Going to BP is on my bucket list when and if I go to England. I have seen many demos of Enigma and looked at a real one but this is by far the most detailed.
76-bit encryption, that really puts it into context how clever this machine was. Up until the 1990s it was common to only use 40-bit, which was trivial to break. These days we use 128 or 256.
Regardless of how you set up the plugboard, it is still only a simple substitution cipher. It has nothing to do with pairs. The main problems for the Enigma is that you solve them in order, first you get the wheel order and wheel settings using a number of Bomb machine equivalents. The rotor combinations do require brute forces, but you only need about 1000 12-wheel machines to do a full parallel brute force search on that part. Each of these machines figure out the ring setting using current for parallell processing (back in the early 2000s when Enigma code breaking details were first release, you could run the program that simulates the Bomb at approximately the same speed as the real machine, so about 10-15 minutes to find a possible ring setting, which was read out and checked). Once you have the ring setting, you have a message in German that is encrypted using a substitution cipher, with several known substitutions because of the cribs. And this is there the pairing comes in, as you get a free substitution with each one you have.
Two suggestions for future videos: How trivial would it be to solve Enigma with today's computers? With the benefit of hindsight, what could Bletchley Park have done to solve Enigma faster?
I believe there were special variants that had a printer instead of the light board, and that printer could be place in another room. That way the operator(s) never saw the decrypted message.
I thought some Enigma machines had four active rotors. Seems like the Germans could have kept the plug board much like it was but use thin and thick connectors on single wires to allow for more flexibility on the plug board. Color them differently and specify which color should go on which row and it shouldn't be terribly hard to keep straight. As you say, there are procedural things that could have been done to give better results, but you also have to tie that with field conditions for am army on the move and subject to bombardment at any time. Also, seems to me that any sensible operator should go through the trouble of decrypting the first couple of words following encryption to make sure the machine was operating correctly.
Yes, perfectly good operation. For 3rd press, 'P' input signal passed through right rotor "substitution" (direction R-to-L) to middle rotor, returning through another right rotor substitution (L-to-R) to light-up 'U' bulb. For 4th press, right rotor advances, so 'P' input signal follows different R-to-L path through right rotor to reach middle rotor, then returns via different L-to-R path to again light-up 'U'. Although this looks "odd", don't overlook that first two presses of 'P' lit up first 'A', and then 'J' bulbs... Some math wiz might even be able to work out Enigma set-up so that 'n' sequential presses of a single key will repeatedly light-up same bulb. You've spotted example of "n = 2". Your prize is in the mail and should arrive shortly... 🙂🙂🙂
@@alexmarshall4331 Search for "Pringles Can Enigma" here on RUclips. You, too, can have your own Enigma machine at home to study and play with... (It really works, and the encipher/decipher is actually what the machines did during WWII. The letter substitution on these sheets is factual.) Cheers!
I can't remember the movie well. However, it was the electromechanical Bombe that was used to break Enigma. Colossus was used to break the Lorenz cipher.
There are twenty six letters and ten numbers for a total of 36. But no character can come out as itself. Therefore the odds of guessing any character are 1/35. No matter the complexity it is still 1/35
@@gagatube With a bunch of wires the odds are 1/35. Add more complexity and the odds are still 1/35. Now add another rotor and the odds are 1/35. Now add more wiring and the odds are 1/35. Now add another rotor and the odds are still 1/35. Now add more wiring and the odds are 1/35. Add another rotor and the odds are still 1/35. So, what did this video tell us?
@@joezephyr What are you proposing? That teams of analysts simply guessed each letter of a message? Do you really think we could win the war by guessing?
@@paulmaxwell8851 No, I am pointing out that the extra complexity does not mean anything. Further the Bombe machine did it as you said. It went through every letter of the alphabet for every character until a sensible phrase came about.
@@joezephyr You are missing the point. Cracking the ENIGMA cypher was not about "guessing" one character, or even about decoding one message. The aim was to decode _every_ message and that meant working out the settings of the rotors and plug-board for the day. ENIGMA used a substitution cypher based on a scrambled alphabet, the twist is it used a different scrambled alphabet for each letter in a message. To work out the rotor settings etc the Bletchley team needed to know which alphabet was associated with which letter. The problem is the number of combinations of letters in most alphabets is huge. Using a figure of 25 options to replace each letter (ignoring numbers and excluding itself), the number of possible substitution alphabets in English is Factorial(25) or roughly fifteen and a half, million, million, million, million. (That number is significantly larger if numbers are also included) No message would use all of these alphabets, the problem was which ones _were_ they using?
Your audio quality is parsecs ahead of the previous "Five Weaknesses." Excellent!
By far the best video on this machine that I have seen, great job!
Agreed, a first class presentation.
Going to BP is on my bucket list when and if I go to England. I have seen many demos of Enigma and looked at a real one but this is by far the most detailed.
Great video! I'm looking forward to the rest of the series.
Another brilliant explanation from Thomas.
It's absolutely dizzying 🥴 my admiration to all the men and women that worked to crack this monster 😮🤨🤯🧐👏👏👏👏👏
Absolutely superb video. Thanks 😊
Fantastic video. Well done.
76-bit encryption, that really puts it into context how clever this machine was. Up until the 1990s it was common to only use 40-bit, which was trivial to break. These days we use 128 or 256.
Regardless of how you set up the plugboard, it is still only a simple substitution cipher.
It has nothing to do with pairs.
The main problems for the Enigma is that you solve them in order, first you get the wheel order and wheel settings using a number of Bomb machine equivalents. The rotor combinations do require brute forces, but you only need about 1000 12-wheel machines to do a full parallel brute force search on that part.
Each of these machines figure out the ring setting using current for parallell processing (back in the early 2000s when Enigma code breaking details were first release, you could run the program that simulates the Bomb at approximately the same speed as the real machine, so about 10-15 minutes to find a possible ring setting, which was read out and checked).
Once you have the ring setting, you have a message in German that is encrypted using a substitution cipher, with several known substitutions because of the cribs.
And this is there the pairing comes in, as you get a free substitution with each one you have.
Two suggestions for future videos:
How trivial would it be to solve Enigma with today's computers?
With the benefit of hindsight, what could Bletchley Park have done to solve Enigma faster?
Matt Parker of Stand Up Maths did a video on breaking ENIGMA with modern computers.
I believe there were special variants that had a printer instead of the light board, and that printer could be place in another room. That way the operator(s) never saw the decrypted message.
How did the Germans encode the umlauts? Did they bother with the 'eszett' (ligature)?
I thought some Enigma machines had four active rotors. Seems like the Germans could have kept the plug board much like it was but use thin and thick connectors on single wires to allow for more flexibility on the plug board. Color them differently and specify which color should go on which row and it shouldn't be terribly hard to keep straight. As you say, there are procedural things that could have been done to give better results, but you also have to tie that with field conditions for am army on the move and subject to bombardment at any time. Also, seems to me that any sensible operator should go through the trouble of decrypting the first couple of words following encryption to make sure the machine was operating correctly.
The navy versions used 4 rotors after a certain point in the war.
Why did Station X not detect amything regarding the German intention to execute the attack that became the 'Battle of the Bulge'?
The Germans didn't transmit by radio anything related to their operation, therefor no intel available to try to decode.
What was the WPM output I wonder…
I wonder if it was actually MPW. ;)
At 1 minute 12 seconds you press the P key 4 times and this lights A, J, U, U,... is this correct that U is encrypted twice from pressing P👉🇬🇧👈
Yes, perfectly good operation.
For 3rd press, 'P' input signal passed through right rotor "substitution" (direction R-to-L) to middle rotor, returning through another right rotor substitution (L-to-R) to light-up 'U' bulb.
For 4th press, right rotor advances, so 'P' input signal follows different R-to-L path through right rotor to reach middle rotor, then returns via different L-to-R path to again light-up 'U'.
Although this looks "odd", don't overlook that first two presses of 'P' lit up first 'A', and then 'J' bulbs...
Some math wiz might even be able to work out Enigma set-up so that 'n' sequential presses of a single key will repeatedly light-up same bulb.
You've spotted example of "n = 2". Your prize is in the mail and should arrive shortly... 🙂🙂🙂
@rustycherkas8229 Thank you Rusty !!!
@@alexmarshall4331 Search for "Pringles Can Enigma" here on RUclips. You, too, can have your own Enigma machine at home to study and play with... (It really works, and the encipher/decipher is actually what the machines did during WWII. The letter substitution on these sheets is factual.) Cheers!
According to the Tom Stoppard film you had to find at least 17 linked letters then plug it into the Colossus. Most probably rubbish
I can't remember the movie well. However, it was the electromechanical Bombe that was used to break Enigma. Colossus was used to break the Lorenz cipher.
There are twenty six letters and ten numbers for a total of 36. But no character can come out as itself. Therefore the odds of guessing any character are 1/35. No matter the complexity it is still 1/35
Yes, it would have been simple, if only all the German messages had consisted of one character... 🤔
@@gagatube With a bunch of wires the odds are 1/35. Add more complexity and the odds are still 1/35. Now add another rotor and the odds are 1/35. Now add more wiring and the odds are 1/35. Now add another rotor and the odds are still 1/35. Now add more wiring and the odds are 1/35. Add another rotor and the odds are still 1/35. So, what did this video tell us?
@@joezephyr What are you proposing? That teams of analysts simply guessed each letter of a message? Do you really think we could win the war by guessing?
@@paulmaxwell8851 No, I am pointing out that the extra complexity does not mean anything. Further the Bombe machine did it as you said. It went through every letter of the alphabet for every character until a sensible phrase came about.
@@joezephyr You are missing the point. Cracking the ENIGMA cypher was not about "guessing" one character, or even about decoding one message. The aim was to decode _every_ message and that meant working out the settings of the rotors and plug-board for the day.
ENIGMA used a substitution cypher based on a scrambled alphabet, the twist is it used a different scrambled alphabet for each letter in a message. To work out the rotor settings etc the Bletchley team needed to know which alphabet was associated with which letter. The problem is the number of combinations of letters in most alphabets is huge. Using a figure of 25 options to replace each letter (ignoring numbers and excluding itself), the number of possible substitution alphabets in English is Factorial(25) or roughly fifteen and a half, million, million, million, million. (That number is significantly larger if numbers are also included)
No message would use all of these alphabets, the problem was which ones _were_ they using?