Intro to x86 Assembly Language (Part 1)
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- Опубликовано: 30 июл 2024
- Covers the basics of what assembly language is and gives an overview of the x86 architecture along with some code examples.
Example code: github.com/code-tutorials/ass...
Davy Wybiral
wybiral.github.io/
/ davywtf
08:34 Actually, MUL and DIV also affect EDX. The MUL instruction stores the higher half of the result in EDX, while DIV stores the remainder from division there. If one dosn't know about that, one can be very surprised that suddenly their EDX is getting clobbered with "random" numbers after division/multiplication.
Omg thank you so much, i've been trying to understand a code for a couple of days and couldn't figure out why edx was being pushed and pop before and after a multiplication
*boops*
OMG, thanks soo much. If not for your comment I would still be mystified at the bizarre results of my test code. xD "Multiplication never works... division only works sometimes... duuhhh..." xD
Another thing I've discovered on the MacOSX x64 side of things (still using NASM) is if you divide 64 bit integers the quotient is apparently given by RAX:RDX, for reasons I still don't understand, so since both RAX and RDX are 64 bit integers, aside from giving you the wrong answer, if anything substantial is in RDX it's a ticket to overflow-land unless you initialize RDX at 0 first.
How is storing higher half of the result useful?
“Assembly language is basically just a human-readable form of machine code”
As a complete beginner who has just looked at Assembly code for the first time, I am crying both tears of laughter and pain at this statement
@Kraio have you tried lua or python? Their more higher level and easy to learn.
I hope you didnt give up but you'll want to start somewhere besides x86 assembly. There are loads of languages that make more sense and are more natural to write for a beginner.
nick still Which one would you suggest? I have recently started wanting to make my own computer on a breadboard, but I want to be able to actually make programs for it. Do you think the Motorola 68010 would be an okay pick?
The Planebagel Oh I absolutely love Python, it’s my main programming language. I just find it funny because calling Assembly “human-readable” is a very generous statement
@@kraio-sfu hell ya! A big project but could be rewarding. My personal preference (arm chair opinion) would be to start with a 6502. The Assembly lang is straight forward and there is a community around ROM creation for the 6502 with python and you can even by a kit for breadboarding it
Thanks for making this video series for free. I am really glad. It is a massive help to me. Plus you really simplify it which good for a beginner like me.
Excelent, straight to the point and no "suscribe bull".... Great presentation and introduction
@reena mola because you reference processors registries (eax, ebx, etc) without brackets ([ ]). You use brackets when referencing memory address ([0x400008]).
@reena mola "mov eax,[ebx]".
imagine ebx=0x40000.
So we are saying: "mov eax, [0x40000]".
imagine memory at 0x40000 = 20.
So we are saying: "move eax, 20".
Note, syntax might change a bit of how to reference a registry depending on the tool (at&t, intel, oracle...). But that is not the case for the example above.
@reena mola No, registries do not have addresses, they are just... "there". Memory has addresses, and the more memory you have (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, etc) the more "addresses" you have.
@reena mola no. you are talking about the "sections" that a registry has. Every 32bit x86 registry has 4 sections, and those are different from memory addresses.
memory addresses refers to the RAM.
registries do not have addresses.
registries can store addresses.
references to sections of a registry is with 'ax, al, ah', and other special words; not with brackets.
any RAM address is refered with brackets[ ].
[eax+4] = go to the RAM, at the location of eax+4.
eax+4 = add 4 to the value stored in eax. (not sure if this is even permitted)
@reena mola Make good use of knowledge! 🤙🏽
Hey Davy, what a masterpiece of a tutorial series, I wanted to have an idea of what Assembly programming looked like and better understand very low level programming, well man i wasn't expecting to find such a brillant tutorial in video !
Thanks, and if you want to carry on with more advance stuffs in assembly, please don't hold your breath !
Assembly is a processor language but in human format.
You are the only person that i could find online that can explain things extremely well! Thanks so much!
I'm so glad you've made these videos. I been using asmtutor which is good, but it goes down a lot easier when you've got a good video series to follow along to. Dope shit man, thank you
I just had hours over hours of Assembly lessons at University... 6 Videos and I finaly get how it works! Well done! Thanks a lot!
Thank you so much man, this really helped me to get the basics of this thing. I may be able to pass my college exam now.
I gave my thumb’s up to every episode of this series.
Thank you for this great tutorial. Covered a lot of information and produced a working executable. You are a great teacher!
Great video Davy, clear and easy to follow. Thanks for putting it together
I know this is 3 years old, but this is a very good series and should be continued :)
I love your enthusiasm at the end
Thank you. And no needless Videohive inspired introductions! Straight to the point.
Outstanding video series, thank you so much, it really helped. You are a pioneer of knowledge
Didn't make sense to me the first time I watched it. After reading through parts of a book, following a tutorial on tutorialspoint, this made SO much more sense. Thank you my man.
Salvador Yniguez hey dude, what book was it?
@@omarelric The Art Of Assembly
Fazil Sultan hey, I somehow came across the same book anyways 😂
Samyakt Jain “the art of assembly”
@@omarelric I am beginner , please help me , where I learn Reverse engineering ?
happy I've found your videos. from this video alone, I already understood more, then in my lecture to this topic. Thanks for uploading such a great video series and taking your time explaining it so good!
He is best
@@043_fazlerabbi5 yeah the video is formatted to make it easy to learn all of the assembly stuff I remembered much more stuff than other tutorials 10/10 tutorial
Nice video! Good pace, well structured and clearly explained, thank you!
Finally a good tutorial on x86
@10:37
Wow amazing descriptions on the code. Seeing it in such fashion helped me understand the translation between that and c code. I believe there will be great insight learned from your video's! Thank you friend
Short and easy-to-follow presentations. Good job.
Absolutely brilliant. Nothing, I mean nothing at all worked on my computer from this tutorial.
Amazing video series Davy! It's incredibly helpful!
You reeeeaaaly hace to watch it more than once...
Great video!
This video just saved my whole day. Thank you! Now on to the rest of the playlist...
Very helpful I watched a few tutorials and this is the easiest one to understand thank you.
I am programmer for quite some time, but your videos seem to be the right way for me to move into asssembly more! Cheers
Crack your own programs good way of learning
This video is not really an "intro" but fortunately it's exactly what I need.
Eurgh You're such a squidward
This was really very intresting! I think learning assembly teaches you a lot about computers!
This is great, and very helpful. Thanks for making it.
Example code: github.com/code-tutorials/assembly-intro
Slides: docs.google.com/presentation/d/19nVBqrXdsvRHhAXPDwQodSoux-b_PXF9dBe-bfZJS2M
I really hope you teach computer science courses at your local college(s).
godwhomismike From what I understand, computer science is more about mathematics and high level abstraction stuff. Most of the courses I've seen teach with Java, though I did know of least one school which focused on embedded systems.
I've had plenty of CS instructors that were not that great with math, but could code extremely well.
Hurray! Now we're getting somewhere, assembly is a set of different languages. I'm definitely bookmarking this.
This video suddenly appeared on my playlist after watching virus testing videos, I am interested in remember the Assembly Language, thanks for this content!!!!!
Thanks for this great, very comprehensible, video. Organization of the video (introduction and then development of the body part of this training) really is very nice, 👌👍
Though these have been here a bit, I've just recently found them. Well explained, Davy. Should keep me busy for a while. I've always liked the closest to the metal. Thought C was as far as I could go with any proficiency, but maybe not. It is good practice for VIM.
Thank you for the great video, very clear explanations.
What a great video. Thank you for making this! Subscribed.
Very helpful video. You are the best! Very fun language. Wish me luck!
Oh man what a find! Knowledgeable and understandable.
The information in this video is spot on
Thanks a lot for such a great explanation. I have seen a lot of super videos but I'm not clever enough to understand them, but now eventually I start to understand =D . Again Thanks a lot.
I've seen assembly code that just uses syscall instead of int 0x80 and as far as I know it does exactly the same. Does it matter what I use? My best guess is that syscall might be something specific to nasm and int 0x80 is more common across assemblers.
Thanks, finally someone with a good tutorial!
I came here from michael reeves saying this is a easy language and my friend says its not, naturally im going to torture myself to spite my friend. This will be my first coding language, wish me luck
cmon atleast learn a high-level language to get used to big brain code logic like loops and if statements and stuff like that
@@undefinedchannel9916 my suffering is and will be immeasureable till im done and move on to less suffering like c++
@steev i do hate myself imdeed
@@tree9380 start with python or JS dude... you will lose motivation
only the most chad of chads will be able to do that...
Really thanks man we really were need this courses for learninh you really amazing and great persone dont stop 🔥👍👍👍👍🔥🔥
One thing you should mention is that there are two ways to write x86-64 assembly. The one you've shown in your video is the Intel syntax which is a lot nicer and readable, but is read right-to-left. The other one, which is just as common, is the AT&T and GNU syntax which is more complex and is read left-to-right.
Your explained this way better than my professor ever did
First part was informative but. You left out what the different keywords means once you get to 10:08.
msg db "Hello World!",10,0 //Here we append '
'(newline) and the numeral 0 to our string in order to 0 terminate it(0-terminated string) - which is good practice.
Also you didn't create a string of bytes but an array of bytes. You defined bytes(db). So you defined an array containing characters "Hello world!
". Which you could also have done like so although very messy:
msg db 'H', 'e' , 'l',' l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!', 0x0a
len equ $ - msg // equ is used to define contants. "$" evaluates to the assembly position at the beginning of the line containing the expression(current address). Also maybe tell us why it works. It is not obvious for everyone that you're taking the address exactly after making your string and subtracting the address of the very start of the string.
Please remember to tell us what each keyword does and means.
You don't need to end your string with a 0x00 unless you're dealing with C library functions. The system call for writing to stdout requires the length and that 0x00 doesn't matter. Also... What do you think the difference between a string and an array of character bytes is? :)
Also, to each their own. I write the bytes out in hex format as 0x0a instead of just 10 or even 0xa because I'm used to working with hex editors (as people working with low level languages like this tend to be).
But, yes, I could have explained in more detail that the $ was for taking the location after the string.
There is no difference between a string and an array of characters. But in the video you called it a string of bytes. Which I find wrong. It is an array of bytes or a sequence of bytes representing a string.
They're all valid terms. You probably hear people use "string of bytes" more when they've had to deal with unicode strings in addition to ascii strings. But you're just being picky (or not being picky enough?), it isn't "wrong".
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)#Representations
www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=%22string+of+bytes%22
A more relevant section of that wikipedia article is probably:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(computer_science)#Non-text_strings (maybe it wasn't there two years ago)
The meaning of the word 'string' has evolved to mean 'a sequence of character elements' (or whatever) over time, but its really just another word for vector, array, or sequence. In particular if you are working on x86 in machine instructions, you should probably already be somewhat familiar with this because there are a whole class of string operations for x86 that aren't related t zero terminated character encoding anything. They are just for operating over a contiguous, addressable sequences of elements of a given size.
Great video, no bullshit, and excellently explained!
Been trying to teach myself x86 for a while, definitely not the 'nicest' language but a great feeling when it works
reverse engineering feels like pro
@@drozcan Yes indeed
I'm learning to create a simple "compiler" using java for a lex/parser and to generate asm code. I'm super excited!
Davy you are a wonderful teacher
very useful and informative video, amazing work
Excellent video, thanks man ! 👍👏
I wish we had a professor for assembly & computer architecture like you in my Uni 😅
I wish I had a professor who teach me something instead of forcing me to watch this kind of videos in order to have any hope of success for his exam 😢
@@MrGSA1310 that’s what I’m scared for I’m going to university soon :( wish me luck
Great contents, great communication!
Awesome content, thanks for sharing this!
I really enjoyed this. I'm currently reading the PDF Reverse Engineering For Beginners (understanding Assembly Language) and it gets a bit heavy at times when it talks about different CPU architecture sets and different compiler output. But your video is straight to the point. Thanks
This was suprisingly easy to understand
what do you smoke to understand this god language ?
Good job - ignore the haters - we all have to start somewhere which is why many are here.
10:32 I am a little bit confused. How does the System know, if we want to store the value 4 into the eax to calculate with it or if we want a system call? I don't get it?
Great video, easy to follow
I'd love to see the final right half of the video, but it's populated by overlays. I've got annotations turned off, but they still show up.
If using visual studio (2019) is any of the syntax different from these examples? I'm getting syntax errors when attempting to run the code. I just briefly checked a different video specifically for setting up visual studio for assembly and their example ran fine.
Good video. Thnx sir. Kindly upload more video on assembly language
very clear and efficient thank u
Wow, you teach Go and x86, you're a god
To the point. Excellent video.
thanks bro. amazing video
Thanks for the knowledge!
Awesome video, thanks!
when I first got it to compile, I was so happy haha
Great video man!!!!!!!!
5:44 *accumulator register, the first important one. Something that is missing is the general purpose registers' description/declaration/definition.
That was pretty cool.
Great explanation!
Great video!!
Great stuff!!
Very cool series. I wish my professors taught like you. Any plans on doing a series on ARM64 or x86_64 assembly?
I think this series is about x86_64
Bro u just explained this easy
how can one know in whivh register should we move the value? for example like how do we know if value 1 should be moved into eax and value 42 into ebx? is it possible if we move them into ecx or edx? can someone help me which registers are suitable for which?
It depends on the system call you're making. On Linux EAX is always going to determine the type of system call. So when I set it to 1 I'm specifying that it's a sys_exit (system exit) call.
Here is a chart of different system calls: syscalls.kernelgrok.com/
You'll notice that EBX, ECX, ...etc all have different meanings depending on the system call. If you're not doing a system call then it doesn't matter, they're general purpose registers. So you can use them however you want until you need to make a system call and then they have specific purposes.
oh, so you mean it doesn't matter in which register you store the value at first, right? I was so confused about that ever since i started learning this language ..
@@lunaluna7aya Normally the registers are "general purpose", wich means that they're at your disposal and you can do whatever you like with them. It's basically your scratchpad.
But on Intel/AMD processors, each of those registers has also some "special purpose".
For example, the "A" register (AX, EAX, RAX) is for Accumulating the results of calculations. It is often the default register for operations like multiplication or division, and therefore it is also used for returning values from functions etc.
The "B" register (BX, EBX, RBX) is the Base registers, because originally it was used to store the base address for arrays of data in which you index with some other register.
The "C" register (CX, ECX, RCX) is the Count register, because it is often used as a counter in loops or string operations.
The "D" register (DX, EDX, RDX) is the Data register, because it can be used with I/O ports, in which case it stores the data to be sent throuth the port (the port number is in A).
There are also "index registers" (pointers) that are used for pointing data in memory:
The Stack Pointer (SP, ESP, RSP) for pointing to the top of the stack, Base Pointer (BP, EBP, RBP) to point to the base of the stack.
Source Index (SI, ESI, RSI) and Destination Index (DI, EDI, RDI) that point to the source and destination data in string operations.
There's also Instruction Pointer (IP, EIP, RIP) that points to the next instruction to execute. You don't manipulate it directly, but it changes when you make jumps, returns, subroutine calls and interrupts.
The interrupt number 0x80 is a system call on Linux, so it only works on Linux. Microsoft DOS used a different interrupt number (0x21) for the system call. You can find the full list of available interrupt services in the Internet.
OMGG thank uuu Davy 😍😍😍😍😍
good teacher thanks from Peru
Nice and simple. Thank you!
Nice. Many years ago i write some Asm code in dos. And use int 13h mode to create games.
You are a god, sir. Thank you!
Thanks for the tutorial🥰🥰🥰
I think I'm having some issues with the elf file types. I'm running ubuntu through the windows 10 subsystem. I have a 64 bit version of windows 10. I've managed to assemble the code with nasm by changing the elf file type to elf64. I also changed the linker elf output to i386pep which linked the object file and produced the "ex1" file. However, when I try to execute the file "./ex1" I get a message saying "./ex1: Invalid argument". Any help with this would be appreciated.
I'm having the same issue. When you compile with i386pep you generate a windows executable so it wont run on linux but it probs will on windows. Did you manage to solve it? i need help too
@@jpalacios117 same here, did you manage to solve it?
Ashish i just went to another tutorial for x64. The syntax is different and the syscalls are too. Then i compiled for x64 and it worked fine
@@jpalacios117 thank you
As an update from 2 years later, I made my life a lot easier by using an Ubuntu VM with VirtualBox.
so how are these system calls in memory? is this the bios or like the linux kernel? are these system calls just C function pointers?
I hadn't been this excited to print "hello world" before.
Ciao, secondo te è possibile imparare a programmare (intendo a scopo didattico) in assembler senza la conoscenza dell'architettura del calcolatore ? Oppure in alternativa cosa è necessario saper conoscere e mi riferisco all'architettura per poter affrontare la programmazione in assembler ?
Great video.
Please, sir ,what's the NASM command for Windows 7? I want to run my code too. :(
Awesome video
Great video :)
man i wanna thank you
thank you, what is the software used for programming?
Thanks for the tutorial, it's pretty useful. Sometimes there's things that aren't explicitly explained though, which I have to google.
For example, knowing what $? in bash is, or what equ/db do es in assembly. Still, nice tutorial
The third line in the _start function "int 0x80" doesn't work for me. "Error: operand size mismatch for `int'". I couldn't see where this is covered in the video, what is the compiler complaining about?
I'm also maintaining a runnable x86 assembly tutorial at: github.com/cirosantilli/x86-assembly-cheat