HOW TRANSISTORS REMEMBER DATA
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- Опубликовано: 27 сен 2024
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In this episode we learn about how memory works at the "transistor" level.
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Where is the Java learning tool?
14:29 It seems the correct address is 1010 instead of 1011
I signed up for CodeCrafters on Sunday. I'm about 30% through the SQLite challenge. It's an interesting approach to learning.
How do the tests work? I've never seen something like that. I would love to get test feedback like this when I push to my own github repos.
"HOW TRANSISTORS REMEMBER DATA?"
Are you trying to make a statement or ask a question? Make up your mind!
@@pizzainc.1465 github.com/jdvillal/8-bit_CPUemu Requires JDK 8
I've never actually understood how this type of circut works until now, despite a couple attempts. This explanation was very clear. Top quality.
Bro is trying to become RUclipss best computer science channel.
bro is
Trying? At this point I think he already is.
So be it
You mean he’s succeeding at it
Computer *Engineering, not science
You just blew my mind by showing how bytes of memory are accessed by addressing eight matrices of registers simultaneously. This channel is quickly revealing itself to be far and away the most detailed and explanatory computer engineering resource on youtube.
I never knew that bits were not stored sequentially! So many concepts are abstracted away in computer science, that it makes learning and understanding harder. I only recently learned about the existence of standard cell too.
saaammme
nice profile picture
Hey, mind explaining what a standard cell is and what topic I can google to understand it better?
@@bestatfifa 6T SRAM Cell, consisting of two inverters feeding each other and two pass transistors connecting the cell to two bit-lines (bit and its inverse) if the cell is selected for read/write.
Writing is done by providing a stronger signal on the bit-lines which override the weaker state of the selected cell so writing logic doesn't need to be part of each individual cell which saves a lot of space on the die.
I love how your videos like episodes of a TV show, you have to watch them one by one to understand the context in the last video. Everything is so well explained. I wish I had these videos in the beginning of my University journey. Amazing.
Absolutely!
Why dont you have a @handle?
"this is starting to get very complicated" well yes because that's abstraction over and over again, but it's still very easy to understand becuase you're explaining it very well ! I am learning a lot of stuff thanks to you :3
YES, more OS and low-level content please. These concepts are really important for any competent technologist.
Also, what books or other resources you recommend for me to deep dive into these topics? It seem there are a lot and highly complex.
I figured I'd throw my recommendations in here, having spent an inordinate amount of time learning and relearning these topics over quite a few years.
For microarchitecture:
1. Digital Design and Computer Architecture by Harris and Harris. A great book for getting into the topics of microarch and how to go about building the concepts from simple terms of logic control all the way up to pipelined, multi-cycle multi-core processors. There are a few variants of this book as well, for RISC-V, ARM and x86, so choose your fighter I guess. Don't worry if the distinction between those terms doesn't make sense, probably go with ARM as the concepts are clearer IMO.
2. Computer Organisation and Design by Patterson and Hennesy, this is a great suppliment to Harris & Harris, they are written in a similar manner but complement the areas that each fall short in. I'd recommend you spool through the topic in each together as needed.
3. Modern Processor Design by Shen and Lipasti is great for going into details about platforms like the Intel P6 and PowerPC 620 as supplementary case studies. They do provide some additional content that might be interesting, but probably not a whole lot to recommend on it's own over the previous ones.
4. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach by Hennesy and Patterson. This is brilliant. It's definitely an advanced text in comparison to the previous ones, with immense details, but reads like an academic paper. It does cover topics that the others don't and even goes into massively-parallel architectures like GPUs. Highly recommend this as a continuing text.
For operating systems:
1. OSTEP (Operating Systems: Three-Easy Pieces) by Arpaci and Dusseau. This is a fantastic read that is great for getting your head around the concepts and isn't written like an academic paper. Theres a lot of tasks that you can do in this book that get you to actaully implement aspects, which you can find solutions and templates for online. It's incredible.
2. Modern Operating Systems by Tannenbaum and Bos. This is a legendary book with immense detail that I encourage you to look at after OSTEP for further reading. It too provides tasks to complete coupling with each chapter.
I need to point out, that for microarch, it's really really important to spend time building the circuitry yourself. It will cement the ideas in a manner that just reading cannot, whether that be through simulators (like Digital, an open-source circuitry simulator, or others), Minecraft's redstone, microarch simulators like Intel's Sniper, or others. Doing this will make tangible the reasoning and design process for this stuff that is hard to get into otherwise. I'd note that several of these books contains sections in each chapter for examples and tasks you yourself can work through and find answers online provided by the authors themselves or the community. It's a great way to actually do stuff in this area and learn at the same time.
Happy micro-architecting and OS development!
@@ThisIsAnAccount Thank you so much for dropping these valuable resources. I think I will start with the OS and spend a few year to learn and practice following your comment.
After lots of videos to understand transistors working in computers , finally I understood clearly, thank you so much Villalta
i am currently studying compsci at university and your videos are honestly just one huge “AHA” moment so far
I’ve suddenly understood so many concepts on a fundamental level where our lectures have failed to properly explain the basic building blocks that you need to be able to reason about those things on your own, without just memorizing a bunch of definitions etc.
seriously if they’d just shown all of your videos in a row before starting the semester I wouldn’t have struggled with the advanced stuff we did nearly as much and even now so many things I couldn’t really grasp before just clicked into place all of a sudden
I also had this when learning computer architecture, I found one day an android app that simulate those gates and after tinkering with it I found only at the end of the semester that this things can in fact be learned easily by assembling the gates and see by yourself what happens.
@@NomenaFAndriamiadantsoa i think it’s incredibly important to learn *why* things work instead of just the how
abstractions are important for working with things, but if you know how something works under the hood you can derive everything you might be asking yourself about the high level component from that knowledge, even when you never specifically learned it or just forgot the information
I won’t write my next project in assemply or even C, neither will I think about what exactly the gates in my CPU are doing under the hood for every line of code I write but knowing about that stuff helps immensely even at higher levels sometimes
I love the way you built from the ground up. Showing simple circuits, zooming out and adding small gates and commands to create a byte was such a great teaching method
Ive gone through very similar physical breakdowns of the schematics on RUclips before a few times, and this is the first time i actually realized that each individual sequential bit is not stored as contiguously as I i had thought before. Possibly there are other schematic layouts that allow for more truely contiguous physical layouts of sequential bits, but this aspect is completely new.
A contiguous way is also possible, but it requires extra circuitry (a multiplexor - demultiplexor.) You can check out my video about dynamic RAM for more details.
Bro you genuinely have a gift for teaching concepts to people. The way you explain things makes it super easy to follow along, but I still feel like I'm the one making the jumps in understanding to reach the next level of abstraction. Some very similar explanations are over on Sebastian Lague's "Exploring how computers work," but I think his videos are a little more focused on application rather than understanding the fundamentals (both of which are super important by the way, I still love all of Sebastian Lague's videos). Either way, I just wanted to say thank you and tell you to keep doing what you're doing!
Holy shit. I'm an software engineer for around 10 years and sometimes tried to understand more about hardware and circuits and failed everytime or struggled to learn more about it. I had kind of an idea how it works or like the basics of the basics about gates, but your explanations are so clear and easy to understand. Thank you so much for such a beautiful way to help people understanding circuits in the deep.
Every once in a while, as you do, showing the complex map DE-abstracted, with all the latches, is really great and useful. Often is too much work to do, and people ignore showing it. Kudos
This is the best explanation I've ever seen of how computer memory works. Thank you so much! Meanwhile, I would love to be able to see and play with an interactive javascript version of your "How CPUs Work" application, so please keep us all in the loop if you plan to move forward with that!
I am just a "layperson" with no formal training in electrical or computer engineering, but I find this kind of stuff absolutely fascinating! I'm always amazed that people at some point in the recent past were able to figure all of this out. First, using electrical circuits and switches as an analog for binary logic. And then building on those circuits to create machines capable of not only performing arithmetic and more advanced calculations, but ultimately performing almost any "mental" task we used to have to perform in our heads. Now we have the processing power to create large language models and give the illusion that the machine is actually thinking for itself. And to think that less than 200 years ago, we didn't even have electricity in people's homes! Absolutely incredible.
This video made me realize how inefficient standart computers are for running my program I wrote in assembly. By removing some features, I can creat a computer that runs my program even faster. Without those features my specialized computer won't be able to run pretty much anything else but it's just a small cost to make my code run one microsecond faster.
If you drop the code entirely, you can run your entire logic in one clock cycle. It may be a big circuit though.
Bro is HIM, the GOAT of Computer Science channels
Literally
Mesmerising! You give me a perspective on this course that the university didn't give me. Please keep it up. Until now I thought that the basic memory units were flip flops, and I was trying to make sense of their derivation with truth tables and K-maps. But you... went straight to the basics, using AND and OR gates and then building on top of that! Thank you for opening my mind!
The last two videos basically summarized my digital systems class in the most elegant way possible! Love your videos bro and keep up the amazing work!
Where you were, when I was in College?
This video is absolutely AMAZING!
one day i hope to program a virtual environment where my ex remembers me, where the 0s and 1s only reflect the good memories, before i transisted myself grinding algorithms
Dude 💔
Forget your ex. Never return to your ex.
0:32 how can I experience the tool you have developed ? Is it a paid application or what ?
This is insanely well delivered and clear to understand. Never before have I quite grasped any of these concepts until it was stated so directly. Thank you
Probably the best educational channel on YT I've always never really liked low-level coding because I couldn't conceptualize what was happening in a computer to the core. I would've cracked open another textbook back then but there are other things I have to prioritize. Though this content is actually so dope I want to learn more. What resources/books did you use? At least when making this video or something
Best video for explaining a very complex topic so simply. Salute
The greatest visual content of computer engineering I - literally - ever seen in my entire existence…. No kidding
I took Digital System Design course during my 3rd Semester, now the concepts are crystal clear as I can visualise them!
This is absolutely amazing and packed with intuitiveness which is so important and hard to find elsewhere. Keep up the good work ! Can’t wait for your next videos on similar topics involving computer hardware!!
I have learnt computer hardware & circuit 15 years ago. Until now I am able to understand how it work internal? Thanks a lot for your awesome video. Hope at that time i can see videos of u guy. Thanks so much
Thanks for making me smarter. To actually able to visualise how memory works,its mindblowing. Do not stop making these kind of explanation videos. 🙌🏼🙌🏼
I am amazed by the level of detail in the editing/graphics. It's really awesome to watch
Totally in love with your channel!
Had this video been uploaded a bit earlier, I would have scored far better in my exams.
Your way of teaching is far better than many of the university professors. ❤❤❤❤❤❤
Incredible explanations! Complex but boiled down so well to the basics
I am glad you touched on mosfet's. It would be nice to see a video on static vs volaltile RAM at the trnsistor level. Great Video TY!
Then you'll love this week's episode.
12:55 Huh, you could hold the write enable line high/active along with an input tied to every output of the binary decoders to write every cell in the matrix at once. Which could be useful for quickly clearing values.
You could also “sweep” the address over a smaller segment using the decoders to clear a segment of memory quickly, instead of all of it.
I have a feeling I am going to put this knowledge to use. Best channel I have encountered so far
I just wanna say thank you for these insanely high quality videos, im learning so much gah damn
Outstanding work, my guy. I can imagine a ton of teachers falling in love with your videos for their students as soon as they find you. I'm already propagandizing.
Mark my words
This channel is gonna be huge by the end of this year
You know why because I understand everything taught in it although im in highschool and have absolutely no idea of logic gates and all ❤🗣️
8:57 kind of works like a transistorized version of magnetic Core memory in a way, as far as the row and Column used to select the Bit latch.
maannnn you are brasilian, i'm so proud to see that a brasilian are so smart and teach me this kind of things
se vc estiver inseguro de gravar os videos com a sua voz n se preocupe, por mais q no começo possa ser dificil e parecer q esta falando tudo errado n tem problema ngm te julgaria e tbm quanto mais vc treinar e falar em ingles melhor sua pronuncia fica e ter um canal em ingles ajuda muito isso sério eu falo por experiencia propria
but anyway continue with your excelent work and get better and better my friend :D
I keep viewing these videos and I don't understand like 70% of the information being sent to "my transistors" in the head of my body. But i really enjoy it 😃 keeps me being humble (if that makes sense in some way)
So thanks for the video
Amazing, always wanted to understand how code to circuitry worked, THANK YOU !!
Many years ago I studied logic gates. The visual explanation makes it much easier to understand the logic. Most of the lecture at Uni was in text form but I am a visual learner and find it much easier to learn from videos.
Man you're a genius ! We can see the great effort you're putting in your videos and the outcome is worth it
The best computer science content I have ever found
Te felicito. Tus videos son geniales: simples, directos y con el contenido justo. Realmente aprendí mucho más viéndolos que leyendo pesados libros universitarios.
This is the best explanation and illustration I’ve seen. It filled in many gaps for me. Thanks !
Bro you are 🔥. What schools and colleges couldn't taught you in 10 years bro did in 10 mins.
Standing ovation for you dude
After every video, I'm always left amazed at how well you explain everything. Thank you!
This is fantastic. Honestly I wish you wouldn't "simplify" stuff..... or at least say what more is necessary for memory to work. Because I "think" I finally understand the grid of wires from the 60's used on computers that went to the moon or to the orbit and being described as memory. Heck, if you take a look at modern AMD CPU (there are fantastic high-resolution pictures) and look at cache, which is SRAM, you do see grid as well. Very distinguishable.
My man. You are simply on the next level of IT RUclips
Holy smokes. your content reminds me of my networking teachers content from 2010 at netgear. I learned so much it jump started my entire career. you are a godsend!
This is the best computer science video I have ever seen.
This is a very well crafted video. Thank you for making this.
All of this is not really news to me, but I still learned things I didn't know
I think this goes to show that animations like this are the best way to communicate complex abstractions.
Kudos to you, I can't even begin to imagine the work that goes into those videos. You're doing God's work !
16:08 any plans on doing a separate tutorial on SRAM and DRAM? I'm currently studying digital circuits, CR and RC filter circuits, AD and DA converters, modems and so on for an exam in June. I'm studying it thoroughly to understand and these videos come as a solid run down to what I've learned weeks prior. I can tell, your content is spot on when it comes to these topics! Flawless.
P. S. Also, maybe it's just a coincidence, but in February you've put out videos covering topics of operating systems and underhood of kernel, virtual memory, processes, threads and so on. Exactly at that time I was studying for OS exam. It's almost like your content follows my college curriculum, lol!
Yes, but that video is not a priority for the time beign. So probably on July.
@@CoreDumpped Nice. Keep it up, mate.
Btw, do you have any recommendation for literature on these topics?
13:30 You haven't gone too far. At least for me, it was spot on. Though I have learned this years ago at Uni, so for me it was more of a reminder. As a software engineer, not electronics, it would be hard for me to write down such schematics without help. Now I can.
You inspire me to build my own CPU. Hope you keep them coming.
It feels illegal to have access this high quality videos without paying anything
Love everything you do. Clear explanation with visual representations. Could you explain in a later video bus communications and how they work? Like CAN, RS485. It's okay if no, just curious. Keep up the good work ❤
what i love about watching these videos is i'm indirectly learning redstone because it shares a ton of similarities
explaining an entire semester's worth of knowledge like it's nothing
I have a question - at 13:47 you mention its an over simplification but I would like to know the details about that so if you could create a short/follow-up video covering that, that would be awesome!
Love your content though, thanks!
I love your videos. I have been programming for 5 years and I am going through a CS degree and you videos help me a lot to understand more easily and much better so many concepts.
I can wait to see that web app you plan on streaming!
oh my god that's... bright! Thank you so much from France!
impressive video!!!, is the operation of the ROM based on the same concept? or differs from it?
Very best explanation so far on youtube, bro rocks!
This is top quality content right here... Keep 'em coming please!
Simply a „wow“!!!!
There rises a question aside your phenomenal content: what Software is used to produce the presentation/video?
Cheers and thank you!!!
Dude please upload the next video asap I have a computer organization exam in 4 days. The professor will ask questions from assembly.
Also thanks for all the videos, thanks to you I understood the topics better and grasped the logic.
Now this is totally praiseworthy content !!!!! Can't go without thanking you, thanks a lot brother for all the efforts you put in to educate us . Love from India.
Quality content for free. My god. Thankyou so much. U just earned a subscrier. Hats off to the effort.
You're the best man, your explanation is beautiful and simple, because of your work, a lot of people learn more about this complicated topics
This is amazing.
I like to know how a hard drive remembers data.
Video is detailed with explanation of every tiny components
This is absolutely beautiful. Thanks a lot!
This is really an amazing and really clear series so far! I have no assumptions to make on how any part of this works because it's all explained (except maybe the workings of electricity and the transistors themselves, but that's okay obviously).
P.S. at 9:48 the colour of the wires on the left are wrong. The address is 0001 but the wires suggest 0110. Small mistake, but I thought I'd let you know :)
Best explaining ever.
Wow 👌 I like the explanation and the animation you've used. Continue please 🙏 sharing videos on computer architecture and hardware. Thank you ❤️
Its amazing to know that for storing 1 letter, its usually needed 1 byte, and then for storing 1 byte, its needed 8 bits, and then for handing 8 bits, its needed a ton of transistors 😄
Man I'm glad I found this channel
13:45 I thought we were about to start talking about where all the +v and the grounds were going to fit into the diagram.
This is amazing. The quality of this explanation even rivals that of Crash Course Computer Science, in my opinion, because Carrie Ann spends so much more time on jokes.
Also you can read A. Tannenbaum "Computer architecture" to know about computers from digital-logical level to OS level
If my computer science teacher from grade 12 had tried to explain this (IF), it would take hime 100 times as long, and in the end, nobody would get it.
Thank you!
there is a lot hard working of the background of this video i appreciate it
This is insane... Before this Ben eater was my lord.... But i just feel more genius after watching you
Waw I really like the graphics I wish I was able to see this back when I was studying in the engineering college .. respect the effort ♥️
The monotone voice is actual charming and calming. Is that yours?
Super informative! I can’t wait for the next video!
The Intel 8086 takes an interesting approach to its registers. They use two inverters connected in a loop, with one of them using a weaker transistor than the other, so that the data being written can overpower it to set the new value.
I really really hated it when I had to take mandatory electric practical, as a physics graduate student , now I am doing a PhD in cosmology and really wished somebody taught me this was.
PLEASE JUST ONE REQUEST TRY TO MAKE A FULL VIDEO LECTURE SERIES LIKE THIS L, IT WOULD REALLY HELP PEOPLE IN DEVELOPTING COUNTRIES LIKE US, WHERE THERE IS NOT MUCH SCOPE TO LEARN FROM GOOS TEACHERS.
I will use this video as a reference for my next project for making an 8-bit register for my 8-bit adder.😁
Transistor can remeber anything by its working principle -- it's some capacitor or charge injection layer embedded in circuit, which does it.
This is the most clear explanation about memory logics i have ever seen❤. Keep it up buddy 👏✌
I come for the details at the circuit level. Even if simplified it is very helpful.
Amazing video!! I can't get across how great of a teacher you are, please keep making videos!!