Indians have their admixtures over thousands of years of intermingling.
You are correct. Is your heritage Parsi?
As an Iranian(Persian) I am telling you that Parsi people in India are actually small group of Parisians who fled to India after Arab invasion. Parsi people never marry people outside their community and religion (Zoroastrianism) because it is forbidden in their tradition to marry a non-Parsi or non-Zoroastrain, and by doing a marriage out of your community, they will disown you, that's why still today they are a very isolated and small community and have nothing to do with Indians. Even after 1400 years their facial appearance is more like Persians rather than Indians. "Parsi" actually means "Pars+i". the letter "i" at the end of words in Persian language means "related to" and here "Pars+i" means people related to "Pars" (the historical name for Iranian plateau) or "Persian" in English. Actually in modern day Iran, Persians identify their ethnicity by "Pars" or "Fars" which is translated to "Pers" by Greeks and then " Persia" and "Persians" by English speaking world.
Can you make one video of Medes as well?
That's a great idea. In the new year, I'll start coming up with new video ideas.
Sargon wasn’t Egyptian, he was the first ruler of the first empire, the Akkadian Empire. That’s over in Mesopotamia out of Sumer which is the area where I believe Abraham is from. Just sayin, it makes no difference in this video. Love the video.
You are absolutely right. I stand corrected. I had read so many articles about the Moses story being an Egyptian copy that I assumed Sargon was an Egyptian. I appreciate the correction.
Those are some solid Iron Age pick axes that those Israelites are using in the last video. Who knew they were such incredible craftsmen! Probably prophetic for Jesus to be the ultimate carpenter! :) GOAT!
It could be. The focus on religious literacy probably led to general literacy, which led to highly qualified and creative workforce.
A lot of info in a little package. Subbed.
Thank you so much.
How can one support this channel? I’m already liking, subscribed, and I’m telling my friends about it. I’m loving it. Having a context for the Bible makes it so much easier to understand and relate too. The Old Testament is often taught like it’s almost a fairy tale. It’s so good to connect with the people of the Bible in the Bronze and Iron Age.
Thank you so much. Please feel free to support our ministry at stittfamilyinjapan.com
Amazing perspective.
You’re videos rock Patrick! Thank you for making them! I have been watching history videos that cover the present to about 6000BC over the past few years. I haven’t been able to find a channel like this though, love your work. If you’re ever in LA please give us a shout over at New Abbey.
Thank you so much. I'll have to do that. Let me know when you are on Osaka.
Really liked this! Great topic! Thanks for the history and perspective.
I really appreciate it.
Great video and top notch editing. Awesome info too.
Thank you. I appreciate it.
Thank you for noting that the Persians still exist today.
I never thought about the Christ-Temple connection.
Herold also built the building above the Cave of Machpelah where the burial of Abraham and Sara is along with Jacob and Leah. It is said that its the 2nd most important building to the Jewish people besides the temple. It was built in the 1st century and is still standing perfectly as it was back then.
Super interesting.
Believers should start making a point of referring to Jews in the OT, call them either Israelites or Hebrews. Jews are just members of the tribe of Judah, although I guess in the NT up to today, Jew is a catch-all term for followers of Judaism.
The names were more popular are different times. During the Torah, Jews were referred to as Hebrews, during the kingdom, they were Israelites. During the split, they are Jews and Israelites.
Solomon means sun and the moon. They dont worship the son of god that came to this earth, lived the perfect 33 years. Died on the cross to save us from no sin, then rose again after 3 days. They are sun worshipers. Pagen. Gnostic.
100% wrong. The Jewish Messiah builds a 3rd temple on the Temple Mount… the temple wasn’t destroyed until 40 years after Jesus died… this proves Jesus was not the Messiah.
Why do you think the Jewish Messiah will build a third temple on Temple Mount?
@@Theolife That’s a well known Messianic prophecy in Judaism.
@@Tenebris_Sintbecause Jesus is King
@@joeyc1725 False. Jesus was never king of an earthly Israel, rules for 1000 years, ends all war, and converts the entire world to Judaism, after rebuilding the 3rd Temple in Jerusalem…. The Jewish Messiah does all of these things… Jesus didn’t, he failed. THE JEWISH MESSIAH IS NOT GOD AND DIES NOT DIE.
@@Tenebris_Sint invalid opinions haha
bro never stop these are really interesting <3
Glad you like them! I’m going to make one more video in the series and then take a little break.
Great video
Glad you enjoyed it
That info about the festivals was super interesting.
Super interesting.
Glad you think so!
hi, Mr Patrick, i love world history tbh, Christ was born in Jerusalem. i learned about this era in my school, & this is why i totally understood. also, i especially like revolutions, which are common in world history, such as 'conquest', 'destruction', 'revolution,' and 'restoration' of monarchy.
Me too. We should have a history chat sometime.
I am an Assyrian, for most part our original language, country has been lost over time. Our history has been obscured, so thank you for your video since the History channel or National Geographic channel won't have any documentaries about Assyrians.
Pls don’t stop posting this was dope
How big is modern day Israel compared to the ancient Israel?
Great video! I am so curious about the Ishtar song used! That looks like Steve Martin, but I could be dead wrong.
Thank you. I appreciate your views. The clip is from the movie Ishtar starring Dustin Hoffman and Warren Beatty. I should be easy to find online.
This information is incredible but your toy collection in the back is even more incredible.
Thank you. I though TMNT was cooler than a bookshelf.
I love seeing his toy collection grow!
You don’t find bronze. Bronze is the result of tin and copper lmfao
That's true. I meant the elements are easy to find.
Are the video clips actual historical footage?
I flew in the TARDIS to collect it.
Again like your post BUT again. You left out a famous battle that was won by *King Ahab of the Northern Kingdom of Israel* and 10 other nations. The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC where the Assyrians were stopped by a confederation of 11 nations. At this point in history the Assyrians (as you noted) were rarely defeated, so it was a major accomplishment. Since the Judahites did most of the writing of the bible and were not fond of the Northern Kingdom after the Northern Kingdom sacked Jerusalem. The Judahites chose to leave this battle out of the bible.
I don't know much about that battle. Thanks for bringing it to my attention. I'm going to research more about it.
@@Theolife "History With Cy" does a good job on describing the battle and what led up to it. ruclips.net/video/FWo0R0CbNE8/видео.html
The Israelites were just a another tribe of Canaanites Dr William Dever, an archaeologist normally associated with the more conservative end of Syro-Palestinian archaeology, has labeled the question of the historicity of Exodus “dead”. *This has been verified by archeologists* i.e. Mazur, Na'aman, Finkelstein, Faust and Dever Israeli archaeologist Ze’ev Herzog provides his view on the historicity of the Exodus:[7] *The Israelites never were in Egypt. They never came from abroad. This whole chain is broken. It is not a historical one. It is a later legendary reconstruction - made in the seventh century [BCE] - of a history that never happened* Verifying Dr Dever is the Merneptah Stele Merneptah stele 1207BCE The Egyptian army rolls through Canaan and the only Israelites they encounter are some people in the highlands that they scatter. No Israelite city states or cities. No great Israelite army to stop them. Just a people the Egyptians called Israel.
Excuse me, What happened to Sargon the Great of Akkad. The Akkadians ruled for 200 years. 2350-2150 BCE They did turn Babylon from a small village to a power, conquering everything from the Persian gulf to the Mediterranean. The worlds first empire. -Good- No, great video from then on. Babylon by Bus, by BMW loved the Rastafarian comment. .
Sorry, I had to limit the video to events that directly impact the Biblical narrative, otherwise, I would have loved to discuss Sargon of Akkad.
Genesis 11] 11:27 Now these are the descendants of Terah. Terah was the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Haran was the father of Lot. 11:28 Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his birth, in *Ur of the Chaldeans* *The Chaldeans do not take control of Babylon (Ur) until 626BCE* There fore the bible could not have been written before the 6th century The coping of Babylonian creation, flood, and basket stories confirms this date. Exodus never happened. Egypt ruled Canaan. Hyksos (1550 BCE) Egypt drives Hyksos out of Canaan and vassalized the southern city states. Battle of Megiddo (1457 BCE) Egypt defeats the Mitanni Confederation and vassalized the rest of Canaan Armana Letters (1360-1330 BCE) Verification showing Egyptian Total Control of Canaan Battle of Kadesh (1274 BCE) Egypt and the Hittites battle to a draw, Egypt still controls Canaan These battles and letters show Egypt had total dominance and control over Canaan. *The Egyptians maintained a string of fortress cities from Byblos, Megiddo, Beth Shan, Jaffa to Gaza along with many small garrisons and administrative centers throughout Canaan until 1126BCE* The fortress city of Jaffa did not fall until 1126BCE.(Burke and Peilstöcker have found evidence of two catastrophic blazes, ten years apart, that destroyed Jaffa, the second one occurring in about 1126 B.C. That fire, Burke believes, marked the end of Egypt’s presence not just in Jaffa, but in all of Canaan)
Many if not most of the places mentioned in the Exodus did not exist within the same chronological period as one another. Pithom (Per‐Atum/Tckenu) and Raamses (Per‐Ramesses), the two “treasure cities” claimed to have been built by the Hebrews, never existed at the same time. Pithom did not exist as a significant settlement before the 26th Dynasty. Prior to this, the settlement was known as Tckenu, and was still referred to as such in the Ptolemaic period. It was an obscure garrison town which mainly, if not exclusively, served as a waystation for Egyptian expeditions. Even in its enlarged Roman state, the town barely registered on either Egyptian or Greco-Roman accounts.[17] Per‐Ramesses, the Royal Residence of the Ramessides, was abandoned at the end of the New Kingdom, centuries earlier.[17]
Egyptian fortress cities Beth-Shan: • Beth-Shan held the most important Egyptian site found in Palestine, yielding many Egyptian monuments & architecture during LB 2B (Dyn.19) and Iron IA (early Dyn.20) in strata VII-VI: - Stelae: Sety I & Ramesses II (reused) - Statuary - Fort-tower - Temple - Housing - Door jambs, lintels, columns, etc. • The site also produced many Egyptian artefacts from Egypt and locally made: e.g., pottery vessels, etc. Egyptian Ramesside infrastructure: • Hence, Dyns.19-20 reveal an intensive complex of Egyptian military structures to enforce control in Palestine. Beth Shan: Houses 1500 & 1700 Contents: during reign of Ramesses III • 64 Canaanite potsherds: 3 cooking pots; bowls; cup-and-saucer; bowls; chalices; jars; juglets; lentoid flasks; pyxides; stand. • 8-10 Egyptian potsherds: 4 beer bottles; 2 bowls; 3 spin.-bowls; duck-headed bowl. • 5 Cypriot sherds: • 3 Mycenaean sherds: • 20 Egyptian architectural pieces • 12 generic architectural pieces • Artefacts: Containers (of var. materials); basalt mortar; toiletries (comb); jewellery; seals; figurines; spindle whorls; fittings Ramesses III : 1184-1153 BC Syria-Palestine: R-III’s name a. Wadi el-Arish (scarab), b. Tell Farah South (scarab), c. Tell Jemma (scarab), d. Beth Shemesh (scarab), e. Lachish (AE gate? plaque), b. Gezer (faience vase frag.), c. Beth Shan (basalt statue), d. Byblos (calcite vessel frag.), e. Tell Sera (potsherd Ramesses IV. Syria-Palestine: -R-IV’s name occurs on scarabs: a. Deir el-Balah, b. Tell Farah (S), c. Tell el-Safi, d. Gezer e. Aphek. -R-IV’s name occurs on a stone block at Tell Delhamia. LB Age: ca. 1550 - 1200 BC Egypt & Egyptian empire’s collapse: • More ambiguous • Seems to be a slow decline in Dyn.20 Ramesses III-VI. i.e., Timna mine abandoned after Ramesses V (R-VI not attested) i.e., Serabit el-Khadim abandoned after Ramesses VI (last king here) • Last major Egyptian monuments & construction in Palestine date to Ramesses IV, and partly Ramesses VI • Minor royal name scarabs from Ramesses VII-XI appear in South Palestine, but provide evidence for continued trade and diplomatic relations. • Egypt’s Nubian empire collapses under Ramesses XI.