I enjoyed your lecture, though I am not one of your students, I am having to write a paper over the Permian period, and I learned a lot through this lecture. Thank you!
I enjoyed this lecture, however I feel obligated to point out some small details which were inaccurate. 1) Megalopterans (the griffinflies referred to as "primitive dragonfly groups") existed into the Late Permian, which puts into question the extra oxygen = super large arthropods hypothesis. 2) Humans colonised Sahul (Australia) 65,000 years ago, and have been a predominant part of the entire continent since then. Australia's megafaunal extinction wave peaked around 40,000 years ago... therefore, almost all of Australia's megafauna went extinct around 30,000 years before their ecological counterparts in Eurasia and the Americas, which were first occupied before and after 65,000 years ago. The reference to Gondwana seems out of place when talking about Australia's isolation, seeing as even non-Africans have spent most of our species' evolution on Gondwanan soil (Africa). Living in Australia, I can testify that mammal and arthropod sizes are in line with what's expected in hot climates. 3) Madagascan elephant birds were herbivorous. 4) Cacti are native to both Americas. 5) Many cephalopod molluscs in the Palaeozoic, particularly after Ordovician, are hypothesized to have used their propulsion to swim from one sedentary feeding ground to another, and not have swum perpetually. That's probably why the cephalopods feeding at 18:15 are on the ocean floor. Or perhaps that diorama is representing an earlier epoch? Good stuff overall though, I learnt a lot!
Thank you, there were a few eyebrow raising moments when the lecturer just riffs to go along and it becomes apparent he's no expert. Agreed, overall quite a good lecture despite this tendency.
GREAT JOB SIR! Permian period is one of the most interesting period of life on earth. Can you give me a tip on where I can find a book or a documentary on it? I'm no student, this is just a passion.
"When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time" is an excellent book on this topic. Keep in mind, as with all science, you should keep checking out primary sources as understandings about how these events happened continue to unfold.
Benton's book is excellent. I would also suggest Earth Before the Dinosaurs by Sebastien Steyer. Absolutely beautiful reconstructions and wonderful information not easily found elsewhere.
About 10:05: I once heared that those of the arthropods which could fly (like giant dragonflies) survived into the Permian because they got more oxygen than flightless ones.
We're closer in time to the last dinosaurs than they were to the first dinosaurs. We're also closer in time to the last Neanderthals than they were to the first Neanderthals, and we're closer to Cleopatra than she was to the builders of the pyramids.
Just wanted to comment that there are actually fossils of proto-frogs from the early Triassic around 250 million years ago. Together with the molecular clock it points to their divergence in the permian period.
Thomas, I've been looking for a class or a lecture or two that covers the characteristics of fungi as it pertains to their evolution, including where they began, their natural history, etc. do you happen to know of any lecture series on this?
I am not a mycologist, but if you are truly interested in fungi I recommend getting a textbook. Burrow one from a library instead of buying one. Certainly one to consider is: Fungal Biology by Dr. Deacon.
The interesting thing I never hear mentioned when it comes to evolution is that things do not "strive and try to get better--shooting towards the ability to produce their first short wave radio then a space ship" Actually things evolve to fit whats taking place--and the animals a billion years ago could well be more advanced or do better if suddenly brought to our time. As we study past times--its very difficult to not keep thinking we are looking back "at primitive things -----that did not quite have what it takes" I NEVER hear it mentioned even though the professors must know perfectly well thats the way the students perceive it. Sharks and cockroaches are "perfect for the conditions"--thus no evolution most start to die out and only those with the correct stuff survive to reproduce. Its too bad that concept is not taught--instead we look back at things that "just couldnt get it right"--and those things often lived 20,000 times longer than the humans did.
+E VT I am a graduate student, working to eventually become a professor. Indeed the videos are from my lecture. If you are interested in learning about the Triassic period there is a bit in each lecture about it, but look at the Dinosaur Evolution lecture I posted. The Triassic from the perspective of dinosaurs is relatively scanty until the very end, we focus predominantly on the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
On this I am not a specialist, but all Therapsids are synapsids. However, primitive synapsids would have looked more like "lizards" and Therapsids would have looked increasingly mammalian.
I used to know, it should be online/ on Wikipedia somewhere but it either has to do with the lamellae in the nose or some kind of skull difference if not the mammalian ear starting to form from part of jaw bone that would eventually become modern mammal ear (yeah imo it's wild to think some animals like sharks and snakes/lizards basically can't hear at all and use different senses to pick up vital sensory environmental info for survival/ hunting/ avoiding predators) Don't quote me on that though, although our classification terms are artificial, there may be key adaptations that lead to major changes (like where do you draw the line between extremely mammal-like reptile and the earliest mammal? To a certain point, is a fuzzy fine line)
@@dinobay7437you can't only look at the O2 production side of the story to understand O2 levels. You have to factor in O2 consumption, both biological and chemical, and so oxydation, erosion, CO2 burial rates, lignin degrading enzymes etc...
Great presentation but your statements about amphibians are pretty wrong... firstly, the frogs and salamanders separated well before the Jurassic - actually, sometime in the Permian because the earliest frogs (Triadobatrachus) are known from the Early Triassic. And amphibians actually are not THAT limited in diversity - there are thousands of species alive today and most of the living families are Jurassic or younger.
many if not most animals from that film series are from eras outside the Jurassic, some are not dinosaurs. He was not being unreasonable - the word Jurassic in the novel & movie titles is meant to evoke the time of dinosaurs but most people would consider the creatures of the Permian sufficiently monstrous, ancient and interesting to resurrect for a theme park
Iamyouonlydifferent There were no dinosaurs from the jurassic period (if I remember correctly) in Jurassic World. So why not an animal from the permian period?
Just A Man It definitely should have been called Cretaceous Park (at least the first film) Personally I'd be just as terrified to have the crocodylomorph & assorted large predatory archosaurs of the late Permian & Triassic chasing me around an island as I would the overgrown chickens of the late Mesozoic (i'm kidding, tyrannosaurs & allosaurid dinosaurs would be horrifying and deadly) ...you know what would top all of them, though? Getting dropped into ANY ocean or large body of water in the Mesozoic. Talk about monsters..
Ted Brogan Unfortunately those are periods that no ones bother to put in a film or a novel or even a video-game (Not that the movies on dinosaurs are everywhere...) I think the permian period, along with the carboniferous, would be truly fascinatings and scary. And why not, mesozoic oceans would be better than Jaws, for sure!
Ok so random question. If ginkos produce fruit, and flowers (angiosperms) which produce fruit didn't come until the Early Cretaceous, why does it exist? Isn't it a fruit?
Thanks for this video, very informative. If the International Commission on Stratigraphy, needed to reorganise our geologic time periods, then why do it in a way that does nothing to aid memory, and any budding geologist, has to waste valuable brain cells to MEMORISE all these weird names, which bear no logical sequence in relation to TIME.????
Part of the naming is historic, the place or person that identifies the age of the layer gets to name it, and I think part of this is because humans like stories. While we could name everything by number, the names tell two stories, one about time (if we can read it) and one about the way in which its name came about. Sorry memorization is required for some learning, once you have these down though it allows you to communicate much faster with other professionals. Think of this more as a separate language and you are learning it to communicate with a new group of people.
I like your lecture but you completely ignore or maybe you aren't aware that Indigenous Australians have been living there for 60,000 years, there was around 100 different cultures and languages that lived sustainable communities until colonisation and the genocide that followed. Some of the oldest modern human remains were found at lake mungo in New South Wales
You're correct in that. But I'd give the speaker the benefit of the doubt in that he did say the human expansion in Australia was minimal UNTIL the 18th and 19th century. Aborigines have been there for tens of millenia, but their populations were never expansive from what the archeological evidence shows. Though their arrival has been argued to have been the catalyst for a number of megafaunas extinction, just as in the rest of the world.
He's trying to dumb down his subject matter for the group he's talking to. You can tell by their questions they ask, that they're not the brightest students.
RB: This is the 21'st Century, A.D. :) Get over yourself. Would he be excoriated for mentioning the era of President Nixon regarding the founding of the EPA?
Rather good lecture but I wish you had the courage to say "I don't know" more often... Everything is not huge in Australia, the isolation answer was good (although not the bit about Gondwana) but not the human contact one, O2 levels in the carboniferous are not due to "just more forests", the estuary moment was... that guy just wanted to place a word he learnt, the elephant bird wouldn't eat you and your answer about "different lineages" of it was just a way to deflect from a timeline you didn't know well. Aside from that, really quite good but it diminishes your credibility not to know to say I don't know!
Really interesting stuff! But god damn, it’s super fuckin annoying when you slap your lips together EVERY time you pause! It’s like someone clicking a pen over and over and over, obnoxious! To me that’s worse than doing “uhh uhhh uhhh” all the time. Shit! Super cool with subtitles tho, thanks for sharing.
I enjoyed your lecture, though I am not one of your students, I am having to write a paper over the Permian period, and I learned a lot through this lecture. Thank you!
Glad it was a help. Plenty of good information on Permian out there, I know it doesn't have dinosaurs but it is still a cool period of earth history.
I enjoyed this lecture, however I feel obligated to point out some small details which were inaccurate. 1) Megalopterans (the griffinflies referred to as "primitive dragonfly groups") existed into the Late Permian, which puts into question the extra oxygen = super large arthropods hypothesis.
2) Humans colonised Sahul (Australia) 65,000 years ago, and have been a predominant part of the entire continent since then. Australia's megafaunal extinction wave peaked around 40,000 years ago... therefore, almost all of Australia's megafauna went extinct around 30,000 years before their ecological counterparts in Eurasia and the Americas, which were first occupied before and after 65,000 years ago. The reference to Gondwana seems out of place when talking about Australia's isolation, seeing as even non-Africans have spent most of our species' evolution on Gondwanan soil (Africa). Living in Australia, I can testify that mammal and arthropod sizes are in line with what's expected in hot climates.
3) Madagascan elephant birds were herbivorous. 4) Cacti are native to both Americas. 5) Many cephalopod molluscs in the Palaeozoic, particularly after Ordovician, are hypothesized to have used their propulsion to swim from one sedentary feeding ground to another, and not have swum perpetually. That's probably why the cephalopods feeding at 18:15 are on the ocean floor. Or perhaps that diorama is representing an earlier epoch?
Good stuff overall though, I learnt a lot!
Thank you, there were a few eyebrow raising moments when the lecturer just riffs to go along and it becomes apparent he's no expert. Agreed, overall quite a good lecture despite this tendency.
i like Permian period the Mammal-Like Reptiles look very cool.
+the king of Robot certainly an interesting group that deserves a whole separate field of study. Thankfully they have that!
GREAT JOB SIR!
Permian period is one of the most interesting period of life on earth.
Can you give me a tip on where I can find a book or a documentary on it?
I'm no student, this is just a passion.
"When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time" is an excellent book on this topic. Keep in mind, as with all science, you should keep checking out primary sources as understandings about how these events happened continue to unfold.
Great thanks!
I've put an eye on that book since quite a long time but I've always been quite skeptical about it.
I'll give it a try!
Benton's book is excellent. I would also suggest Earth Before the Dinosaurs by Sebastien Steyer. Absolutely beautiful reconstructions and wonderful information not easily found elsewhere.
I am orang indonesia
About 10:05: I once heared that those of the arthropods which could fly (like giant dragonflies) survived into the Permian because they got more oxygen than flightless ones.
The last dinosaurs are closer to us today in time scale, than these creatures.
Let that sink in.
I think you meant to say that the dinousars lived closer to our time then they have lived to these creatures.
@@CThyran and I think you meant to say than*
@Teh Modest Mouse It was 2 in the morning when I wrote that, don't expect anything good to come from that hour.
We're closer in time to the last dinosaurs than they were to the first dinosaurs. We're also closer in time to the last Neanderthals than they were to the first Neanderthals, and we're closer to Cleopatra than she was to the builders of the pyramids.
Just wanted to comment that there are actually fossils of proto-frogs from the early Triassic around 250 million years ago. Together with the molecular clock it points to their divergence in the permian period.
Thank you. To think of all the monumental changes to earth and the biosphere is fascinating.
Hey, I loved your video, I actually used most of your video for a school project on the Permian period
+Jack Pelster Glad I could be of help.
The Australian question was really stupid.
Agreed. I shook my head at the stupid. The answer wasn't too great either.
What's is the weather and temperature at that time
Interesting lecture - thanks a lot for sharing.
Why are the links at the end marked private? Was looking forward to listening
They were beautiful creatures
I can't get enough Permian! Keep the dino's, gimme the freaks from the Permian!!!
If you haven't already, grab the book Earth Before the Dinosaurs by Sebastien Steyer. A beautiful volume full of amazing information.
We WANT PERMIAN PARK pleeeeease... These beasto reptiles scares the shit out of me.
Great video
Thomas, I've been looking for a class or a lecture or two that covers the characteristics of fungi as it pertains to their evolution, including where they began, their natural history, etc. do you happen to know of any lecture series on this?
I am not a mycologist, but if you are truly interested in fungi I recommend getting a textbook. Burrow one from a library instead of buying one. Certainly one to consider is: Fungal Biology by Dr. Deacon.
So good!
The interesting thing I never hear mentioned when it comes to evolution is that things do not "strive and try to get better--shooting towards the ability to produce their first short wave radio then a space ship" Actually things evolve to fit whats taking place--and the animals a billion years ago could well be more advanced or do better if suddenly brought to our time. As we study past times--its very difficult to not keep thinking we are looking back "at primitive things -----that did not quite have what it takes" I NEVER hear it mentioned even though the professors must know perfectly well thats the way the students perceive it. Sharks and cockroaches are "perfect for the conditions"--thus no evolution most start to die out and only those with the correct stuff survive to reproduce. Its too bad that concept is not taught--instead we look back at things that "just couldnt get it right"--and those things often lived 20,000 times longer than the humans did.
where did this come from,is this you teaching ? Also where can I find the other videos I would think going into the Triassic ?
+E VT I am a graduate student, working to eventually become a professor. Indeed the videos are from my lecture. If you are interested in learning about the Triassic period there is a bit in each lecture about it, but look at the Dinosaur Evolution lecture I posted. The Triassic from the perspective of dinosaurs is relatively scanty until the very end, we focus predominantly on the Jurassic and Cretaceous.
exactly why I liked it,he does one hell of a job at teaching and keeping my attention
at what point is a synapsid a therapsid?
On this I am not a specialist, but all Therapsids are synapsids. However, primitive synapsids would have looked more like "lizards" and Therapsids would have looked increasingly mammalian.
I used to know, it should be online/ on Wikipedia somewhere but it either has to do with the lamellae in the nose or some kind of skull difference if not the mammalian ear starting to form from part of jaw bone that would eventually become modern mammal ear (yeah imo it's wild to think some animals like sharks and snakes/lizards basically can't hear at all and use different senses to pick up vital sensory environmental info for survival/ hunting/ avoiding predators)
Don't quote me on that though, although our classification terms are artificial, there may be key adaptations that lead to major changes (like where do you draw the line between extremely mammal-like reptile and the earliest mammal? To a certain point, is a fuzzy fine line)
do you a reference for why landmass distance increases the seasonality because I'm doing an essay on the permian
Try this archives.datapages.com/data/cspg_sp/data/017/017001/275_cspgsp0170275.htm, read the climate models section.
i liked your lecture.
Glad you liked it.
What period has highest oxygen level and why
Pretty sure its the Carbonifurous
@@haroldburrows4770 it's because of large humid tropical rainforest all over the continent of the time of carboniferous period
@@dinobay7437you can't only look at the O2 production side of the story to understand O2 levels. You have to factor in O2 consumption, both biological and chemical, and so oxydation, erosion, CO2 burial rates, lignin degrading enzymes etc...
I thought if it is warmer then it rains more...?
Great presentation but your statements about amphibians are pretty wrong...
firstly, the frogs and salamanders separated well before the Jurassic - actually, sometime in the Permian because the earliest frogs (Triadobatrachus) are known from the Early Triassic. And amphibians actually are not THAT limited in diversity - there are thousands of species alive today and most of the living families are Jurassic or younger.
Just Imagine If I Wish Humans Coexisted In The Carboniferous Period
i wish i can see Dimetrodon in jurassic world 2.
many if not most animals from that film series are from eras outside the Jurassic, some are not dinosaurs. He was not being unreasonable - the word Jurassic in the novel & movie titles is meant to evoke the time of dinosaurs but most people would consider the creatures of the Permian sufficiently monstrous, ancient and interesting to resurrect for a theme park
Iamyouonlydifferent
There were no dinosaurs from the jurassic period (if I remember correctly) in Jurassic World.
So why not an animal from the permian period?
Just A Man It definitely should have been called Cretaceous Park (at least the first film)
Personally I'd be just as terrified to have the crocodylomorph & assorted large predatory archosaurs of the late Permian & Triassic chasing me around an island as I would the overgrown chickens of the late Mesozoic (i'm kidding, tyrannosaurs & allosaurid dinosaurs would be horrifying and deadly)
...you know what would top all of them, though? Getting dropped into ANY ocean or large body of water in the Mesozoic. Talk about monsters..
Ted Brogan
Unfortunately those are periods that no ones bother to put in a film or a novel or even a video-game (Not that the movies on dinosaurs are everywhere...)
I think the permian period, along with the carboniferous, would be truly fascinatings and scary.
And why not, mesozoic oceans would be better than Jaws, for sure!
Wish granted in 2022
Ok so random question. If ginkos produce fruit, and flowers (angiosperms) which produce fruit didn't come until the Early Cretaceous, why does it exist? Isn't it a fruit?
Ginkgophytes are not angiosperms, they don't have true flowers.
@@PyroFalcon yeah I was able to figure it out lol
@@girlbossbrachiopod 👍
BS: The fruit exists to provide nutrients for the seedling. It has nothing to do with being a flowering plant.
Thanks for this video, very informative.
If the International Commission on Stratigraphy, needed to reorganise our geologic time periods, then why do it in a way that does nothing to aid memory, and any budding geologist, has to waste valuable brain cells to MEMORISE all these weird names, which bear no logical sequence in relation to TIME.????
Part of the naming is historic, the place or person that identifies the age of the layer gets to name it, and I think part of this is because humans like stories. While we could name everything by number, the names tell two stories, one about time (if we can read it) and one about the way in which its name came about. Sorry memorization is required for some learning, once you have these down though it allows you to communicate much faster with other professionals. Think of this more as a separate language and you are learning it to communicate with a new group of people.
If speciation was happening, or that science was universal, homo sapiens would be catalogued as a genus not a species.
Before the Triassic
I like your lecture but you completely ignore or maybe you aren't aware that Indigenous Australians have been living there for 60,000 years, there was around 100 different cultures and languages that lived sustainable communities until colonisation and the genocide that followed. Some of the oldest modern human remains were found at lake mungo in New South Wales
You're correct in that. But I'd give the speaker the benefit of the doubt in that he did say the human expansion in Australia was minimal UNTIL the 18th and 19th century. Aborigines have been there for tens of millenia, but their populations were never expansive from what the archeological evidence shows. Though their arrival has been argued to have been the catalyst for a number of megafaunas extinction, just as in the rest of the world.
Wtf is a supposed science teacher doing talking about "Jesus"???
you date by "Jesus"? what century is this.
Being this salty. ^_^
He's trying to dumb down his subject matter for the group he's talking to. You can tell by their questions they ask, that they're not the brightest students.
RB: This is the 21'st Century, A.D. :) Get over yourself. Would he be excoriated for mentioning the era of President Nixon regarding the founding of the EPA?
Lots of LIKE from his students,stop using as an adult
Rather good lecture but I wish you had the courage to say "I don't know" more often...
Everything is not huge in Australia, the isolation answer was good (although not the bit about Gondwana) but not the human contact one, O2 levels in the carboniferous are not due to "just more forests", the estuary moment was... that guy just wanted to place a word he learnt, the elephant bird wouldn't eat you and your answer about "different lineages" of it was just a way to deflect from a timeline you didn't know well.
Aside from that, really quite good but it diminishes your credibility not to know to say I don't know!
I agree. Saying I don't know is hard, but it is a skill I need to keep working on.
Only in America will you hear 'around the time of Jesus' in a science lecture.
Cry moar =^_=
Really interesting stuff! But god damn, it’s super fuckin annoying when you slap your lips together EVERY time you pause! It’s like someone clicking a pen over and over and over, obnoxious! To me that’s worse than doing “uhh uhhh uhhh” all the time. Shit! Super cool with subtitles tho, thanks for sharing.
why shouldn't you say, man? does that connote European colonization?
Teaching in a college. Gotta take the PC road
Awesome thumb nail then blah blah blah
Bullshit.
Ruined it with your political views.
Where were said political views? Can easily replace bc/ad with ce/ bce (common era/ before common era)
What political views?