This video was sponsored by Brilliant. To try everything Brilliant has to offer-free-for a full 30 days, visit brilliant.org/CoreDumped. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Note: There is a little animation mistake at 4:33, the NOT gate in the bottom should output 0 instead of 1.
Hi, just came here to say i genuinely don't care whether the voice is AI-gen or has the thickest accent imaginable because these videos are genuinely the best thing I have seen on low level computer basics. Thank you so much for making them
I've never had the entire mechanism of the ALU shown to me with such clarity, despite having a computer science degree from a pretty reputable university 😅. In particular, it was never explained to me how we got from transistors to logic gates. I recall during labs, we were simply given logic gate chips and told to use them. I assume the professors and TAs must have thought it's too basic to warrant explaining, and none of the students wanted to ask because we were all smug teenagers who had too much ego for our own good 😮💨.
Same situation. Unfortunately, Computer Science has forked so hard from its origins; (Electrical Engineering), that if students want to learn concepts as simple as this one, aditional external resources are needed.
@@CoreDumpped I agree and the same can be said for EE. It's forked so hard from Physics that a lot of Engineer's who want to understand edge effects in circuits not covered by the lumped-element electricity model are forced to go outside EE texts. That's the tradeoff of imperfect abstraction, you gain simplicity at the cost of some important details. When I first took an analog electronics course we started with Maxwell's equations applied to static charges X_X ... it took us a while to get to a basic power supply. My friends who where Engineers laughed pretty hard at me.
Really? I'm self taught software engineer and built my own cpu, assembly language, assembler, compiler and os ... I guess it depends on how interested you are in things
@@jordixboy True, but a well written article/video about those topics will make the difference between leaving you wondering or you fully grasping all at first smoothly
You literally just summed up my entire semister of the logic design subject 😭😭. Wish i found your video at the beginning of my semester. That was such a beautiful and simple explanation.
George it's not about the accent you might have, it's about the content you give out. You can always add subtitles, or upload two videos one that is AI narrated, and one that has your voice. Practice makes perfect and you make a perfect content for it to be discarded just because of the AI narration.
tbh the ai voice isn’t bad at all though. and is much easier than being distracted by heavily accented english. the intent is to delivery he information as fast & fluently as possible; the ai may be dry but it still fluent.
Yes, it's a good idea since a lot of people will click away before they hear anything because of frivolous reasons like that. So he is just being realistic and it makes sense.
@@elijahjflowers The part of the audience you don't attract as a growing channel, because they click away too fast. No matter who they are, every bit helps with the algorithm. At any point in time there is basically an infinity of videos to watch, and audience needs to be captured and help.
@@elijahjflowers I totally agree and personally I am completely fine with Ai voice and continue recommending a channel to colleagues. But it's better to have every bit of subscriptions and likes at the current phase of the channel
No fkn kidding. I have a bitwise operations course for my degree that I was even more intimidated by than calculus. This video showed me I don’t have too much to worry about. Now I can focus all my energy into stressing about calculus :D
The fact that you can make all of these things in Minecraft with just redstone components is insane. I really recommend trying to make adders, ALUs, memory, etc in Minecraft if you really like the game and love low level stuff like this.
@@KelvinChuchu17 In minecraft there is something called red stone (wire) with the help of comparator's and repeater's people make music, calculators even games that can be played on minecraft itself. There are solar light detectors, rail carts powered by redstone, automated farms and goods transportation using water, piston, detectors etc.. It is genuinely fun and to do experiments on it.
@@akshaycp7551 Thank you so much. So as a beginner who would wanna try out how it works, do i have to buy the game and what version of the game is easy to start with?
I've been watching videos on RUclips silently for years. I don't think I've ever commented before. Please don't stop making your videos. They are unbelievably helpful
I’ve been involved with computers as a professional all my life. All aspects of configuration,deployment and operation. many changes in 50 years, at the lowest level everything is the same. You have done an excellent job explaining the fundamentals. Your video is relevant 50 years ago, today, and perhaps 50 years in the future.
But also if you do want to use your own voice, own it instead of listening to what others say to you. People on the internet are mean and have a lot of time to waste, the angry people are not worth wasting time on.
Agreed. If he speaks English as well as Sofia Vergara, I'd say that's good enough. A bit of an accent can actually be pleasant to the ears. However, in the case that he's really self-conscious about it, the AI voice is actually pretty good. I didn't realize right away that it was a fake voice.
@@bobert6259it's not about "owning it" or whatever its about channel growth. And using AI narration is going to be far better for his channel than using his own voice, not everyone has a newscaster voice or voice made for radio
The transistors shown in this video are called "bipolar junction transistors" or BJTs. Most modern digital circuits use a different type of transistor called a "metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor" or MOSFET. They are controlled by voltage rather than current, and the circuits tend to be simpler. The circuits shown in this video wouldn't actually work. You'd need additional components to make them work. But as a simplified illustration, they're fine. Great video!
@@cusemoneyman Here's why additional components are needed: 1. Biasing Circuits: BJTs need to be properly biased to operate in the active region, where they amplify signals. This typically involves adding biasing circuits to provide the correct base current or voltage to turn the transistor on and control its operation. 2. Protection Diodes: BJTs are susceptible to damage from voltage spikes and reverse currents. Therefore, protection diodes are often added to prevent damage due to sudden voltage changes or reverse currents. 3. Load Resistors: BJTs often need load resistors in their collector circuits to control the voltage and current levels and to ensure proper operation as amplifiers or switches. 4. Coupling and Decoupling Components: These components are used to couple different stages of the circuit and provide stable voltage levels, ensuring proper signal propagation and preventing interference between different parts of the circuit. 5. Feedback and Compensation Circuits: In some cases, feedback and compensation circuits may be necessary to stabilize the operation of the BJTs and ensure that the ALU operates reliably across different conditions and loads.
thank u so much dear. i understood so many things in this video. transistor -> basic fundemental gates -> complex gates -> adder , sub, inc, dec to decoder to to identify the op code
This single 15 min video taught 100% of what I have been studying since the beginning of this semester and still somehow managed to teach better than my prof. Damn
wow even after 1 month of studying i couldn't understand how transistor work, but you cleared my doubts in just 15 min. Please keep making these awesome video.
I studied these arguments several times throughout my school years. But it's refreshing and very nice to see them addressed comprehensively and in 10 minutes.
I just graduated from computer engineering and i had never known this is how logic gates are derived. I always wondered how gate ICs were configured. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THIS VIDEO! 🧡🧡🧡
That was brilliant! I did this 40years ago at college. You started from a transistor and took us all the way to an ALU the heart of a CPU which is the brains of computer. Amazing!
I have been studying computer science for over 5 years now, about finish my comp sci degree and never before have i heard a more clear explanation of how logic gates abstract transistors and how ALU works, keep up the great job!
They don't generally do a good job of teaching logic in Computer Science courses. It's really within the domain of electronic engineering courses. Though interestingly, my school level course in Computer Science did teach Karnaugh Maps used in logic simplification and design.
@@frolstty Transistors do not simplify things. Abstraction simplifies the design process. Transistors are the lowest level of abstraction. Logic gates are one level above it. Then we move up to hardware description languages and synthesis tools. Each higher level of abstraction makes the design process quicker and cheaper.
can i ask something please, what job u do after 5 years studying computer science, im on my beginner step learning computer science and i still dont know what kind of jobs should i get
@@zulfikaradnan2589 Get a job. Do it for a while. Don't like it? Change it. I have done everything from software development, to system integration, system testing, defect management to operational support to project management. Try something out. See how it evolves. Be willing to learn. Be willing to always learn, even when you hit 50 years old. Stay on top of your game. It is a fast changing industry.
Wow, this blew my mind, especially the part where you explained how exactly binary decoders understand what type of operations are being instructed. Thank you!
btw I think a consistent AI voice is good anyway because then I can speed up a video and still understand it. Ive watched other videos where both the speaker's volume and pace change which make it hard to keep up when speeding up a video, especially more so when I am not familiar with the presenter's accent.
If I had watched this video as a teen, I can't imagine how it would have blown my mind! I used to spend days in our backyard, chalk in hand, sketching out ideas in front of our yard shed, trying to figure out how to make a simple calculator with gates. I never quite succeeded-and I didn't even have the internet back then! Thanks, George!
I had made "half adders", "full adders", "multiplexers","latches", "flip flops", "and "bcd to 7 segment display". The video of "hyperspace pirate" named "8 bit adder built from 152 transistors" was very helpful, and the apps named "k map solver" and "logic circuit simulator" were also very helpful. Now for moving further, this video is very helpful and I will surely make an ALU using transistors and resistors in future.
Abstraction is key. We don't design more complex logic functions from transistors. We build them from lower level logic functions. This allows logic designs to be implemented in different technologies, to be reused. Function reuse is an important concept to understand: you don't have to build everything from scratch. It is more efficient to use logic functions already designed and incorporate them in to your design.
@@deang5622 to understand the whole picture, we must also understand how the parts are connected together. It's easier to connect the parts together when we use an abstract block diagram, but it's very difficult when we actually connect the parts together. So, abstraction is useful, however we should also put all the pieces together to better understand the full picture. (I used full picture as an analogy to block diagram and parts of picture to the parts of different components of that block diagram).
@@MathsSciencePhilosophy No. Design Engineers - and I know because I used to be one - unless working with full custom technology, and even then only partly, work with logic functions. When a designer writes VHDL code, they are not working with transistors. They are working with code which is synthesised to logic elements without any knowledge of what the transistor configuration is inside the particular logic function. That is how it is done. The reason it is done this way is precisely because time is money, it is a much more efficient and productive design process that delivers the end result in less time. I loathe these discussions with amateura that think they more than us design engineers that have done it for a living.
@@deang5622 to save time abstraction is important, but you won't understand how it works. It is just like knowing to use a clock vs understanding the workings of a clock. Everyone knows how to use a clock (just watch at hour hand, minute hand and seconds hand). But if you truly try to understand how a clock works, you need to see it's inside (gears, batteries, etc). You can use a clock without understanding how it works. (I am more focused on how people thought about inventing these technologies than to just know how to use it).
@@deang5622 someone using a computer can argue similarly that we can use computer without understanding VHDL code, we can just use readymade code and save time. But to understand how a computer really works, we also need to understand vhdl code. Similarly, to understand coding, we also need to understand how transistors work and how they are used in logic circuits to create a code.
Your explanation about logic gates was so simple but so helpful you have no idea! With this video, you did what my Digital Principles teacher with 1 year could not do, deliver the subject properly!
I've always felt the voice fit the videos well, so I think it was a good call even without considering a language barrier. And you're correct at the very end, I don't want to miss a single upload from your channel, I am fascinated by the topic and your explanations are very easy to understand in every single video.
I have never fully comprehended the inner workings of computers until I encountered your educational videos. They are truly remarkable. I would be delighted to see a video that elucidates how a computer integrates its components and executes code.
What's funny is, I was actually asking myself that question about the text to speech literally right before you explained it. Spooked me for a sec with how perfect the timing was. It was like you heard me ask that
Yeah, would be cool to finally be able to fluently read all these timing constraints between RAS CAS WE RE Address and data. RAS only refresh. CAS only fast page mode
This is literally a question thats been on my mind for so long, like i've asked people how code runs, and they say it turns it into machine code, but then i ask HOW does the machine code know what to do. It makes so much more sense now.
There is nothing better than hearing different accents! It has novelty and to be honest a lot of English speakers don’t speak 2 languages so even trying is very admirable
I have watched many videos but this is the only one for which I can say final. My curiosity about how basically computer works now I understand. No other channel on YT cover in this way. You have deep knowledge
OMG. This is the most beautiful and understandable video I have seen on any topic in computer science , as a CS student this was extremely helpful! .You literally explained half a course in 15 minute, that was amazing. It will be no time before your reach the million. hope you the best !
I think you did a pretty reasonable job distilling what is essentially 3 college courses of material into a 14 minute video. 👋 Hi, I think this time it's my turn to give the inevitable "um, actually" - For context, I'm a B.S. in ECE where microelectronics and computer architecture are my special interest. There were definitely a few points that I feel could've been hit better, though I understand given the time constraint, some simplifications had to be made. First, bipolar junction transistors (the ones you gave) are, to my knowledge, either never or _almost_ never used in microelectronics anymore. Everything uses MOSFETs, which instead of having a base, emitter, and collector, has a body, source, drain, and gate. BJTs require a small amount of current in order to stay on, so when you multiply that by BILLIONS of transistors, it adds up fast and then your CPUs would need to draw thousands or millions of amps. MOSFETs on the other hand, pretty much only draw current when they switch from 1 to 0 or vice versa, which is more miniaturizable and lets you pack WAY more onto your processor. I personally find CMOS (short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) circuits to be really interesting and stimulating, where you combine P-type MOSFETs and N-type MOSFETs to make logic gates. Interestingly enough, AND and OR gates are compound gates, meaning that you can't get an AND or OR in a single step. First you need to make a NAND or NOR, then invert it. Also, about transistors updating their state almost instantly: Boy is this a fun can of worms! Switching speed actually comes as a tradeoff with power consumption. You can get a FET to switch states faster by simply increasing the voltage, which obviously increases power usage, or also by making your gates _wider_, which allows current to flow more quickly (due to lower resistance) - but at the cost of needing more electrons to physically charge/discharge the capacitor, meaning more power per state switch. That fun fact aside (since it's irrelevant to the video), the propagation time of signals is actually a really significant consideration in processor design. The channel Spanning Tree made an excellent video recently explaining carry look-ahead adders. We want our logic unit to run as quickly as possible, and if we have a simple ripple adder as demonstrated in the video for something like a 64-bit word, the last bit needs to wait for the result of every single bit to be calculated, one by one. MOSFETs are fast, but at the frequencies we've been pushing in CPUs in the past few decades, we want to whittle away every bit of inefficiency we can in order to make our processors run faster. I was unsure at first, but I like the way you presented the info on opcodes. It's an obvious simplification again, but it gets the point across quite effectively. I built a super simplified RISC-V control unit for my final project in computer architecture, and boy was it an interesting challenge. I'm looking at some of the code I wrote for it now, lol. I just have a bunch of statements like "if (opcode == 7'b0010011)" in my Verilog code, without any sort of optimizations in mind. Honestly I'm not sure what those if-elseifs would get synthesized as in hardware. I don't have the software that I used for it installed anymore, so I can't compile it and inspect what it got synthesized as. Still though, even with those hacks I took to get it to work, it was quite challenging and it gave me a lot more respect for computer architecture as a field after doing that. I'll join the discord server in case you wanna chat more about this stuff! I'm quite passionate about this part of the field.
Thank you for the explanation. I found the video to be very informative and satisfying, as someone who grew up interested in electronics and then shifted into programming, this is the first time I truly understood the relation between the assembly code and the underlying hardware, yes, it might seem to you pretty basic information that needs some correction but I think you're missing the big picture here which is explaining the topic from a high-level that enables and empowers the rest of us to understand the topic and delve into it if needed further explanation. This is one of the most satisfying videos I've ever watched and I hope upcoming videos to be as simple and informative.
Great video, I added each picture with explanation to my Obsidian nodes stash to never forget it. Btw, the reason for your voice makes sense and the voice fits well. Related to this, it's interesting how humans are adapted to feel something different when they know it's not the voice of an actual human, like they yearn for that extra bit of connection. But of course all of that is just a simple instinct that can be easily ignored, we are here to learn things.
"You are great ❤️. I am an electronics graduate who has been working for 1 year. After watching your video, I realized that you presented a different perspective on these topics. I actually knew the individual meanings and workings of all the components in your video, but you made a structure and connections. This video helped me to open a different perspective ❤️."
I don'tmind the AI voice. What I do want is , if possible to share the text to speech service you are using. I have a tutorial series I want to make, and althought I can record my own audio, I don't have time to sit and do retakes and edits.
This is a great explanation that everybody who is writing code should have as background knowledge. Please keep on posting these kind of fundamental explanations. Thank you.
I have heard more sophisticated voices and they give the content a feeling of authenticity and make it perceived as quality content. This is good for content creators who have accents or have unclear voices.
I suspected it pretty much immediately. There's something irritating about the voice that feels physically weird to my ears. It's a subtle grating vibrato which is hard to describe. It's even worse with headphones. Also it sounds lifeless and monotonous but that part could be intentional.
Thank you so much. Im from the 'canceled country', my English and comp. science knowledge are so bad, but clearness of video is crazy. I have spent about 1.5 hours to find: how computers store information, then, your video answered all my questions. We are all required in such a RUclipsrs.
In an embedded systems course I took, we studied the AND gate by using a NAND gate based off of two n-type and p-type transistors which then connects its output to an INVERTER... thanks for this video
William Shockley, PhD ( Stanford University ) revolutionized electronics with the development of silicon semiconductors and subsequently the transistor in the late 1950's; early 1960's. It made what is possible today with computers, smart-phones, iPhones, etc.
Este es, probablemente, el video que explica el tema de la forma más simple y directa que haya visto. Me hubiese gustado que me explicaran así en la universidad. Me gustaría ver la serie completa, en donde manejas memoria y almacenamiento. 10/10
My dad is from Brazil. He moved to the UK 20 years ago, and spoken pretty much perfect English for as long as I can remember. Same cannot be said for my Polish mother, who still makes basic gramatical mistakes. Judging from the video, your grammar is good, but I have never heard your voice, so I don't know how strong is your accent. But there's nothing wrong with a strong accent, it can give the channel a personality! There are plenty of RUclipsrs I know who have unique accents and I love it (Endermanch and Beno being good examples)
It depends a lot on the listener as well. Nowadays I can understand very well most accents, although I still struggle to understand some brazilians speaking english, which is kinda funny as I'm brazilian as well, this makes me self-conscious about my own accent. 😅
Thank you so much for taking time to explain in detail how logic gates turn into logic units. This was a missing link in my understanding of transistor computation
Just found your channel. Literally just the second video i am watchin and i really enjoy it. I just finished a masters degree in IT security and would say that I have a really solid understanding of a lot of computer related topics. but taking time to recap about the stuff you heard years ago and strengthen the foundations feels very good. About the voice. Totally understand your issue. Myself i usually really run once i hear the ai voices. just because it became practice ppl nowadays publish fully automated videos utilizing llms and tts for everything. I totally listen to a lot of educational youtubers from all over the world that all have their native accent. it is how it is i think ppl in this community now it very well. damn half of my teachers were from india
This is simply amazing. These transistors do a pretty good job of displaying your video with a synthetic American voice. It's all about semiconductors, abstraction and a nice pile of software
Me alegra muchísimo encontrar canales de gente como vos decidida a hacer este contenido educativo de tan alta calidad. Felicitaciones por tremendo trabajo.
I've been passionate about systems and technology Since my childhood, I've been curious about how things work under the hood. I was an engineer in 2015. but couldn't complete my course since I had some family problems so I went abroad for a job. Now I'm 32 years old. When I saw your video it was remembering something I don't know why I am crying. I could have completed my ECE engineering courses. Now I'm going to chase my dream. I would rather work with technology. Thank you, Sir, you are wonderful creator.
1:20 The difference with a transistor is that it's not only on or off, it continuously varies between the states. That's what allows amplification or throttling of motors
Una explicacion espectacular, simple pero detallando muy bien todo desde el inicio. Ojala algun dia tambien veamos estos videos en español aprovechando que sos latinoamericano 😃
hey neighbor, greetings from brazil, love ya❤ i got my hands onto more advanced electronics and finally decided to tackle low level right now and you're doing a world of good out there, obrigada❤
I think your content is perfect. The narration is clear it does not seem artificial and at the end of the day that is why we create tools. With the added benefit that this can also be translated.
This video (or rather presentation) is a pretty well explanation of the core concept that makes a computer "usable". I really like your explanation style as it is very concise and clear. Although I have implemented my own "fully blown" processor, including memory, ALU and some fun things such as registers and flags with MIPS architecture during a practical phase in university, it's a nice refresher.
Excellent and very informative video! I’m grateful for all that I learned through these few minutes. This info has helped to finally address several questions and knowledge gaps that I’ve carried around for far too long in the back of my mind. Thank you!
I knew transistors were at the heart of everything, but how it all adds up still confused me. This video is a gem. To think that modern computers contain billions of transistors puts in to perspective the current complexity of computers.
omg this is so well explained, I just understood in 15 minutes what I couldnt understand in like 2 months of university. Really nice video keep it up!!
Hi George, I wish you were there when I was cramming huge volume of books to pass exams on digitals many years ago.Man !! You would have made my life so easy. I'm going get my kids to subscribe to your channel. Thanks v much Waheed
Man, your English is flawless! I'm from Mexico and I actually thought, by your accent, that you were in the US! Keep it up, your videos are engaging and very informative.
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Note:
There is a little animation mistake at 4:33, the NOT gate in the bottom should output 0 instead of 1.
Where are you from? I'm from Argentina!!
Ecuador
Hi, just came here to say i genuinely don't care whether the voice is AI-gen or has the thickest accent imaginable because these videos are genuinely the best thing I have seen on low level computer basics. Thank you so much for making them
The moment you recommended Ben Eater Videos, I subscribed without thinking too much , hope this channel will also grow just like a Ben Eater Channel
Thank you for this. This is amazing. Greetings from Germany!
I've never had the entire mechanism of the ALU shown to me with such clarity, despite having a computer science degree from a pretty reputable university 😅. In particular, it was never explained to me how we got from transistors to logic gates.
I recall during labs, we were simply given logic gate chips and told to use them. I assume the professors and TAs must have thought it's too basic to warrant explaining, and none of the students wanted to ask because we were all smug teenagers who had too much ego for our own good 😮💨.
Same situation. Unfortunately, Computer Science has forked so hard from its origins; (Electrical Engineering), that if students want to learn concepts as simple as this one, aditional external resources are needed.
Agree 100%
@@CoreDumpped I agree and the same can be said for EE. It's forked so hard from Physics that a lot of Engineer's who want to understand edge effects in circuits not covered by the lumped-element electricity model are forced to go outside EE texts. That's the tradeoff of imperfect abstraction, you gain simplicity at the cost of some important details. When I first took an analog electronics course we started with Maxwell's equations applied to static charges X_X ... it took us a while to get to a basic power supply. My friends who where Engineers laughed pretty hard at me.
Really? I'm self taught software engineer and built my own cpu, assembly language, assembler, compiler and os ... I guess it depends on how interested you are in things
@@jordixboy True, but a well written article/video about those topics will make the difference between leaving you wondering or you fully grasping all at first smoothly
please keep uploading this kind of videos, i love low level stuff and your way of explaining is great!! thanks!
Yes bro
You literally just summed up my entire semister of the logic design subject 😭😭. Wish i found your video at the beginning of my semester. That was such a beautiful and simple explanation.
George it's not about the accent you might have, it's about the content you give out. You can always add subtitles, or upload two videos one that is AI narrated, and one that has your voice. Practice makes perfect and you make a perfect content for it to be discarded just because of the AI narration.
tbh the ai voice isn’t bad at all though. and is much easier than being distracted by heavily accented english.
the intent is to delivery he information as fast & fluently as possible; the ai may be dry but it still fluent.
Yes, it's a good idea since a lot of people will click away before they hear anything because of frivolous reasons like that. So he is just being realistic and it makes sense.
@@Leonhart_93 define “a lot of people”.
@@elijahjflowers The part of the audience you don't attract as a growing channel, because they click away too fast.
No matter who they are, every bit helps with the algorithm.
At any point in time there is basically an infinity of videos to watch, and audience needs to be captured and help.
@@elijahjflowers I totally agree and personally I am completely fine with Ai voice and continue recommending a channel to colleagues. But it's better to have every bit of subscriptions and likes at the current phase of the channel
bro just casually explained a whole university course
No fkn kidding. I have a bitwise operations course for my degree that I was even more intimidated by than calculus. This video showed me I don’t have too much to worry about. Now I can focus all my energy into stressing about calculus :D
❤yes beb
Sort of
It literally did. Actually even better, i never get the course lectures and automatically head to youtube. Where i truly learn
This is true, I've had to learn this through a whole semester and this dude just summarize it in less than 15 minutes
The fact that you can make all of these things in Minecraft with just redstone components is insane. I really recommend trying to make adders, ALUs, memory, etc in Minecraft if you really like the game and love low level stuff like this.
my goat speaking facts 🙏‼️
@@Guille-uj4hq What is bro doing here
@DestopLine Sounds like something i would spend alot of time doing. but i have never played minecraft. So how do i get started
@@KelvinChuchu17 In minecraft there is something called red stone (wire) with the help of comparator's and repeater's people make music, calculators even games that can be played on minecraft itself. There are solar light detectors, rail carts powered by redstone, automated farms and goods transportation using water, piston, detectors etc.. It is genuinely fun and to do experiments on it.
@@akshaycp7551 Thank you so much. So as a beginner who would wanna try out how it works, do i have to buy the game and what version of the game is easy to start with?
I've been watching videos on RUclips silently for years. I don't think I've ever commented before. Please don't stop making your videos. They are unbelievably helpful
Thank you, I will :D
I’ve been involved with computers as a professional all my life. All aspects of configuration,deployment and operation.
many changes in 50 years, at the lowest level everything is the same.
You have done an excellent job explaining the fundamentals. Your video is relevant 50 years ago, today, and perhaps 50 years in the future.
I don't mind the AI voice. It is actually quite relaxing. Don't feel pressured to use your own voice if you don't want to.
But also if you do want to use your own voice, own it instead of listening to what others say to you. People on the internet are mean and have a lot of time to waste, the angry people are not worth wasting time on.
Agreed. If he speaks English as well as Sofia Vergara, I'd say that's good enough. A bit of an accent can actually be pleasant to the ears. However, in the case that he's really self-conscious about it, the AI voice is actually pretty good. I didn't realize right away that it was a fake voice.
@@bobert6259it's not about "owning it" or whatever its about channel growth. And using AI narration is going to be far better for his channel than using his own voice, not everyone has a newscaster voice or voice made for radio
The transistors shown in this video are called "bipolar junction transistors" or BJTs. Most modern digital circuits use a different type of transistor called a "metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor" or MOSFET. They are controlled by voltage rather than current, and the circuits tend to be simpler.
The circuits shown in this video wouldn't actually work. You'd need additional components to make them work. But as a simplified illustration, they're fine. Great video!
Yes, I tend to oversimplify things. Thanks for your support :D
Why wouldn't the circuits work as shown?
@@cusemoneyman Additional components are needed to make the transistors work.
@@dfs-comedy I understand, I'm just curious what specifically is needed. Current-limiting resistors? Or something else? Thanks!
@@cusemoneyman Here's why additional components are needed:
1. Biasing Circuits: BJTs need to be properly biased to operate in the active region, where they amplify signals. This typically involves adding biasing circuits to provide the correct base current or voltage to turn the transistor on and control its operation.
2. Protection Diodes: BJTs are susceptible to damage from voltage spikes and reverse currents. Therefore, protection diodes are often added to prevent damage due to sudden voltage changes or reverse currents.
3. Load Resistors: BJTs often need load resistors in their collector circuits to control the voltage and current levels and to ensure proper operation as amplifiers or switches.
4. Coupling and Decoupling Components: These components are used to couple different stages of the circuit and provide stable voltage levels, ensuring proper signal propagation and preventing interference between different parts of the circuit.
5. Feedback and Compensation Circuits: In some cases, feedback and compensation circuits may be necessary to stabilize the operation of the BJTs and ensure that the ALU operates reliably across different conditions and loads.
This channel is worth an entire semester studying compsci at the MIT
thank u so much dear. i understood so many things in this video. transistor -> basic fundemental gates -> complex gates -> adder , sub, inc, dec
to decoder to to identify the op code
The text to speech voice is one of the reasons why i am subscribed, idk its kinda satisfying to listen to.
Some TTS can be quite annoying, but this one is fine, if only a tad monotone.
Probably one of the better TTS I've heard
some people just want to fight when they hear "AI", his use of ai is cool and justified
Really, Me also
@@NemexiaMi mean, wanting to use a tool you have is enough justification to use it
This single 15 min video taught 100% of what I have been studying since the beginning of this semester and still somehow managed to teach better than my prof. Damn
wow even after 1 month of studying i couldn't understand how transistor work, but you cleared my doubts in just 15 min. Please keep making these awesome video.
I studied these arguments several times throughout my school years. But it's refreshing and very nice to see them addressed comprehensively and in 10 minutes.
I just graduated from computer engineering and i had never known this is how logic gates are derived. I always wondered how gate ICs were configured.
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR THIS VIDEO! 🧡🧡🧡
How the HELL can you get past year one in computer engineering and not know this? The schools are failing to serve students and society.
@@saganandroid4175 Welcome to the Nigerian educational system 😅
That was brilliant! I did this 40years ago at college. You started from a transistor and took us all the way to an ALU the heart of a CPU which is the brains of computer. Amazing!
I have been studying computer science for over 5 years now, about finish my comp sci degree and never before have i heard a more clear explanation of how logic gates abstract transistors and how ALU works, keep up the great job!
They don't generally do a good job of teaching logic in Computer Science courses. It's really within the domain of electronic engineering courses.
Though interestingly, my school level course in Computer Science did teach Karnaugh Maps used in logic simplification and design.
@@deang5622 Congrats, bro! But now you can see why we all need this level of simplification, right?
@@frolstty Transistors do not simplify things. Abstraction simplifies the design process.
Transistors are the lowest level of abstraction. Logic gates are one level above it. Then we move up to hardware description languages and synthesis tools.
Each higher level of abstraction makes the design process quicker and cheaper.
can i ask something please, what job u do after 5 years studying computer science, im on my beginner step learning computer science and i still dont know what kind of jobs should i get
@@zulfikaradnan2589 Get a job. Do it for a while. Don't like it? Change it.
I have done everything from software development, to system integration, system testing, defect management to operational support to project management.
Try something out. See how it evolves. Be willing to learn. Be willing to always learn, even when you hit 50 years old. Stay on top of your game. It is a fast changing industry.
This is a masterclass on how to explain a complex topic in a easy and elegant way. Im amazed!
It was the best explanation about ALU I've ever seen.
Thanks for so simplified explaination. It links all my previous learning quickly. I wish you create more videos like this.
Which books or resources you refer for learning stuff from low level?
Search a course on RUclips called: "Nand to Tetris". Hope that helps! 😊
Nand2tetris project and the book from Nisan and Shocken
Wow, this blew my mind, especially the part where you explained how exactly binary decoders understand what type of operations are being instructed.
Thank you!
Turing complete game
btw I think a consistent AI voice is good anyway because then I can speed up a video and still understand it. Ive watched other videos where both the speaker's volume and pace change which make it hard to keep up when speeding up a video, especially more so when I am not familiar with the presenter's accent.
In the future, we will need AI to do the talking for us
If I had watched this video as a teen, I can't imagine how it would have blown my mind! I used to spend days in our backyard, chalk in hand, sketching out ideas in front of our yard shed, trying to figure out how to make a simple calculator with gates. I never quite succeeded-and I didn't even have the internet back then! Thanks, George!
I've never seen anyone to cover this topic this good! Amazing explanation, wish you existed at the time I was studying computer architecture 😅
Your videos don't get enough credit. The way you explain the concepts is way better than my professors. Cheers!
I had made "half adders", "full adders", "multiplexers","latches", "flip flops", "and "bcd to 7 segment display". The video of "hyperspace pirate" named "8 bit adder built from 152 transistors" was very helpful, and the apps named "k map solver" and "logic circuit simulator" were also very helpful. Now for moving further, this video is very helpful and I will surely make an ALU using transistors and resistors in future.
Abstraction is key.
We don't design more complex logic functions from transistors. We build them from lower level logic functions.
This allows logic designs to be implemented in different technologies, to be reused. Function reuse is an important concept to understand: you don't have to build everything from scratch. It is more efficient to use logic functions already designed and incorporate them in to your design.
@@deang5622 to understand the whole picture, we must also understand how the parts are connected together. It's easier to connect the parts together when we use an abstract block diagram, but it's very difficult when we actually connect the parts together. So, abstraction is useful, however we should also put all the pieces together to better understand the full picture. (I used full picture as an analogy to block diagram and parts of picture to the parts of different components of that block diagram).
@@MathsSciencePhilosophy No.
Design Engineers - and I know because I used to be one - unless working with full custom technology, and even then only partly, work with logic functions.
When a designer writes VHDL code, they are not working with transistors.
They are working with code which is synthesised to logic elements without any knowledge of what the transistor configuration is inside the particular logic function.
That is how it is done.
The reason it is done this way is precisely because time is money, it is a much more efficient and productive design process that delivers the end result in less time.
I loathe these discussions with amateura that think they more than us design engineers that have done it for a living.
@@deang5622 to save time abstraction is important, but you won't understand how it works. It is just like knowing to use a clock vs understanding the workings of a clock. Everyone knows how to use a clock (just watch at hour hand, minute hand and seconds hand). But if you truly try to understand how a clock works, you need to see it's inside (gears, batteries, etc). You can use a clock without understanding how it works. (I am more focused on how people thought about inventing these technologies than to just know how to use it).
@@deang5622 someone using a computer can argue similarly that we can use computer without understanding VHDL code, we can just use readymade code and save time. But to understand how a computer really works, we also need to understand vhdl code.
Similarly, to understand coding, we also need to understand how transistors work and how they are used in logic circuits to create a code.
Your explanation about logic gates was so simple but so helpful you have no idea! With this video, you did what my Digital Principles teacher with 1 year could not do, deliver the subject properly!
I've always felt the voice fit the videos well, so I think it was a good call even without considering a language barrier. And you're correct at the very end, I don't want to miss a single upload from your channel, I am fascinated by the topic and your explanations are very easy to understand in every single video.
Incredibly clear explanation, thank you
I love your series, even the sound part! I always wanted to deeply understand low-level stuff, and you made it happen!
I have never fully comprehended the inner workings of computers until I encountered your educational videos. They are truly remarkable. I would be delighted to see a video that elucidates how a computer integrates its components and executes code.
You're lucky, that video is already out: ruclips.net/video/GYlNoAMBY6o/видео.htmlsi=pqS_ad2rVOi_UCQr
Dude, universities need teachers such as yourself
What's funny is, I was actually asking myself that question about the text to speech literally right before you explained it. Spooked me for a sec with how perfect the timing was. It was like you heard me ask that
A video about how the CPU interact with the DRAM (CRUD operations)
The upcoming two videos are about this!
Yeah, would be cool to finally be able to fluently read all these timing constraints between RAS CAS WE RE Address and data. RAS only refresh. CAS only fast page mode
This is literally a question thats been on my mind for so long, like i've asked people how code runs, and they say it turns it into machine code, but then i ask HOW does the machine code know what to do. It makes so much more sense now.
There is nothing better than hearing different accents! It has novelty and to be honest a lot of English speakers don’t speak 2 languages so even trying is very admirable
I have watched many videos but this is the only one for which I can say final. My curiosity about how basically computer works now I understand. No other channel on YT cover in this way. You have deep knowledge
Man just came out of nowhere and blew most IT teachers out of the water
For the first time understood as to why and what actually happens in computers. Thanks for a very simple explanation.
You're videos are special. It is nice sweet spot of simplicity and complexity. I always have an "ahaa" moment with your vids. Great work🔥.
With what voice you make is nothing. But information you give is Awesome! Thank you!
Thank you for your clear explanation. I was unaware that the voice was AI-generated. I find it quite pleasant to listen to.
I have a master degree in CS and you have explained a question I have in mind for 10+ years. Thank you so much for the work.
I actually like the ai voice. I’m not a native speaker so it’s easier to understand a clear and articulate voice.
OMG. This is the most beautiful and understandable video I have seen on any topic in computer science , as a CS student this was extremely helpful! .You literally explained half a course in 15 minute, that was amazing. It will be no time before your reach the million. hope you the best !
I think you did a pretty reasonable job distilling what is essentially 3 college courses of material into a 14 minute video. 👋 Hi, I think this time it's my turn to give the inevitable "um, actually" - For context, I'm a B.S. in ECE where microelectronics and computer architecture are my special interest. There were definitely a few points that I feel could've been hit better, though I understand given the time constraint, some simplifications had to be made. First, bipolar junction transistors (the ones you gave) are, to my knowledge, either never or _almost_ never used in microelectronics anymore. Everything uses MOSFETs, which instead of having a base, emitter, and collector, has a body, source, drain, and gate. BJTs require a small amount of current in order to stay on, so when you multiply that by BILLIONS of transistors, it adds up fast and then your CPUs would need to draw thousands or millions of amps. MOSFETs on the other hand, pretty much only draw current when they switch from 1 to 0 or vice versa, which is more miniaturizable and lets you pack WAY more onto your processor. I personally find CMOS (short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) circuits to be really interesting and stimulating, where you combine P-type MOSFETs and N-type MOSFETs to make logic gates. Interestingly enough, AND and OR gates are compound gates, meaning that you can't get an AND or OR in a single step. First you need to make a NAND or NOR, then invert it.
Also, about transistors updating their state almost instantly: Boy is this a fun can of worms! Switching speed actually comes as a tradeoff with power consumption. You can get a FET to switch states faster by simply increasing the voltage, which obviously increases power usage, or also by making your gates _wider_, which allows current to flow more quickly (due to lower resistance) - but at the cost of needing more electrons to physically charge/discharge the capacitor, meaning more power per state switch.
That fun fact aside (since it's irrelevant to the video), the propagation time of signals is actually a really significant consideration in processor design. The channel Spanning Tree made an excellent video recently explaining carry look-ahead adders. We want our logic unit to run as quickly as possible, and if we have a simple ripple adder as demonstrated in the video for something like a 64-bit word, the last bit needs to wait for the result of every single bit to be calculated, one by one. MOSFETs are fast, but at the frequencies we've been pushing in CPUs in the past few decades, we want to whittle away every bit of inefficiency we can in order to make our processors run faster.
I was unsure at first, but I like the way you presented the info on opcodes. It's an obvious simplification again, but it gets the point across quite effectively. I built a super simplified RISC-V control unit for my final project in computer architecture, and boy was it an interesting challenge. I'm looking at some of the code I wrote for it now, lol. I just have a bunch of statements like "if (opcode == 7'b0010011)" in my Verilog code, without any sort of optimizations in mind. Honestly I'm not sure what those if-elseifs would get synthesized as in hardware. I don't have the software that I used for it installed anymore, so I can't compile it and inspect what it got synthesized as. Still though, even with those hacks I took to get it to work, it was quite challenging and it gave me a lot more respect for computer architecture as a field after doing that.
I'll join the discord server in case you wanna chat more about this stuff! I'm quite passionate about this part of the field.
Thank you for the explanation. I found the video to be very informative and satisfying, as someone who grew up interested in electronics and then shifted into programming, this is the first time I truly understood the relation between the assembly code and the underlying hardware, yes, it might seem to you pretty basic information that needs some correction but I think you're missing the big picture here which is explaining the topic from a high-level that enables and empowers the rest of us to understand the topic and delve into it if needed further explanation. This is one of the most satisfying videos I've ever watched and I hope upcoming videos to be as simple and informative.
Now I understand why adding more voltage to a CPU to overclock it makes it faster but with higher current consumption
one of the most intuitive video in that subject I have ever seen. thanks for your effort.
Great video, I added each picture with explanation to my Obsidian nodes stash to never forget it.
Btw, the reason for your voice makes sense and the voice fits well.
Related to this, it's interesting how humans are adapted to feel something different when they know it's not the voice of an actual human, like they yearn for that extra bit of connection. But of course all of that is just a simple instinct that can be easily ignored, we are here to learn things.
What you did was absolute magic. I dont know how can I thank you. But it was the definition of perfect.
Thank you as always
This video deserved to be teach in all faculties of enginnering!! Excellent!!!!
I LOVE THIS CHANNEL PLEASE DON'T STOP WITH THE VIDEOS
"You are great ❤️. I am an electronics graduate who has been working for 1 year. After watching your video, I realized that you presented a different perspective on these topics. I actually knew the individual meanings and workings of all the components in your video, but you made a structure and connections. This video helped me to open a different perspective ❤️."
I don'tmind the AI voice. What I do want is , if possible to share the text to speech service you are using. I have a tutorial series I want to make, and althought I can record my own audio, I don't have time to sit and do retakes and edits.
Hi, I use ElevenLabs.io
@@CoreDumpped thanks
This is a great explanation that everybody who is writing code should have as background knowledge. Please keep on posting these kind of fundamental explanations. Thank you.
wait this is ai voice? sounds so real.
Have you heard the voice of GPT 4o, now dats convincing
@@LTech255 yeah heard it recently, pretty crazy.
I have heard more sophisticated voices and they give the content a feeling of authenticity and make it perceived as quality content. This is good for content creators who have accents or have unclear voices.
I suspected it pretty much immediately. There's something irritating about the voice that feels physically weird to my ears. It's a subtle grating vibrato which is hard to describe. It's even worse with headphones.
Also it sounds lifeless and monotonous but that part could be intentional.
I know almost nothing about computing but this guy explained it so darn good, that I understood alot of it..... AND it made sense!
Really great video pls consider deep dive into creating adders and multiplexers and how to optimise to reach an ALU
بعد ٢٠ سنة أخيرا أخذت نظرة واضحة عن ذلك بفضلك
شكرا لك
Thank you so much. Im from the 'canceled country', my English and comp. science knowledge are so bad, but clearness of video is crazy. I have spent about 1.5 hours to find: how computers store information, then, your video answered all my questions. We are all required in such a RUclipsrs.
In an embedded systems course I took, we studied the AND gate by using a NAND gate based off of two n-type and p-type transistors which then connects its output to an INVERTER... thanks for this video
What kind of sorcery is this?... The amount of information in such a short video is outstanding... New follower
What a high quality content! I never felt like I could understand how machine code can be interpreted by the CPU internally until now, thanks!
William Shockley, PhD ( Stanford University ) revolutionized electronics with the development of silicon semiconductors and subsequently the transistor in the late 1950's; early 1960's. It made what is possible today with computers, smart-phones, iPhones, etc.
Este es, probablemente, el video que explica el tema de la forma más simple y directa que haya visto. Me hubiese gustado que me explicaran así en la universidad.
Me gustaría ver la serie completa, en donde manejas memoria y almacenamiento.
10/10
My dad is from Brazil. He moved to the UK 20 years ago, and spoken pretty much perfect English for as long as I can remember. Same cannot be said for my Polish mother, who still makes basic gramatical mistakes. Judging from the video, your grammar is good, but I have never heard your voice, so I don't know how strong is your accent. But there's nothing wrong with a strong accent, it can give the channel a personality! There are plenty of RUclipsrs I know who have unique accents and I love it (Endermanch and Beno being good examples)
It depends a lot on the listener as well. Nowadays I can understand very well most accents, although I still struggle to understand some brazilians speaking english, which is kinda funny as I'm brazilian as well, this makes me self-conscious about my own accent. 😅
I have finnally found it, after all these years, the knowledge that filled the gaps, thank you sooo sooooo much
Thank you so much for taking time to explain in detail how logic gates turn into logic units. This was a missing link in my understanding of transistor computation
The clarity with which you explain things has reconciled me with electronics ! Great video, keep up the awesome work !
I would say this is all the digital electronics in just 15 minutes!!!
Great content man ❤️
Amazing, always wanted to understand how code to circuitry worked, THANK YOU !!
Just found your channel. Literally just the second video i am watchin and i really enjoy it. I just finished a masters degree in IT security and would say that I have a really solid understanding of a lot of computer related topics. but taking time to recap about the stuff you heard years ago and strengthen the foundations feels very good.
About the voice. Totally understand your issue. Myself i usually really run once i hear the ai voices. just because it became practice ppl nowadays publish fully automated videos utilizing llms and tts for everything. I totally listen to a lot of educational youtubers from all over the world that all have their native accent. it is how it is i think ppl in this community now it very well. damn half of my teachers were from india
thank you! best content for low level learning at a fundamental level.
This is simply amazing. These transistors do a pretty good job of displaying your video with a synthetic American voice. It's all about semiconductors, abstraction and a nice pile of software
Me alegra muchísimo encontrar canales de gente como vos decidida a hacer este contenido educativo de tan alta calidad. Felicitaciones por tremendo trabajo.
I've been passionate about systems and technology Since my childhood, I've been curious about how things work under the hood. I was an engineer in 2015. but couldn't complete my course since I had some family problems so I went abroad for a job. Now I'm 32 years old. When I saw your video it was remembering something I don't know why I am crying. I could have completed my ECE engineering courses. Now I'm going to chase my dream. I would rather work with technology. Thank you, Sir, you are wonderful creator.
That was great!
A few minutes in when you got to abstraction my head started to hurt, but you led me safely out the other side.
1:20 The difference with a transistor is that it's not only on or off, it continuously varies between the states. That's what allows amplification or throttling of motors
Una explicacion espectacular, simple pero detallando muy bien todo desde el inicio. Ojala algun dia tambien veamos estos videos en español aprovechando que sos latinoamericano 😃
Nice video, increased my understanding of how digital systems work and interact.
This video is amazing, this was 1000x more clear than I hoped, pls don't every stop explaining things and making videos!!
hey neighbor, greetings from brazil, love ya❤
i got my hands onto more advanced electronics and finally decided to tackle low level right now and you're doing a world of good out there, obrigada❤
Best presentation of the topic I've encountered.
I think your content is perfect. The narration is clear it does not seem artificial and at the end of the day that is why we create tools. With the added benefit that this can also be translated.
12:19 is a beautiful representation of the first few layers of abstraction
This video (or rather presentation) is a pretty well explanation of the core concept that makes a computer "usable". I really like your explanation style as it is very concise and clear. Although I have implemented my own "fully blown" processor, including memory, ALU and some fun things such as registers and flags with MIPS architecture during a practical phase in university, it's a nice refresher.
Please do more videos on the topic! This one was phenomenal
Excellent and very informative video! I’m grateful for all that I learned through these few minutes. This info has helped to finally address several questions and knowledge gaps that I’ve carried around for far too long in the back of my mind.
Thank you!
I knew transistors were at the heart of everything, but how it all adds up still confused me. This video is a gem. To think that modern computers contain billions of transistors puts in to perspective the current complexity of computers.
Excellently explained, I'm out of computer science but easily understood.
Great work. This has summarized for me digital electronics I and II which i learned a few years ago.. I love how you delivered the content
omg this is so well explained, I just understood in 15 minutes what I couldnt understand in like 2 months of university. Really nice video keep it up!!
Hi George, I wish you were there when I was cramming huge volume of books to pass exams on digitals many years ago.Man !! You would have made my life so easy. I'm going get my kids to subscribe to your channel. Thanks v much
Waheed
You earn my respect brother. You have explained a whole university course within 14mins.
Man, your English is flawless! I'm from Mexico and I actually thought, by your accent, that you were in the US! Keep it up, your videos are engaging and very informative.
thank you! i've always though these gates and chips as magic but now i understand them thanks to this video!