How to build a 2 Watt Tube Guitar amp for under $5 in tubes Unique 6CL6 design Cheap tunes 4 Free

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  • Опубликовано: 25 ноя 2024

Комментарии • 305

  • @BladeDoomer86
    @BladeDoomer86 2 года назад +77

    Wow.. This is one thing I feel society is slowly losing, the skills to build something great with your hands and brains. This amp is wonderful, and for that price.... Bravo

    • @quistador7
      @quistador7 2 года назад +13

      nah dude you couldn't be more wrong. never in the history of modern man has there been a better time to be a tinkerer / builder. Your average hobby person can make things your father could only get through a special order from a factory. I can 3DP a resin cured part in a matter of hours. It take 2 days to get the best soldering iron you can buy and any type of solder I want right to my door. I built a programmed my own drone with zero beforehand knowledge of electronics, soldering, or programming. Took a month of reading and watching youtube videos. Easier now than it has EVER been

    • @reachingout9285
      @reachingout9285 2 года назад +7

      I agree with you that it’s easier than ever before, however I get the same feeling as this guy that the general public are slowly losing touch with these skills. Shop classes don’t exist in most high schools anymore (at least in the US) for example. Personally I find it very hard to find certain fountains of knowledge like this man here, Google these days is unreliable for searching the web, there aren’t as many unique websites as there where 10-15 years ago Google keeps the stuff at the top that pays them ad revenue, forums outside of big websites like Reddit are dying. If I’m wrong please tell me

    • @BladeDoomer86
      @BladeDoomer86 2 года назад +3

      @@quistador7 Not saying the passionate individuals like yourself don't exist, just that the high majority of folks wouldn't know what to do with a hammer and a nail most of the time. Too many middle man jobs, maybe too many people also..

    • @robbietremblay9745
      @robbietremblay9745 2 года назад +2

      While less people might be building physical items, the access to doing so is still widely available to anyone willing to put the work in. Not to mention that coding is the 21st century type of handyman work. Same type of problem solving that someone like OP would be doing

    • @robbietremblay9745
      @robbietremblay9745 2 года назад +2

      @@BladeDoomer86 I didn't notice your name when I replied, I love all them witches I saw them a few years back in Boston when they played the middle east with plague vendor, one of the best shows I've ever been too. Lol if I had a buck for every time my band jammed on marriage of the coyote woman I'd probably have more money than Gates
      Edit: and a MF DOOM pfp? Don't listen to what everyone else says about u, I think ur alright

  • @ross3818
    @ross3818 2 года назад +4

    That tuning is perfect for showing off the amp's distortion.

  • @wa4aos
    @wa4aos 2 года назад +18

    Excellent re-purpose of a vintage device which is beyond any utilization for other projects. Very Well done !

  • @bradrebar101
    @bradrebar101 2 года назад +7

    Terry I just finished the 3 watt (6aq5) and it sounds really nice, and it didn't cost me very much. Thanks! I like that I can have a hobby that doesn't cost me a million dollars for each amp!

  • @jrose92081
    @jrose92081 2 года назад +16

    I have done electronics repair for years and being a guitar player I have always wanted to build my own amp. I have modded amps and guitars but never a full build. I have been looking at mojotone kits but after hearing this little gem I know what I want to do for a first build. Love this channel!

  • @vonclod123
    @vonclod123 2 года назад +1

    Appreciate builders/designers finding uses for non typical tubes

  • @rciancia
    @rciancia 2 года назад +24

    Terry - wonderful and beautiful little amp. That distortion does sound unique for sure. I would love to see Tony's reaction. Its ok to break strings, just don't break wine bottles. Excellent my friend.

  • @joelprenovault3633
    @joelprenovault3633 2 года назад +1

    You have contributed to my continuing education. As a musician and a music teacher, I thank you. 🎶

  • @Czechmate.z
    @Czechmate.z 2 года назад +1

    Our vintage club had a amplifier build contest requiring tv tubes being used in the build . I used a 6EJ7 preamp and 6CL6 for output . 5 k output transformer and 330vdc on output tube .The amp played loud an clear . The 6EJ7 is a great alternate for the costly EF86 ,different pinout ,similar circuit components

  • @JaimeCerrada
    @JaimeCerrada 2 года назад +4

    As an amp builder, Electronics degree... etc... I really love this repurpose desings!! Thank you so much for sharing!

  • @bradconklin2878
    @bradconklin2878 2 года назад +1

    I love that the guitar is like, rocket science to someone so smart:)

  • @squiggymcsquig6170
    @squiggymcsquig6170 2 года назад +1

    I'm impressed. With the distortion, my mind heard the opening of an arrangement for "The End" by The Doors following those two sets of 4 notes.

  • @danielsaturnino5715
    @danielsaturnino5715 2 года назад +1

    Thanks Terry! I'm saving this one for later!

  • @MM-ib6qh
    @MM-ib6qh 9 месяцев назад

    I love this channel! Gives me inspiration to do something with my garage full of junk I've been collecting for 20 years (transformers, chassis, tubes etc.). I need to start building!

  • @f.k.burnham8491
    @f.k.burnham8491 2 года назад +4

    I remember working on the old B&W TV sets using the 6CL6's. Also have some ham gear that uses the 6CL6's.

  • @jeffbrooks7246
    @jeffbrooks7246 2 года назад +4

    Fabulous and very creative. Love that distortion.

  • @fc2p
    @fc2p 2 года назад +1

    Awesome! One of these days, I may have to get around to building this. Very very cool.

  • @satch72
    @satch72 2 года назад +1

    That is pretty cool. I need to get into these kind of mini amp builds

  • @jcool0122
    @jcool0122 2 года назад +9

    I love finding overlooked tubes to use in builds. I commonly use 6CM6, 12AB5 and 12V6 as subs for the ubiquitous 6V6. I generally get NOS tubes for 6-7 each from Antique Electronic Supply. Cheap preamp tubes are a lot harder, though I have paired up a 12SC7 with a 12V6 to make a 5C2 Fender Princeton close and it sounds great. I got both tubes with shipping for about $15. I did have to use seperate transformers for HT and filliment, but I managed to keep the whole build to about $150 including speaker and cabinet.

    • @cameronstolhand7149
      @cameronstolhand7149 2 года назад +1

      How would you go about finding the power and output Transformers for his build? I built a 5 F1 before but it had a part number so finding the Transformer was very easy but I am a novice and do not know how to find a Transformer without the part number. What would you search for?

    • @jcool0122
      @jcool0122 2 года назад +2

      @@cameronstolhand7149 the output transformer is all about impedence and wattage. For this one you need a 7k primary, and the secondary would be whatever speaker you're using. The easiest would probably be a hammond 125 series since they are "universal" transformers. They have a series of 6 taps for the secondary and you choose which to use based on a chart they supply. They come in several different watt ratings for both single ended and push pull. As for a power transformer, you'll just have to browse through manufacturers' websites looking at transformer specs. This project used a 440v center tapped HT winding @30mA and requires about 1A on the filliment. I know the Hammond 269GX is about right voltage-wise, but rated at twice the current. Looking at other manufacturers you might be able to find a closer match.

    • @cameronstolhand7149
      @cameronstolhand7149 2 года назад +1

      @@jcool0122 Thanks for the reply. What's that part coming off the Transformer that says "WLO6 Bridg"?

    • @jcool0122
      @jcool0122 2 года назад +2

      @@cameronstolhand7149 that is a 4 diode bridge rectifier. You can make one out of 4 1N4007 diodes if you have those on hand.

    • @cameronstolhand7149
      @cameronstolhand7149 2 года назад +2

      @@jcool0122 Thanks!👍

  • @towmotornoises
    @towmotornoises 2 года назад +3

    This sounds AMAZING. Building this immediately. Thank you so much for sharing.

  • @jenniferwhitewolf3784
    @jenniferwhitewolf3784 2 года назад +3

    What a fun little project! I love the re-used Heathkit casework.
    "Bottle with a straw..."..👍🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🍷

  • @daviddenoncourt757
    @daviddenoncourt757 2 года назад +1

    Just found your channel, you have a great presence and there's something warm and welcoming about the way you present things! Thank you!

  • @krislong9338
    @krislong9338 Год назад

    Super cool, have long wanted to try some music gear DIY projects, now I have some ideas.

  • @OIE82
    @OIE82 2 года назад +1

    Well, now that is pretty cool. I love the retro box it's in.

  • @nickjimenez4262
    @nickjimenez4262 2 года назад +1

    Extremely cool. Ive got to make this

  • @chrisstevens2735
    @chrisstevens2735 2 года назад +1

    I really like the distortion you get from this, beautiful little amp, well done

  • @roscoefoofoo
    @roscoefoofoo 2 года назад +3

    Great stuff! Thanks for sharing your talents, D-Lab!

  • @tomkane4326
    @tomkane4326 2 года назад +2

    Thanks Terry .You made my Day.

  • @LitesLAB
    @LitesLAB 2 года назад +2

    This is Excellent Terry! Great job!

  • @boboala1
    @boboala1 2 года назад +1

    Clean setting it chimed like a Vox! Another great vino build!

  • @pauldavis6356
    @pauldavis6356 Год назад +1

    You really need to invest in a looper - an effect pedal ( around $40 used) that one of your friends can record on and you can play it thru any project for demonstration purposes. Absolutely ;ove your videos. Keep 'em comin'.

  • @edcataldo7019
    @edcataldo7019 2 года назад +1

    Summoning another cool design and some good wine well done 👍

  • @cdshull
    @cdshull 2 года назад +1

    That is sweet sounding! Am going to build!

  • @CausingLewis
    @CausingLewis Год назад +1

    Great Job on this build!

  • @mattdoliver1984
    @mattdoliver1984 2 года назад +2

    That’s awesome, and yeah that overdrive definitely sounds unique 👍🏼 good job sir

  • @rickfennell7849
    @rickfennell7849 2 года назад +1

    Damn, I wish i had this kind of electrical knowledge 👍👍

  • @HotVacuum
    @HotVacuum 2 года назад +3

    6CL6 - is a good tube. It is especially good as an alternative to EL84 PP. The main thing is not to exceed a voltage of more than 300V because of the second grid

  • @808bigisland
    @808bigisland 2 года назад +1

    They can be built as extremely clean sounding. I made 2 SET monos to run two JBL pro compression horns that work best at 0.5w and paired with two 1000w ss monos for the 15' JbL clones. I do the distortion for sax on the input side of the usb interface.

  • @g.gorrell2088
    @g.gorrell2088 2 года назад +3

    Wow, your guitar playing has gotten so much better, I heard the MC5 needs a player.

  • @Pastor.Dragon
    @Pastor.Dragon 2 года назад +6

    Love the build! Don't worry about the string, guitar players break them all the time.

  • @gillamb8669
    @gillamb8669 2 года назад +1

    Definitely has a nice tone. You’re awesome Terry D-Lab 👍🤘

  • @zbaby82
    @zbaby82 2 года назад +1

    That sounds fantastic! Like the Yardbirds on rocket fuel. That is a great circuit Terry.

  • @MarkErikEE
    @MarkErikEE 2 года назад +1

    Clean sound is awesome, the distortion is something for the avantgarde rockers out there.

  • @tomasjones3755
    @tomasjones3755 2 года назад +2

    Great vid! Appreciate the alternatives (and I have boxes of old radio tubes)

  • @axemonkey
    @axemonkey Год назад

    Super cool and cute little amp that sounds good. Great job man!

  • @gerardcousineau3478
    @gerardcousineau3478 2 года назад +1

    Yep this little amp sounds great. I want one. 👍

  • @samchipner1131
    @samchipner1131 2 года назад +2

    Nice sounds like it got some heat

  • @johnmcclain3887
    @johnmcclain3887 2 года назад +1

    Thanks for showing this off, I'd like to build the circuit, haven't for many years, with tubes, and not much electronics build, since I retired, but this sounds good, and could be of use. Got to figure out this email thingy.

  • @Tony770jr
    @Tony770jr 2 года назад +1

    Good design... Nice distortion too!

  • @SwanseaTitanFan
    @SwanseaTitanFan 2 года назад +1

    Great job Terry.

  • @joseislanio8910
    @joseislanio8910 2 года назад +3

    Great little amp! I'm also working in some small power tube amps, one with a compactron 6AL11, and another one with a 6AV6 and an ECL82, a la Fender Princeton.

  • @franky2shoes660
    @franky2shoes660 2 года назад

    I commented on the other video, just an update. I'm cooking a 6dt6, @ 450v (300max, 🤣) 2x8ohm drivers and 16r into a 5500 6v6 output so the load resistance is around 22000ohms...no redplate, little distortion at the high-end....wish I had an ocilloscope. This thing is killer!

  • @jimcarver7472
    @jimcarver7472 2 года назад +2

    Just happen to have one of them.

  • @paulbangash4317
    @paulbangash4317 2 года назад +1

    Sounds really nice 👍

  • @Terk_
    @Terk_ Год назад

    Late to the party, but man this is a great sounding little amp! Definetly building one of these, such a great sound!

  • @hestheMaster
    @hestheMaster 2 года назад +4

    Clever design considering the old Heathkit cabinet but is very hard to find except maybe at a swap. Sound is very hot and
    so good for a class A amp. Time to learn some guitar chords like Colleen Fazio ❤does after working on a build
    Terry.😉 Bottle of wine with a straw indeed!🍾😂🤣

    • @Bleats_Sinodai
      @Bleats_Sinodai 2 года назад +1

      Yeah, thought I got lucky and found one on a local online marketplace, but the guy had already sold it on the side and forgot to delete the listing...

  • @ronb6182
    @ronb6182 2 года назад +1

    I just looked up prices for 6AV6 @ 3.00 to 6.00 dollars a piece. The 6 CL6 was found @ 5.95 and higher. Still cheaper than other tubes but none were found at a dollar s piece. Maybe yard sales if you are lucky. Flea markets usually don't have vintage electronics. Ham shows I don't know I usually miss the ones in our area. Buyer keep looking. Amplifier kits are usually cheaper than buying piece by piece electronics. 73

  • @joebloe9901
    @joebloe9901 2 года назад +1

    Awesome. This looks like a lot of fun. I would go one step further and have an effects loop on it.
    A slave out might be nice too.

  • @moewhocooper
    @moewhocooper 2 года назад +1

    happen to randomly found a video from you and had to see how you did it i enjoyed the show and maybe someday ill build myself my own amp but i just got into guitar playing so im not doing any justice to any amp yet

  • @elwrongo
    @elwrongo 2 года назад +1

    What a great sound, top work!!

  • @johnathandavis3693
    @johnathandavis3693 2 года назад +2

    I've been thinking about building Robinette's Micro Champ, but this is intriguing. I'm thinking that power transformer could make it way cheaper - that's the main expense....It sounds dirty AF....Thanks for this!

  • @LookingForEntertainment112
    @LookingForEntertainment112 2 года назад +8

    Great little amp, it might be worthwhile getting a cheap looper pedal. That way, if someone records a few riffs for you, you can demonstrate your amps without needing someone to come in to play.

    • @2drsdan
      @2drsdan 2 года назад +2

      Someone who goes through ALL the pickups and tone settings, not just grinding with the bridge PU.

  • @larry6686st
    @larry6686st 2 года назад +1

    Awesome sounding amp right there

  • @DetroitWrecker666
    @DetroitWrecker666 2 года назад +1

    Really cool little amp!!!!

  • @danvanlandingham3854
    @danvanlandingham3854 2 года назад +1

    I enjoyed your vid on this two watt guitar amp.I have an idea for you:use an old Califone speaker box that had a 12" speaker.Another speaker box to use would be an old Victor or Bell and Howell.If I could send it to you,I have the cabinet from a '47 Stewart Warner.The cabinet is wood.

  • @ronronstar8057
    @ronronstar8057 2 года назад

    Awesome build

  • @docjeffry
    @docjeffry 2 года назад +1

    Sweet, man! Love it!

  • @2pi628
    @2pi628 2 года назад +2

    If you keep ringing that bell it won't be long before she is ringing yours!🤣

  • @mikeparker5008
    @mikeparker5008 2 года назад +2

    This would be great for recording - mic in front of speaker, and as you said, not drive everyone out of the room. Thanks for sharing your creative work on this little guy! Many of classic rock's most famous songs were recorded using tiny amps cranked way up high (think "Layla", or Zeppelin I ). I may well build this just for that purpose!

    • @johnathandavis3693
      @johnathandavis3693 2 года назад +1

      Yes - I just built a Champ clone, cost about $350 just for chassis parts and tubes. Hammond xfmrs. $150 alone!. You could do this with a little Antek Torroid for under 40. I'm going to do it!

  • @SStudiopro
    @SStudiopro 9 месяцев назад

    Sounds pretty damn good Terry.

  • @hardball107
    @hardball107 2 года назад +2

    Awesome, thanks Terry. One thing you never mention is what kind of speaker fills your shop cab. Really enjoy these "Do more with Less" builds.

  • @krailanuar
    @krailanuar 2 года назад +1

    Nice Big Brother... Love it if building own amp

  • @soulman4292
    @soulman4292 Год назад

    How on earth have I yet to find this channel? This is the tinkering musicians DREAM!!!!!!!!
    Especially one like myself that loves to rip stuff apart and figure out how it works.
    Subscribed!!!!!
    Definitely gonna be emailing for these schematics as I feel like this would be a perfect little amp for my home studio!!!

  • @clivewiddall3430
    @clivewiddall3430 2 года назад +1

    That packs some punch for such a micro amp.

  • @herbselectronicslab
    @herbselectronicslab 2 года назад +1

    real nice job

  • @arminlinzenich1839
    @arminlinzenich1839 2 года назад +1

    hi Terry, this is super cool, we have in Germany EBC91 pulled out from old radios. EL95 is here better to find, this is good for a 7pin socket amp. Best Regards Armin

  • @larryshaver3568
    @larryshaver3568 2 года назад +1

    that sounds very natural

  • @njcranes
    @njcranes 2 года назад +1

    I wish I could build that. I don't need more then 5 watts at home.
    Subbed

  • @mikkorintala2969
    @mikkorintala2969 2 года назад +1

    Great video again.

  • @tremelo68
    @tremelo68 2 года назад +1

    Would love the schematic and a BOM if you have one! Sounds pretty unique and very good to me. Thanks!

  • @floattheboat100
    @floattheboat100 Год назад

    That little amp is bad ass… don’t feel bad about not being a guitar player, but even with that and out of tune you could really hear it chime through, especially considering it’s over RUclips, I know in person that’s a great little rig…would be great to drive it and mic it up in the studio, get some great recordings… As most of the pros use small amps very often…a lot of people Would not assume that .. I love it…

  • @ivonsmith2024
    @ivonsmith2024 Год назад

    Great!! Ive been looking around for a tiny fully valve amp for a while! Not easy to find!

  • @pauldow1648
    @pauldow1648 2 года назад +2

    Try a harmonica with this amp.....
    .......wish to you and D Lab - success in 2022 .

  • @douro20
    @douro20 2 года назад +1

    6CU5 is another one. Miniature version of the 6W6 which itself is a 6v version of the 25L6/50L6. It does need more filament current, though, than the 6CL6.

  • @cameronstolhand7149
    @cameronstolhand7149 2 года назад +1

    Awesome! I can't wait to build one😄

  • @bigbokiptd
    @bigbokiptd 2 года назад +1

    Great video, thank you so so much for all your work!

  • @ari-pekkalaukkanen6848
    @ari-pekkalaukkanen6848 2 года назад +1

    Terry, you should have a simple reamp box and feed it with some nice guitar DI signal played by some volunteer professional guitar player. The same nice riff or sample every time which we are familiar. You have some DAW in your PC? Just plug in that DI signal through a reamp box to your fixed amp everytime in a same level.

  • @dennisperusse3837
    @dennisperusse3837 2 года назад +5

    Looks like a fun build. It would be interesting to see a build like that using a compactron tube.

  • @richardbrucemusic
    @richardbrucemusic 2 года назад +9

    The Heathkit HD-19 was a rather rare piece of equipment. I used to be an amateur radio operator, and had an all-Heathkit shack. But now I'm focused on guitars and amps.

    • @princequestly2218
      @princequestly2218 2 года назад +1

      You aren’t kidding there not easy to find online I’ve been looking and when you do find them there 80-100 $ and over easy. So it makes this amp project a lot more but still really cool.

  • @2drsdan
    @2drsdan 2 года назад +1

    Nice Terry, We can tell a lot just by a tuned even strum of any few chords and then run through the
    guitar's pickup positions, Neck PU, tone up tone down. Bridge PU, tone up tone down. And then the same
    with the switch in middle position which is both PU's together and vary the tone and volume to hear all the range
    that the amp can do. As well speaker size and ohm is good to know. Nothing against Tony but I don't play
    like he does, my Tele neck PU is used way more than the bridge and I like a full plush sound 70% of the time.
    The soft strumming you did at first really caught my ear. I just wish I could have heard the tone range.
    Anyway, great stuff and a good job.

  • @bennoheritt8154
    @bennoheritt8154 5 месяцев назад +1

    Hi. Nice and simple project. The gain and tone controls are log tipe or linear ones. Thanks

  • @ronmorey3475
    @ronmorey3475 2 года назад +2

    Great little project Terry! During testing, I think you may have inadvertently written the intro to a new shoegaze classic.

  • @michaelmenkevich5712
    @michaelmenkevich5712 2 года назад +1

    Nice job on the circuit design and the repurposed chassis. I like the use of the 7 pin tubes, how about a design with a 6ak5 pentode into a 6c4 triode for preamp into a 6j6 long tail pair phase inverter to drive some 6aq5 power tubes? You must learn the song "Drinking Wine", you will be a star.

  • @brentgilbert4208
    @brentgilbert4208 2 года назад +1

    I would like a copy of the schematic! Haven’t built anything since high school electronics class. Back in 1970!!!

  • @JimFeeley
    @JimFeeley 2 года назад +1

    Terry, your channel is getting even better! Thanks for this video. And I'll email you a note asking for the schematic. Sounds fun!

  • @ryanintopeka
    @ryanintopeka 2 года назад +1

    I have a bunch of 6SN7's laying around. I'd really like to build a stereo phono amp someday and maybe use them.

  • @RS-fj5yv
    @RS-fj5yv 2 года назад +2

    Hey Terry. Keep a good Looper around that records different guitar licks from Tony. That way you will always have a real good guitar signal to use in your videos instead of you apologizing for not having a guitar player in your videos.

  • @chrisliving6438
    @chrisliving6438 Год назад

    Dude! I love your repurposed amplifiers I also repurpose amplifiers and I have three stage-right monoprice manufactured 15 watt tube amps that are crap! Since you are a fellow michigander I will contact you through normal channels to acquire populated circuit boards and transformers so I can create proper guitar amps out of them

  • @TheGuitologist
    @TheGuitologist 2 года назад +6

    Screw the amp...I need that liquor bell! :D

    • @d-labelectronics
      @d-labelectronics  2 года назад +2

      I bought that bell at a Hamfest for ten dollars!

    • @tinkerwithstuff
      @tinkerwithstuff 2 года назад

      You call that a bell? *This* is a bell! ruclips.net/video/7YEyMLX3sD8/видео.html

  • @skullheadwater9839
    @skullheadwater9839 2 года назад +5

    6CL6 power tubes sound pretty damn good, I went through a phase where I went through my RCA manual looking for cool tubes that might be cool for power tubes and that was one I tried. 6BK5 is a cool lower power tube as well and a 6BQ6 is a pretty good sub for a 6V6 except it has the plate connection on the top like an old radio tube but they sound killer. For higher output like a 6L6 a 6CD6 which was designed for TVs horizontal deflection is cool but the plate connection is up top. 6CM6 is a 9 pin with the same spec as a 6V6 and has a similar pinout to a 6973. There are tons of killer tubes that are ignored by modern amp builders that sound great, even your favorite the 6aq5 which is supposed to be a 7 pin 6v6 sounds great, I have made at least 6 amps using those guys. They have a nice smooth overdrive.

    • @Bleats_Sinodai
      @Bleats_Sinodai 2 года назад +2

      Another thing often ignored are radio pentodes for preamps. EF183 and EF184 have proven great tubes for guitar with the HB-1 Carmine amp project, from a Brazilian forum.
      There's also many triode-pentode tubes that work great for tiny practice/recording amps for home, or drive pedals.
      Lotsa tubes yet to be explored

    • @skullheadwater9839
      @skullheadwater9839 2 года назад +2

      @@Bleats_Sinodai surely, I have built amps with 6SJ7 , ef86, and one of those pentode triode combos the 6U8 and 7199

    • @ronb6182
      @ronb6182 2 года назад +2

      The 6AQ5 was popular tube in admiral record players. They used 2 tubes for a push pull configuration. The 12AX7 was a preamp and treble and bass controls and the rectifier was a 5Y3. I still prefer using a tube rectifier over solid state. That was a powerful little
      10 watt amplifier it would blast you out of the room at full volume with little distortion. 73